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Gertrude Barrows Bennett

April 12, 2024

"Francis Stevens" redirects here. For other uses, see Francis Stevens (disambiguation).

Gertrude Barrows Bennett (September 18, 1884 – February 2, 1948), known by the pseudonym Francis Stevens, was a pioneering American author of fantasy and science fiction.[3] Bennett wrote a number of fantasies between 1917 and 1923[4] and has been called "the woman who invented dark fantasy".[5]

Gertrude Barrows Bennett
BornGertrude Mabel Barrows
September 18, 1884[1]
Minneapolis, Minnesota
DiedFebruary 2, 1948(1948-02-02) (aged 63)
San Francisco, California[2]
Pen nameFrancis Stevens
OccupationWriter, stenographer
NationalityAmerican
Period1917–23 (fiction writer)
GenreScience fiction, fantasy
Notable works
SpouseStewart Bennett
Carl Franklin Gaster
Citadel of Fear was serialized in The Argosy in 1918.

Her most famous books include Claimed (which Augustus T. Swift, in a letter to The Argosy called "One of the strangest and most compelling science fantasy novels you will ever read")[a] and the lost world novel The Citadel of Fear.

Bennett also wrote an early dystopian novel, The Heads of Cerberus (1919).[7]

Life edit

Gertrude Mabel Barrows was born in Minneapolis in 1884, to Charles and Caroline Barrows (née Hatch). Her father, a Civil War veteran from Illinois, died in 1892.[8][dubious – discuss] Gertrude completed school through the eighth grade,[3] then attended night school in hopes of becoming an illustrator (a goal she never achieved). Instead, she began working as a stenographer, a job she held on and off for the rest of her life.[9]

In 1909 Barrows married Stewart Bennett, a British journalist and explorer, and moved to Philadelphia.[3] A year later her husband died during a tropical storm while on a treasure hunting expedition.[10] With a new-born daughter to raise, Bennett continued working as a stenographer. When her father died toward the end of World War I, Bennett assumed care for her invalid mother.[3]

Virtually all of Bennett's work dates from 1917 to 1920, when she began to write short stories and novels to support the household. She stopped writing when her mother died in 1920; one later work published in 1923 appears to have been written during the late 'teens, and submitted to Weird Tales when that magazine was just starting up.[9]

In the mid-1920s, Bennett placed her daughter in the care of friends and moved to California. Because she was estranged from her daughter, for a number of years researchers believed Bennett died in 1939 – a 1939 letter from her daughter was returned as undeliverable, and her daughter did not hear from Bennett after this date. However, new research, including her death certificate, shows that she died in 1948.[9]

Writing career edit

Gertrude Mabel Barrows wrote her first short story at age 17, a science fiction story titled "The Curious Experience of Thomas Dunbar". She mailed the story to Argosy, then one of the top pulp magazines. The story was accepted and published in the March 1904 issue, under the byline "G. M. Barrows".[3] Although the initials disguised her gender, this appears to be the first instance of an American female author publishing science fiction, and using her real name. That same month, Youth's Companion published her poetry.[3]

Once Bennett began to take care of her mother, she decided to return to fiction writing as a means of supporting her family.[3] The first story she completed after her return to writing was the novella "The Nightmare", which appeared in All-Story Weekly in 1917. The story is set on an island separated from the rest of the world, on which evolution has taken a different course. "The Nightmare" resembles Edgar Rice Burroughs' The Land That Time Forgot, itself published a year later.[3] While Bennett had submitted "The Nightmare" under her own name, she had asked to use a pseudonym if it was published. The magazine's editor chose not to use the pseudonym Bennett suggested (Jean Vail) and instead credited the story to Francis Stevens.[3] When readers responded positively to the story, Bennett chose to continue writing under the name.[3]

Over the next few years, Bennett wrote a number of short stories and novellas. Her short story "Friend Island" (All-Story Weekly, 1918), for example, is set in a 22nd-century ruled by women. Another story is the novella "Serapion" (Argosy, 1920), about a man possessed by a supernatural creature. This story has been released in an electronic book entitled Possessed: A Tale of the Demon Serapion, with three other stories by her. Many of her short stories have been collected in The Nightmare and Other Tales of Dark Fantasy (University of Nebraska Press, 2004).[11]

In 1918 she published her first, and perhaps best,[12] novel The Citadel of Fear (Argosy, 1918). This lost world story focuses on a forgotten Aztec city, which is "rediscovered" during World War I.[13][14] It was the introduction to a 1952 reprint edition of the novel which revealed that "Francis Stevens" was Bennett's pen-name.

