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George Berham Parr

George Berham Parr (March 1, 1901 – April 1, 1975) was an American politician, who controlled a Democratic political machine that dominated Duval County, Texas and, to a lesser extent, Jim Wells County. He was known as "The Duke of Duval," like his father before him.

George Berham Parr
Born(1901-03-01)March 1, 1901
DiedApril 1, 1975(1975-04-01) (aged 74)
Julian Windmill, 14 miles S.E. of Benavides, Duval County, Texas
Resting placeBenavides cemetery
27°35′32″N 98°24′44″W / 27.59221°N 98.41209°W / 27.59221; -98.41209
MonumentsDuval County Museum displays some artifacts from his life[1]
Other names
  • Duke of Duval
  • El Patrón
  • Tacuacha (sly possum)
Education
Occupation(s)Lawyer, rancher, politician
Known forLyndon Johnson's 1948 benefactor
Political party
OpponentFreedom Party
Spouse(s)Thelma Duckworth (m. 1923-divorce, remarried late 1930s, div. 1949) Eva
Childrentwo daughters one son
Parent
Elizabeth Parr (née Allen)

Archie Parr b. Dec. 25, 1860 d. Oct. 18, 1942

County Judge of Duval County, Texas
In office
1926–?
Preceded byGivens Parr
Sheriff of Duval County, Texas
In office
1954–?
Notes

Early life edit

George Berham Parr was born on March 1, 1901, in San Diego, Texas. His father was Archer "Archie" Parr, a prominent local political boss.

Personal life edit

Parr was a legislative page at the Texas capitol during one of his father's terms in the Texas Legislature and attended the West Texas Military Academy for four years. He graduated from Corpus Christi High School in 1921, where he played end on the football team that won the South Texas championship. Parr attended a variety of post-secondary educational institutions, each briefly, and without completing a degree. He entered the University of Texas Law School in 1923 as a special student, but again left without taking a degree. Still, in 1926 he passed the bar examination and was admitted to practice. Also that year, George's father appointed him to complete the term of George's brother, Givens Parr, as Duval county judge.[2][5]

In 1923, George Parr married his high school sweetheart, Thelma Duckworth of Corpus Christi. They divorced and remarried, and divorced again in 1949; Parr subsequently married Eva Perez. He had two daughters.[2][6][7]

For a time, Parr and his friends were enthusiastic and accomplished polo players, albeit on cow ponies with western saddles.[1][8]

Parr family machine edit

The Parr Machine functioned on bribery, graft, and illegal donations.[citation needed] Political support came from the southernmost counties in Texas. The machine could produce large numbers of votes, both legal and illegal, from the impoverished and uneducated working-class Mexican-Americans. As a result, the county saw its largely marginalized but large numbers of native Texan yeoman farmers slowly disappear[citation needed] leaving the county commission to be controlled by the Parr family and its cronies. While the Parr Machine had always asserted undue influence over the county's affairs, it was not until Archer Parr that its leadership felt safely secure to overwhelm the remaining independent white farmers by appealing directly to county's new Mexican-American majority by offering them jobs (and in some cases cash directly from the county coffers) in exchange for political support.[citation needed]

The alliance between the Parr-controlled commission and the Hispanic populace made the county a bastion of Democratic strength.[9] By 1940, the white educated population had been reduced[citation needed] to a tiny minority amongst a large Mexican-American population. Parr garnered popular support with his charisma, his fluency in Spanish, and Robin Hood tendencies with sharing the Duval County and Benavides Independent School District coffers. After Archer's death, George inherited the Parr political machine, and the populace passed on the name, "El Patrón", to him as they did his father.[9]

When George attended the 1928 Democratic National Convention in Houston along with his father, people already understood him to be heir apparent, not merely his father's driver. There they plotted with Texas State senator Alvin J. Wirtz, Texas state representative Samuel Ealy Johnson, Jr., and the Bexar County machine to defeat four term Republican Congressman Harry M. Wurzbach in the upcoming election. (Johnson's college student son, Lyndon, also attended.) Wurzbach apparently lost the 1928 election, but was eventually seated in the House because of election fraud.[8]

The discovery of oil in Duval County also created ample opportunities for patronage, allowing Parr to amass a small fortune. To this day, the family's network has limited influence in Texas politics giving its patronage to both Democratic beneficiaries. James Albon Mattox, successfully relied on the old Parr network in his run as the Democratic Party nominee for Texas Attorney General, garnering a majority of the vote in the county despite running against a Mexican-American.

