Gibberella xylarioides (Fusarium xylarioides) is a species of fungus in the family Nectriaceae. It is the causative agent of coffee wilt disease (CWD). The disease caused a severe problem in several countries in West and East Africa during the 1940s and 1950s.[1] CWD was first seen in Coffea liberica.[2]
Similar to other vascular wilt pathogens, the fungus colonizes the xylem and causes the flow of water to be cut off. It can be diagnosed by several visual signs. The leaves can wilt, have vein necrosis, and abscission. The coffee bark, when scraped with a knife, will have a blue-black coloration. The berries will appear as though they are ripening prematurely but will stay on the coffee plant after the leaves have fallen off.[3] Necrosis can often be seen near the collar of the plant.[4]
Young trees can be killed within a few days of infection while more mature coffee plants can survive up to 8 months.[2]
Gibberella xylarioides (Sexual form) will make purple perithecia and ascospores, but resting structures are rarely found in the soil. Fusarium xylarioides (Asexual form) make sickle shaped conidia and are spread by wind, rain, and human activities like weeding and harvesting.
Managementedit
Other methods of management include:
Removal of diseased trees and burning is the most successful method of eradication of Coffee Wilt.[5]Coffeasp. should not be replanted in soil for six months to avoid infection of seedlings.
Care when weeding around coffee plants to avoid injuring the bark as the fungus can enter the bark through wounds
Using planting tools that are free of disease
Spraying the soil surface with 2.5% copper (II) sulphate[3]
Breeding resistance—"The results of greenhouse inoculation experiments proved that there was important diversity in coffee populations (within and among the forest sites) in reaction to G. xylariodies infection."[citation needed]
^ abM., Waller, J. (2007). Coffee pests, diseases and their management. Bigger, M., Hillocks, R. J. Wallingford, UK: CABI Pub. ISBN9781845931292. OCLC 567837010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
gibberella, xylarioides, fusarium, xylarioides, species, fungus, family, nectriaceae, causative, agent, coffee, wilt, disease, disease, caused, severe, problem, several, countries, west, east, africa, during, 1940s, 1950s, first, seen, coffea, liberica, scient. Gibberella xylarioides Fusarium xylarioides is a species of fungus in the family Nectriaceae It is the causative agent of coffee wilt disease CWD The disease caused a severe problem in several countries in West and East Africa during the 1940s and 1950s 1 CWD was first seen in Coffea liberica 2 Gibberella xylarioides Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Fungi Division Ascomycota Class Sordariomycetes Order Hypocreales Family Nectriaceae Genus Gibberella Species G xylarioides Binomial name Gibberella xylarioidesR Heim amp Saccas 1950 Synonyms Fusarium oxysporum f xylarioides Steyaert Delassus 1954 Fusarium xylarioides Steyaert 1948 Contents 1 Hosts 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Management 4 References 5 External linksHosts editMain hostsCoffea arabica arabica coffee Coffea canephora robusta coffee Coffea liberica Liberian coffee tree Other hostsGossypium cotton Musa paradisiaca plantain 1 Signs and symptoms editSimilar to other vascular wilt pathogens the fungus colonizes the xylem and causes the flow of water to be cut off It can be diagnosed by several visual signs The leaves can wilt have vein necrosis and abscission The coffee bark when scraped with a knife will have a blue black coloration The berries will appear as though they are ripening prematurely but will stay on the coffee plant after the leaves have fallen off 3 Necrosis can often be seen near the collar of the plant 4 Young trees can be killed within a few days of infection while more mature coffee plants can survive up to 8 months 2 Gibberella xylarioides Sexual form will make purple perithecia and ascospores but resting structures are rarely found in the soil Fusarium xylarioides Asexual form make sickle shaped conidia and are spread by wind rain and human activities like weeding and harvesting Management editOther methods of management include Removal of diseased trees and burning is the most successful method of eradication of Coffee Wilt 5 Coffea sp should not be replanted in soil for six months to avoid infection of seedlings Care when weeding around coffee plants to avoid injuring the bark as the fungus can enter the bark through wounds Using planting tools that are free of disease Spraying the soil surface with 2 5 copper II sulphate 3 Breeding resistance The results of greenhouse inoculation experiments proved that there was important diversity in coffee populations within and among the forest sites in reaction to G xylariodies infection citation needed References edit a b Gibberella xylarioides coffee wilt www cabi org Retrieved 2017 10 26 a b M Waller J 2007 Coffee pests diseases and their management Bigger M Hillocks R J Wallingford UK CABI Pub ISBN 9781845931292 OCLC 567837010 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Coffee wilt disease Flood J Julie Wallingford UK CABI 2009 ISBN 978 1845937355 OCLC 609863641 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Paul Holliday 1995 Fungus diseases of tropical crops Dover ed New York Dover Publications ISBN 0486686477 OCLC 31970561 Musebe R O Njuki J Mdemu S Lukwago G Shibru A Saiba T 2010 Socio economic impact of coffee wilt disease Coffee wilt disease pp 83 98 doi 10 1079 9781845936419 0083 ISBN 9781845936419 External links editIndex Fungorum USDA ARS Fungal Database nbsp This Hypocreales related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This plant disease article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gibberella xylarioides amp oldid 1195429940, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