A year later she published her only science fiction novel, The Heads of Cerberus (The Thrill Book, 1919). One of the first dystopian novels, the book features a "grey dust from a silver phial" which transports anyone who inhales it to a totalitarian Philadelphia of 2118 AD.[4]

One of Bennett's most famous novels was Claimed! (Argosy, 1920; reprinted 1966, 2004, 2018), in which a supernatural artifact summons an ancient and powerful god to early 20th century New Jersey.[13][15] Augustus T. Swift called the novel "One of the strangest and most compelling science fantasy novels you will ever read".[a]

Apparently The Thrill Book had accepted more of her stories when it was cancelled in October 1919, only seven months after the first issue. These were never published and became lost.[10] It has been hypothesized that "Sunfire", which appeared in Weird Tales in 1923, was one of these stories that had originally been accepted by Thrill Book; it was the only 'new' story published by Bennett after 1920, although it was almost certainly written in 1919 or earlier.

Influence edit

Bennett has been credited as having "the best claim at creating the new genre of dark fantasy".[5] It has been said that Bennett's writings influenced both H. P. Lovecraft and A. Merritt,[3] both of whom "emulated Bennett's earlier style and themes".[3][9] Lovecraft was even said to have praised Bennett's work. However, there is controversy about whether or not this actually happened and the praise appears to have resulted from letters wrongly attributed to Lovecraft.[16][17]

As for Merritt, for several decades critics and readers believed "Francis Stevens" was a pseudonym of his. This rumor only ended with the 1952 reprinting of Citadel of Fear, which featured a biographical introduction of Bennett by Lloyd Arthur Eshbach.[18][19]

Critic Sam Moskowitz said she was the "greatest woman writer of science fiction in the period between Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley and C.L. Moore".[3]

Because Bennett was the first American woman to have her fantasy and science fiction widely published, she qualifies as a pioneering female fantasy author.[15]

Bibliography edit

Novels edit

  • The Citadel of Fear (1918; reprinted in Famous Fantastic Mysteries, February 1942, and in paperback form in 1970,[NY: Paperback Library], 1984[NY: Carroll & Graf], 2015[Armchair Fiction])
  • The Labyrinth (serialized in All-Story Weekly, July 27, August 3, and August 10, 1918; later reprinted as a paperback novel)
  • The Heads of Cerberus 1st book edition. 1952, Cloth, also leather backed, Reading, PA. Polaris Press (Subsidiary of Fantasy Fress, Inc.) ill. Ric Binkley. Intro by Lloyd Arthur Eshbach (Thrill Book, August 15, 1919; reprinted as a paperback novel in 1952 and 1984; Dover 2014; Modern Library 2019)
  • Avalon (serialized in Argosy, August 16 to September 6, 1919; reprinted in Claimed! and Avalon, Black Dog Books, 2018)
  • Claimed (1920; reprinted in April 1941,[20] 1985, 1996, 2004, 2018) 192pp, cloth and paper, Sense of Wonder Press, James A. Rock & Co., Publishers in trade paperback and hard cover.[6]