Parr political crimes edit

Parr engaged in the graft, bribery and fraud that are often associated with political machines. Along with other large landowners and managers of landed estates owned by prominent Eastern businessmen, Parr helped develop the practice of working illegal aliens and later using them for advancing political interests.[citation needed] More importantly, his own political career included serving as both the Duval County Judge and Sheriff. He also owned the San Diego State Bank, and the famous Dobie Ranch, including the Parr's Los Horcones Ranch. He was also a partner and silent partner of dozens of businesses in South Texas.

He was convicted of tax evasion in 1932, and eventually served nine months in Federal Correctional Institution, El Reno after violating his parole. He applied for a presidential pardon in July 1943; U.S. Attorney General Francis Biddle blocked it in part because Congressman Richard M. Kleberg opposed the pardon. (In 1934 Archie's reelection to the Texas State senate was in doubt and he hoped that building a road to Corpus Christi across the King Ranch, which was owned by the Kleberg family, would save his political career. When their heretofore political ally Robert Kleberg, Richard's brother, refused, George replied in anger. "You're crucifying my father... I'll get you. I'll gut you if it's the last thing I do.") Such a pardon would demonstrate Parr's power to the other political jefes in the Rio Grande valley. After Tom C. Clark replaced Biddle, Johnson helped secure a pardon from U.S. President Harry S. Truman. The pardon, restoring Parr's civil rights, was granted on February 20, 1946.[10][11]

Parr demonstrated his success at political maneuvering by securing the defeat of Richard Kleberg in the 1944 congressional primary, with Major John E. Lyle, Jr. By this time Parr had total control of the county, soon acquiring the nickname "Duke of Duval County."

1948 U.S. Senate election edit

In 1948 Coke R. Stevenson, Lyndon B. Johnson and others ran in Democratic primary election for U.S. Senate. Stevenson and Johnson advanced to a runoff election. For five days after the runoff, Stevenson appeared to hold a 112-vote lead. Then Jim Wells County amended its return, adding 202 additional votes, 200 of which were for Johnson. Johnson won the nomination by 87 votes, tantamount to election in an era when Republicans were not competitive in the South, and prompting the sobriquet "landslide Lyndon."[7]

Most contemporary observers accept that Parr used his influence to affect the Jim Wells County vote totals in Johnson's favor. One probable motivation was that Parr felt obligated to Johnson, who had helped him obtain the 1946 presidential pardon.[11]

Another likely motivation to oppose Stevenson was that in 1944, Parr and Judge Raymond of Webb County had asked Stevenson, then the Governor, to appoint E. James Kazen (a Raymond relative) Laredo district attorney. The commander at Laredo Army Air Force Base argued to the Governor that half his men had venereal disease and that a district attorney connected to the local political machine meant lax enforcement of laws against prostitution, which would adversely affect his force. For the sake of the war effort, Stevenson appointed a different candidate.[11]

Struggles and demise of political machine edit

In 1950, Parr had become a thorn in the side of Governor Allan Shivers and Attorney General John Ben Shepperd. Federal officials began to investigate the machine. Some 650 indictments were brought forth against machine members, 300 of them at the state level. Parr, however, eluded indictment, and his conviction for fraud was later dismissed. Under the protection of Lyndon Johnson,[citation needed] Parr eluded all attempts to investigate and convict him for fraud, bribery, corruption, racketeering, and murder. Shepperd was a political advisor to Johnson even as he attempted to bring indictments against Parr. The Parr Machine was challenged by the Freedom Party in Alice, Texas, led by Jake Floyd. The Parrs lost control of that district court, an important office the Parr Machine was used to controlling all over South Texas. The botched assassination of Buddy Floyd, Jake's son, mistakenly shot and killed by Mario Sapet, on September 8, 1952, also signaled turbulent times for the Parr Machine.

However, political candidates would from time to time make Parr an object of their reforming campaigns. In 1954 Governor Allen Shivers declared war on the Parr Faction and sent down a team of Texas Rangers and state investigators. Parr was charged with embezzlement but beat the case. The Parr Machine maintained control of Duval and Jim Wells counties despite the legal and political backlash.