Short stories and novellas edit

  • "The Curious Experience of Thomas Dunbar" (Argosy, March 1904; as by G. M. Barrows)
  • "The Nightmare," (All-Story Weekly, April 14, 1917)[21]
  • "Friend Island" (All-Story Weekly, September 7, 1918; reprinted in Fantastic Novels, September 1950; reprinted in Under the Moons of Mars, edited by Sam Moskowitz, 1970)
  • "Behind the Curtain" (All-Story Weekly, September 21, 1918; reprinted in Famous Fantastic Mysteries, January 1940)
  • "Unseen—Unfeared" (People's Favorite Magazine February 10, 1919; reprinted in Horrors Unknown, edited by Sam Moskowitz, 1971)
  • "The Elf-Trap" (Argosy, July 5, 1919; reprinted in Fantastic Novels Magazine, November 1949)[22]
  • "Serapion" (serialized in Argosy Weekly, June 19, June 26, July 3, and July 10, 1920; reprinted in Famous Fantastic Mysteries, July 1942)
  • "Sunfire" (1923; original printed in two parts in Weird Tales, July–August 1923, and Weird Tales, September 1923; also reprinted as trade paperback in 1996 by Apex International)

Collections edit

  • Possessed: A Tale of the Demon Serapion (2002; contains the novella "Serapion", retitled, and the short stories "Behind the Curtain", "Elf-Trap" and "Unseen-Unfeared")
  • Nightmare: And Other Tales of Dark Fantasy (University of Nebraska Press, 2004; contains all Stevens' known short fiction except "The Curious Experience of Thomas Dunbar", i.e. "The Nightmare", "The Labyrinth", "Friend Island", "Behind the Curtain", ""Unseen-Unfeared", "The Elf-Trap", "Serapion" and "Sunfire")

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Swift was at one time thought to be a pseudonym of H.P. Lovecraft but this has been proven spurious. He was a real individual in Providence. See the section Influence for more detail. Rock Publishing attributes the quotation to Lovecraft.[6]

References edit

  1. ^ Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014. Social Security Administration.
  2. ^ California, Death Index, 1940-1997
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Partners in Wonder: Women and the Birth of Science Fiction, 1926-1965 by Eric Leif Davin, Lexington Books, 2005, pages 409-10.
  4. ^ a b Nicholls, Peter; Clute, John (1993). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. St. Martin's Press. pp. 1164–65. ISBN 0-312-13486-X..
  5. ^ a b "The Woman Who Invented Dark Fantasy" by Gary C. Hoppenstand from Nightmare and Other Tales of Dark Fantasy by Francis Stevens, University of Nebraska Press, 2004, page x. ISBN 0-8032-9298-8
  6. ^ a b (promotional page). . James A. Rock and Company Publishers. Archived from the original on July 18, 2003. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
  7. ^ The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction by Edward James and Farah Mendlesohn, Cambridge University Press, 2003, page 30.
  8. ^ U.S., Burial Registers, Military Posts and National Cemeteries, 1862–1960
  9. ^ a b c d "The Woman Who Invented Dark Fantasy" by Gary C. Hoppenstand from Nightmare and Other Tales of Dark Fantasy by Francis Stevens, University of Nebraska Press, 2004, p. xvi. ISBN 0-8032-9298-8
  10. ^ a b The Influential Pulp Career of Francis Stevens
  11. ^ Nightmare and Other Tales of Dark Fantasy by Francis Stevens, University of Nebraska Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8032-9298-8
  12. ^ "The Woman Who Invented Dark Fantasy" by Gary C. Hoppenstand from Nightmare and Other Tales of Dark Fantasy by Francis Stevens, University of Nebraska Press, 2004, pp. xiii–xiv. ISBN 0-8032-9298-8
  13. ^ a b Survey of Modern Fantasy Literature by Frank Northen Magill, Salem Press, 1983, p. 287.
  14. ^ "The Woman Who Invented Dark Fantasy" by Gary C. Hoppenstand from Nightmare and Other Tales of Dark Fantasy by Francis Stevens, University of Nebraska Press, 2004, p. xiv. ISBN 0-8032-9298-8
  15. ^ a b T. M. Wagner. "Review of Francis Steven's Claimed". SF reviews.net. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
  16. ^ Women in Science Fiction and Fantasy edited by Robin Anne Reid, Greenwood, 2008, page 289.
  17. ^ An H.P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia edited by S. T. Joshi, David E. Schultz, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, page 218.
  18. ^ "Introduction to Citadel of Fear" by Lloyd Arthur Eshbach, Citadel of Fear by Francis Stevens, Polaris Press, 1952.
  19. ^ "Navigating the Weird Mind of Gertrude Barrows Bennett — the Mother of Dark Fantasy (pt. 1)," The Fandomentals, March 19, 2020.
  20. ^ Stevens, Francis (April 1941). "Claimed". Famous Fantastic Mysteries. 3 (3): 6–71 – via Internet Archive.
  21. ^ Note: all short story information comes from . Archived from the original on July 3, 2009. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
  22. ^ Cuthbert, Chester (2009). The Book Reviews of Chester Cuthbert: Authors' surnames beginning with St-Sy. pp. 105–112 (107).

Further reading edit

  • Cottrill, Tim. Bookery's Guide to Pulps & Related Magazines, 1888-1969. Bookery Press, 2005. Internet Archive.
  • R. Alain Everts. "The Mystery of Francis Stevens (1883–1948)". Outsider 4 (2000): 29–30.
  • Knight, Damon. “The Classics.” In Search of Wonder: Essays on Modern Science Fiction, Advent Publishers, 1967, pp. 9–11.
  • Kröger, Lisa, and Melanie R. Anderson. “Seer of the Unseen.” Monster, She Wrote: The Women Who Pioneered Horror and Speculative Fiction, Random, 2019, pp. 139–143. Google Books.
  • Bryce J. Stevens. "Into the Abyss: Did Francis Stevens' 1920 Novel Claimed Influence H.P. Lovecraft?".[clarification needed] Presents textual evidence that Claimed may have influenced "The Call of Cthulhu".
  • Sam Moskowitz. "The Woman Who Wrote 'Citadel of Fear'". The Citadel of Fear by Francis Stevens. NY: Paperback Library, 1970.
  • Moskowitz, Sam, editor. Under the Moons of Mars: A History and Anthology of "The Scientific Romance" in the Munsey Magazines, 1912-1920. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970. Internet Archive.
  • Robert Weinberg. "A Forgotten Mistress of Fantasy". The Citadel of Fear by Francis Stevens. NY: Carroll & Graf, 1994.

External links edit

  • Works by Francis Stevens at Project Gutenberg
  • Works by Gertrude Barrows Bennett at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)  
  • Francis Stevens at Manybooks.net
  • Modern review of Claimed.
  • Francis Stevens at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
  • Francis Stevens at Library of Congress, with 4 library catalog records
  • Weird Tales Archive at Luminist Archives
  • Serialized issues with The Labyrinth at Luminist Archives