With the end of the Johnson administration in 1968, Parr lost his primary political protector. Under advice from Johnson and other prominent figures, he relinquished control of his machine to his nephew Archer III, by the early 1970s. The law finally caught up with Parr in 1974 when he was convicted of income tax evasion and given a ten-year prison term.[12] He was found dead at his ranch on April 1, 1975, after apparently committing suicide. When Parr's machine collapsed soon after his death, Duval County's small Anglo white (but large-landowning) minority attempted to retain control of the county politically but was unable to halt the take-over of the county Democratic party by the now overwhelmingly large Mexican-American population. Nonetheless, the family and its network remains influential so that the county has remained one of the strongest and most consistently Democratic localities in Texas, frequently giving both national and local candidates victories greater than 70 percent.[citation needed]

George's father Archie Parr founded the Dynasty of Duval County. Archer Parr III (1925–2000), né Archer Weller, Archie's grandson and adopted son, was the third Duke of the Duval County Dynasty. Archer Weller Parr was the county judge from 1959 to 1975; he died November 2, 2000, in Alice, Texas.[8][13]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Grant, Mary Lee (March 23, 1998). . Corpus Christi Caller Times. Archived from the original on 2004-10-25. Retrieved 2013-04-12.
  2. ^ a b c Anders, Evan. "PARR, GEORGE BERHAM [1901-1975]". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2013-04-12.
  3. ^ . TIME. April 14, 1975. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved 2012-04-12. (subscription required)
  4. ^ Lynch, p. 35
  5. ^ Givens, Murphy (August 31, 2011). "Cowboy from Matagorda founded political dynasty". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. Retrieved 2013-09-24.
  6. ^ Lynch p.25
  7. ^ a b Givens, Murphy (September 7, 2011). "George Parr inherited his father's political dynasty". Corpus Christi Caller Times. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
  8. ^ a b c Lynch, Dudley M. (January 1, 1976). The Duke of Duval: The Life and Times of George B. Parr. Waco: Texian Press. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0-87244-044-3. LCCN 76-54438. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
  9. ^ a b Burka, Paul (June 1984). "The Man in the Black Hat, Part One". Texas Monthly. pp. 215–216. Retrieved 2013-04-13. The Parrs rarely had to resort to stealing elections. For the most part, they produced majorities that would have made Richard Daley envious. The Mexicano underclass, its poll taxes paid by the Parrs, provided the votes, and the Parrs provided for the Mexican underclass. The Parrs ran Duval County the way Robin Hood ran Sherwood Forest. As public officials, they took from the rich — the oil companies and the absentee landowners — through high taxes; as political bosses, they tapped the public treasury to give to the poor. Whenever a Mexicano family needed a little extra money — for a wedding, a funeral, an illness — el patrón was there with a handout. The support the Parrs received on election day was won not by intimidation but by friendship, and the affinity of the Mexicanos for the Parrs went all the way back to the time when Archie was the only Anglo in the county who deigned to learn Spanish. Of course, while the Parrs were dipping into the treasury, they managed to keep something for themselves.
  10. ^ Lynch, pp. 39-40, 42-47, 51-52
  11. ^ a b c Caro, Robert A. (1990). "Head Start". Means of Ascent. The Years of Lyndon Johnson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. pp. 190–191. ISBN 0-394-52835-2.
  12. ^ "Texas Politician Dead". The New York Times. April 2, 1975. Retrieved April 14, 2017. Mr. Parr was considered a fugitive after he failed to appear for a hearing yesterday on revocation of his $25,000 appeal bond. He was convicted of tax evasion in March, 1974, for failing to list $287,000 in income between 1966 and 1969. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison but was free on bond pending appeal.
  13. ^ Neely, Chris; Schwartz, Jeremy (November 3, 2000). . Corpus Christi Caller-Times. Archived from the original on 2005-04-21. Retrieved 2013-09-09.