April 12, 2024
gertrude, barrows, bennett, francis, stevens, redirects, here, other, uses, francis, stevens, disambiguation, september, 1884, february, 1948, known, pseudonym, francis, stevens, pioneering, american, author, fantasy, science, fiction, bennett, wrote, number, . Francis Stevens redirects here For other uses see Francis Stevens disambiguation Gertrude Barrows Bennett September 18 1884 February 2 1948 known by the pseudonym Francis Stevens was a pioneering American author of fantasy and science fiction 3 Bennett wrote a number of fantasies between 1917 and 1923 4 and has been called the woman who invented dark fantasy 5 Gertrude Barrows BennettBornGertrude Mabel BarrowsSeptember 18 1884 1 Minneapolis MinnesotaDiedFebruary 2 1948 1948 02 02 aged 63 San Francisco California 2 Pen nameFrancis StevensOccupationWriter stenographerNationalityAmericanPeriod1917 23 fiction writer GenreScience fiction fantasyNotable worksThe Citadel of Fear The Heads of Cerberus ClaimedSpouseStewart BennettCarl Franklin GasterCitadel of Fear was serialized in The Argosy in 1918 Her most famous books include Claimed which Augustus T Swift in a letter to The Argosy called One of the strangest and most compelling science fantasy novels you will ever read a and the lost world novel The Citadel of Fear Bennett also wrote an early dystopian novel The Heads of Cerberus 1919 7 Contents 1 Life 2 Writing career 3 Influence 4 Bibliography 4 1 Novels 4 2 Short stories and novellas 4 3 Collections 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksLife editGertrude Mabel Barrows was born in Minneapolis in 1884 to Charles and Caroline Barrows nee Hatch Her father a Civil War veteran from Illinois died in 1892 8 dubious discuss Gertrude completed school through the eighth grade 3 then attended night school in hopes of becoming an illustrator a goal she never achieved Instead she began working as a stenographer a job she held on and off for the rest of her life 9 In 1909 Barrows married Stewart Bennett a British journalist and explorer and moved to Philadelphia 3 A year later her husband died during a tropical storm while on a treasure hunting expedition 10 With a new born daughter to raise Bennett continued working as a stenographer When her father died toward the end of World War I Bennett assumed care for her invalid mother 3 Virtually all of Bennett s work dates from 1917 to 1920 when she began to write short stories and novels to support the household She stopped writing when her mother died in 1920 one later work published in 1923 appears to have been written during the late teens and submitted to Weird Tales when that magazine was just starting up 9 In the mid 1920s Bennett placed her daughter in the care of friends and moved to California Because she was estranged from her daughter for a number of years researchers believed Bennett died in 1939 a 1939 letter from her daughter was returned as undeliverable and her daughter did not hear from Bennett after this date However new research including her death certificate shows that she died in 1948 9 Writing career editGertrude Mabel Barrows wrote her first short story at age 17 a science fiction story titled The Curious Experience of Thomas Dunbar She mailed the story to Argosy then one of the top pulp magazines The story was accepted and published in the March 1904 issue under the byline G M Barrows 3 Although the initials disguised her gender this appears to be the first instance of an American female author publishing science fiction and using her real name That same month Youth s Companion published her poetry 3 Once Bennett began to take care of her mother she decided to return to fiction writing as a means of supporting her family 3 The first story she completed after her return to writing was the novella The Nightmare which appeared in All Story Weekly in 1917 The story is set on an island separated from the rest of the world on which evolution has taken a different course The Nightmare resembles Edgar Rice Burroughs The Land That Time Forgot itself published a year later 3 While Bennett had submitted The Nightmare under her own name she had asked to use a pseudonym if it was published The magazine s editor chose not to use the pseudonym Bennett suggested Jean Vail and instead credited the story to Francis Stevens 3 When readers responded positively to the story Bennett chose to continue writing under the name 3 Over the next few years Bennett wrote a number of short stories and novellas Her short story Friend Island All Story Weekly 1918 for example is set in a 22nd century ruled by women Another story is the novella Serapion Argosy 1920 about a man possessed by a supernatural creature This story has been released in an electronic book entitled Possessed A Tale of the Demon Serapion with three other stories by her Many of her short stories have been collected in The Nightmare and Other Tales of Dark Fantasy University of Nebraska Press 2004 11 In 1918 she published her first and perhaps best 12 novel The Citadel of Fear Argosy 1918 This lost world story focuses on a forgotten Aztec city which is rediscovered during World War I 13 14 It was the introduction to a 1952 reprint edition of the novel which revealed that Francis Stevens was Bennett s pen name A year later she published her only science fiction novel The Heads of Cerberus The Thrill Book 1919 One of the first dystopian novels the book features a grey dust from a silver phial which transports anyone who inhales it to a totalitarian Philadelphia of 2118 AD 4 One of Bennett s most famous novels was Claimed Argosy 1920 reprinted 1966 2004 2018 in which a supernatural artifact summons an ancient and powerful god to early 20th century New Jersey 13 15 Augustus T Swift called the novel One of the strangest and most compelling science fantasy novels you will ever read a Apparently The Thrill Book had accepted more of her stories when it was cancelled in October 1919 only seven months after the first issue These were never published and became lost 10 It has been hypothesized that Sunfire which appeared in Weird Tales in 1923 was one of these stories that had originally been accepted by Thrill Book it was the only new story published by Bennett after 1920 although it was almost certainly written in 1919 or earlier Influence editBennett has been credited as having the best claim at creating the new genre of dark fantasy 5 It has been said that Bennett s writings influenced both H P Lovecraft and A Merritt 3 both of whom emulated Bennett s earlier style and themes 3 9 Lovecraft was even said to have praised Bennett s work However there is controversy about whether or not this actually happened and the praise appears to have resulted from letters wrongly attributed to Lovecraft 16 17 As for Merritt for several decades critics and readers believed Francis Stevens was a pseudonym of his This rumor only ended with the 1952 reprinting of Citadel of Fear which featured a biographical introduction of Bennett by Lloyd Arthur Eshbach 18 19 Critic Sam Moskowitz said she was the greatest woman writer of science fiction in the period between Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley and C L Moore 3 Because Bennett was the first American woman to have her fantasy and science fiction widely published she qualifies as a pioneering female fantasy author 15 Bibliography editNovels edit The Citadel of Fear 1918 reprinted in Famous Fantastic Mysteries February 1942 and in paperback form in 1970 NY Paperback Library 1984 NY Carroll amp Graf 2015 Armchair Fiction The Labyrinth serialized in All Story Weekly July 27 August 3 and August 10 1918 later reprinted as a paperback novel The Heads of Cerberus 1st book edition 1952 Cloth also leather backed Reading PA Polaris Press Subsidiary of Fantasy Fress Inc ill Ric Binkley Intro by Lloyd Arthur Eshbach Thrill Book August 15 1919 reprinted as a paperback novel in 1952 and 1984 Dover 2014 Modern Library 2019 Avalon serialized in Argosy August 16 to September 6 1919 reprinted in Claimed and Avalon Black Dog Books 2018 Claimed 1920 reprinted in April 1941 20 1985 1996 2004 2018 192pp cloth and paper Sense of Wonder Press James A Rock amp Co Publishers in trade paperback and hard cover 6 Short stories and novellas edit The Curious Experience of Thomas Dunbar Argosy March 1904 as by G M Barrows The Nightmare All Story Weekly April 14 1917 21 Friend Island All Story Weekly September 7 1918 reprinted in Fantastic Novels September 1950 reprinted in Under the Moons of Mars edited by Sam Moskowitz 1970 Behind the Curtain All Story Weekly September 21 1918 reprinted in Famous Fantastic Mysteries January 1940 Unseen Unfeared People s Favorite Magazine February 10 1919 reprinted in Horrors Unknown edited by Sam Moskowitz 1971 The Elf Trap Argosy July 5 1919 reprinted in Fantastic Novels Magazine November 1949 22 Serapion serialized in Argosy Weekly June 19 June 26 July 3 and July 10 1920 reprinted in Famous Fantastic Mysteries July 1942 Sunfire 1923 original printed in two parts in Weird Tales July August 1923 and Weird Tales September 1923 also reprinted as trade paperback in 1996 by Apex International Collections edit Possessed A Tale of the Demon Serapion 2002 contains the novella Serapion retitled and the short stories Behind the Curtain Elf Trap and Unseen Unfeared Nightmare And Other Tales of Dark Fantasy University of Nebraska Press 2004 contains all Stevens known short fiction except The Curious Experience of Thomas Dunbar i e The Nightmare The Labyrinth Friend Island Behind the Curtain Unseen Unfeared The Elf Trap Serapion and Sunfire See