Further reading edit

External links edit

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For other people with the same name see George Parr disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources George Berham Parr news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message George Berham Parr March 1 1901 April 1 1975 was an American politician who controlled a Democratic political machine that dominated Duval County Texas and to a lesser extent Jim Wells County He was known as The Duke of Duval like his father before him George Berham ParrBorn 1901 03 01 March 1 1901San Diego Texas USDiedApril 1 1975 1975 04 01 aged 74 Julian Windmill 14 miles S E of Benavides Duval County TexasResting placeBenavides cemetery27 35 32 N 98 24 44 W 27 59221 N 98 41209 W 27 59221 98 41209MonumentsDuval County Museum displays some artifacts from his life 1 Other namesDuke of Duval El Patron Tacuacha sly possum EducationTexas A amp M University of Texas Southwestern University trade school University of Texas Law School special student 1923 Occupation s Lawyer rancher politicianKnown forLyndon Johnson s 1948 benefactorPolitical partyDemocrat Old party Partido Viejo OpponentFreedom PartySpouse s Thelma Duckworth m 1923 divorce remarried late 1930s div 1949 EvaChildrentwo daughters one sonParentElizabeth Parr nee Allen Archie Parr b Dec 25 1860 d Oct 18 1942County Judge of Duval County TexasIn office 1926 Preceded byGivens ParrSheriff of Duval County TexasIn office 1954 Notes 2 3 4 Contents 1 Early life 2 Personal life 3 Parr family machine 4 Parr political crimes 5 1948 U S Senate election 6 Struggles and demise of political machine 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksEarly life editGeorge Berham Parr was born on March 1 1901 in San Diego Texas His father was Archer Archie Parr a prominent local political boss Personal life editParr was a legislative page at the Texas capitol during one of his father s terms in the Texas Legislature and attended the West Texas Military Academy for four years He graduated from Corpus Christi High School in 1921 where he played end on the football team that won the South Texas championship Parr attended a variety of post secondary educational institutions each briefly and without completing a degree He entered the University of Texas Law School in 1923 as a special student but again left without taking a degree Still in 1926 he passed the bar examination and was admitted to practice Also that year George s father appointed him to complete the term of George s brother Givens Parr as Duval county judge 2 5 In 1923 George Parr married his high school sweetheart Thelma Duckworth of Corpus Christi They divorced and remarried and divorced again in 1949 Parr subsequently married Eva Perez He had two daughters 2 6 7 For a time Parr and his friends were enthusiastic and accomplished polo players albeit on cow ponies with western saddles 1 8 Parr family machine editThe Parr Machine functioned on bribery graft and illegal donations citation needed Political support came from the southernmost counties in Texas The machine could produce large numbers of votes both legal and illegal from the impoverished and uneducated working class Mexican Americans As a result the county saw its largely marginalized but large numbers of native Texan yeoman farmers slowly disappear citation needed leaving the county commission to be controlled by the Parr family and its cronies While the Parr Machine had always asserted undue influence over the county s affairs it was not until Archer Parr that its leadership felt safely secure to overwhelm the remaining independent white farmers by appealing directly to county s new Mexican American majority by offering them jobs and in some cases cash directly from the county coffers in exchange for political support citation needed The alliance between the Parr controlled commission and the Hispanic populace made the county a bastion of Democratic strength 9 By 1940 the white educated population had been reduced citation needed to a tiny minority amongst a large Mexican American population Parr garnered popular support with his charisma his fluency in Spanish and Robin Hood tendencies with sharing the Duval County and Benavides Independent School District coffers After Archer s death George inherited the Parr political machine and the populace passed on the name El Patron to him as they did his father 9 When George attended the 1928 Democratic National Convention in Houston along with his father people already understood him to be heir apparent not merely his father s driver There they plotted with Texas State senator Alvin J Wirtz Texas state representative Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr and the Bexar County machine to defeat four term Republican Congressman Harry M Wurzbach in the upcoming election Johnson s college student son Lyndon also attended Wurzbach apparently lost the 1928 election but was eventually seated in the House because of election fraud 8 The discovery of oil in Duval County also created ample opportunities for patronage allowing Parr to amass a small fortune To this day the family s network has limited influence in Texas politics giving its patronage to both Democratic beneficiaries James Albon Mattox successfully relied on the old Parr network in his run as the Democratic Party nominee for Texas Attorney General garnering a majority of the vote in the county despite running against a Mexican American Parr political crimes editParr engaged in the graft bribery and fraud that are often associated with political machines Along with other large landowners and managers of landed estates owned by prominent Eastern businessmen Parr helped develop the practice of working illegal aliens and later using them for advancing political interests citation needed More importantly his own political career included serving as both the Duval County Judge and Sheriff He also owned the San Diego State Bank and the famous Dobie Ranch including the Parr s Los Horcones Ranch He was also a partner and silent partner of dozens of businesses in South Texas He was convicted of tax evasion in 1932 and eventually served nine months in Federal Correctional Institution El Reno after violating