also editFeminist science fiction Women science fiction authors Women in science fictionNotes edit a b Swift was at one time thought to be a pseudonym of H P Lovecraft but this has been proven spurious He was a real individual in Providence See the section Influence for more detail Rock Publishing attributes the quotation to Lovecraft 6 References edit Social Security Death Index 1935 2014 Social Security Administration California Death Index 1940 1997 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Partners in Wonder Women and the Birth of Science Fiction 1926 1965 by Eric Leif Davin Lexington Books 2005 pages 409 10 a b Nicholls Peter Clute John 1993 The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction St Martin s Press pp 1164 65 ISBN 0 312 13486 X a b The Woman Who Invented Dark Fantasy by Gary C Hoppenstand from Nightmare and Other Tales of Dark Fantasy by Francis Stevens University of Nebraska Press 2004 page x ISBN 0 8032 9298 8 a b promotional page Claimed James A Rock and Company Publishers Archived from the original on July 18 2003 Retrieved May 16 2007 The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction by Edward James and Farah Mendlesohn Cambridge University Press 2003 page 30 U S Burial Registers Military Posts and National Cemeteries 1862 1960 a b c d The Woman Who Invented Dark Fantasy by Gary C Hoppenstand from Nightmare and Other Tales of Dark Fantasy by Francis Stevens University of Nebraska Press 2004 p xvi ISBN 0 8032 9298 8 a b The Influential Pulp Career of Francis Stevens Nightmare and Other Tales of Dark Fantasy by Francis Stevens University of Nebraska Press 2004 ISBN 0 8032 9298 8 The Woman Who Invented Dark Fantasy by Gary C Hoppenstand from Nightmare and Other Tales of Dark Fantasy by Francis Stevens University of Nebraska Press 2004 pp xiii xiv ISBN 0 8032 9298 8 a b Survey of Modern Fantasy Literature by Frank Northen Magill Salem Press 1983 p 287 The Woman Who Invented Dark Fantasy by Gary C Hoppenstand from Nightmare and Other Tales of Dark Fantasy by Francis Stevens University of Nebraska Press 2004 p xiv ISBN 0 8032 9298 8 a b T M Wagner Review of Francis Steven s Claimed SF reviews net Retrieved May 16 2007 Women in Science Fiction and Fantasy edited by Robin Anne Reid Greenwood 2008 page 289 An H P Lovecraft Encyclopedia edited by S T Joshi David E Schultz Greenwood Publishing Group 2001 page 218 Introduction to Citadel of Fear by Lloyd Arthur Eshbach Citadel of Fear by Francis Stevens Polaris Press 1952 Navigating the Weird Mind of Gertrude Barrows Bennett the Mother of Dark Fantasy pt 1 The Fandomentals March 19 2020 Stevens Francis April 1941 Claimed Famous Fantastic Mysteries 3 3 6 71 via Internet Archive Note all short story information comes from The Fiction Mags Index Archived from the original on July 3 2009 Retrieved March 31 2009 Cuthbert Chester 2009 The Book Reviews of Chester Cuthbert Authors surnames beginning with St Sy pp 105 112 107 Further reading editCottrill Tim Bookery s Guide to Pulps amp Related Magazines 1888 1969 Bookery Press 2005 Internet Archive R Alain Everts The Mystery of Francis Stevens 1883 1948 Outsider 4 2000 29 30 Knight Damon The Classics In Search of Wonder Essays on Modern Science Fiction Advent Publishers 1967 pp 9 11 Kroger Lisa and Melanie R Anderson Seer of the Unseen Monster She Wrote The Women Who Pioneered Horror and Speculative Fiction Random 2019 pp 139 143 Google Books Bryce J Stevens Into the Abyss Did Francis Stevens 1920 Novel Claimed Influence H P Lovecraft clarification needed Presents textual evidence that Claimed may have influenced The Call of Cthulhu Sam Moskowitz The Woman Who Wrote Citadel of Fear The Citadel of Fear by Francis Stevens NY Paperback Library 1970 Moskowitz Sam editor Under the Moons of Mars A History and Anthology of The Scientific Romance in the Munsey Magazines 1912 1920 Holt Rinehart and Winston 1970 Internet Archive Robert Weinberg A Forgotten Mistress of Fantasy The Citadel of Fear by Francis Stevens NY Carroll amp Graf 1994 External links editGertrude Barrows Bennett at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Data from Wikidata Works by Francis Stevens at Project Gutenberg Works by Gertrude Barrows Bennett at LibriVox public domain audiobooks nbsp Francis Stevens at Manybooks net Complete text of The Citadel of Fear 1918 Modern review of Claimed Francis Stevens at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Francis Stevens at Library of Congress with 4 library catalog records Weird Tales Archive at Luminist Archives Serialized issues with The Labyrinth at Luminist Archives Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gertrude Barrows Bennett amp oldid 1217871404, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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