his parole He applied for a presidential pardon in July 1943 U S Attorney General Francis Biddle blocked it in part because Congressman Richard M Kleberg opposed the pardon In 1934 Archie s reelection to the Texas State senate was in doubt and he hoped that building a road to Corpus Christi across the King Ranch which was owned by the Kleberg family would save his political career When their heretofore political ally Robert Kleberg Richard s brother refused George replied in anger You re crucifying my father I ll get you I ll gut you if it s the last thing I do Such a pardon would demonstrate Parr s power to the other political jefes in the Rio Grande valley After Tom C Clark replaced Biddle Johnson helped secure a pardon from U S President Harry S Truman The pardon restoring Parr s civil rights was granted on February 20 1946 10 11 Parr demonstrated his success at political maneuvering by securing the defeat of Richard Kleberg in the 1944 congressional primary with Major John E Lyle Jr By this time Parr had total control of the county soon acquiring the nickname Duke of Duval County 1948 U S Senate election editMain article 1948 United States Senate election in Texas In 1948 Coke R Stevenson Lyndon B Johnson and others ran in Democratic primary election for U S Senate Stevenson and Johnson advanced to a runoff election For five days after the runoff Stevenson appeared to hold a 112 vote lead Then Jim Wells County amended its return adding 202 additional votes 200 of which were for Johnson Johnson won the nomination by 87 votes tantamount to election in an era when Republicans were not competitive in the South and prompting the sobriquet landslide Lyndon 7 Most contemporary observers accept that Parr used his influence to affect the Jim Wells County vote totals in Johnson s favor One probable motivation was that Parr felt obligated to Johnson who had helped him obtain the 1946 presidential pardon 11 Another likely motivation to oppose Stevenson was that in 1944 Parr and Judge Raymond of Webb County had asked Stevenson then the Governor to appoint E James Kazen a Raymond relative Laredo district attorney The commander at Laredo Army Air Force Base argued to the Governor that half his men had venereal disease and that a district attorney connected to the local political machine meant lax enforcement of laws against prostitution which would adversely affect his force For the sake of the war effort Stevenson appointed a different candidate 11 Struggles and demise of political machine editIn 1950 Parr had become a thorn in the side of Governor Allan Shivers and Attorney General John Ben Shepperd Federal officials began to investigate the machine Some 650 indictments were brought forth against machine members 300 of them at the state level Parr however eluded indictment and his conviction for fraud was later dismissed Under the protection of Lyndon Johnson citation needed Parr eluded all attempts to investigate and convict him for fraud bribery corruption racketeering and murder Shepperd was a political advisor to Johnson even as he attempted to bring indictments against Parr The Parr Machine was challenged by the Freedom Party in Alice Texas led by Jake Floyd The Parrs lost control of that district court an important office the Parr Machine was used to controlling all over South Texas The botched assassination of Buddy Floyd Jake s son mistakenly shot and killed by Mario Sapet on September 8 1952 also signaled turbulent times for the Parr Machine However political candidates would from time to time make Parr an object of their reforming campaigns In 1954 Governor Allen Shivers declared war on the Parr Faction and sent down a team of Texas Rangers and state investigators Parr was charged with embezzlement but beat the case The Parr Machine maintained control of Duval and Jim Wells counties despite the legal and political backlash With the end of the Johnson administration in 1968 Parr lost his primary political protector Under advice from Johnson and other prominent figures he relinquished control of his machine to his nephew Archer III by the early 1970s The law finally caught up with Parr in 1974 when he was convicted of income tax evasion and given a ten year prison term 12 He was found dead at his ranch on April 1 1975 after apparently committing suicide When Parr s machine collapsed soon after his death Duval County s small Anglo white but large landowning minority attempted to retain control of the county politically but was unable to halt the take over of the county Democratic party by the now overwhelmingly large Mexican American population Nonetheless the family and its network remains influential so that the county has remained one of the strongest and most consistently Democratic localities in Texas frequently giving both national and local candidates victories greater than 70 percent citation needed George s father Archie Parr founded the Dynasty of Duval County Archer Parr III 1925 2000 ne Archer Weller Archie s grandson and adopted son was the third Duke of the Duval County Dynasty Archer Weller Parr was the county judge from 1959 to 1975 he died November 2 2000 in Alice Texas 8 13 References edit a b Grant Mary Lee March 23 1998 Duval County Museum reveals little known tales through anecdotes Visitors can explore rooms devoted to medical history famed political boss Corpus Christi Caller Times Archived from the original on 2004 10 25 Retrieved 2013 04 12 a b c Anders Evan PARR GEORGE BERHAM 1901 1975 Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association Retrieved 2013 04 12 TEXAS Death of a Duke TIME April 14 1975 Archived from the original on January 22 2011 Retrieved 2012 04 12 subscription required Lynch p 35 Givens Murphy August 31 2011 Cowboy from Matagorda founded political dynasty Corpus Christi Caller Times Retrieved 2013 09 24 Lynch p 25 a b Givens Murphy September 7 2011 George Parr inherited his father s political dynasty Corpus Christi Caller Times Retrieved 2013 04 13 a b c Lynch Dudley M January 1 1976 The Duke of Duval The Life and Times of George B Parr Waco Texian Press pp 36 37 ISBN 0 87244 044 3 LCCN 76 54438 Retrieved 2013 09 09 a b Burka Paul June 1984 The Man in the Black Hat Part One Texas Monthly pp 215 216 Retrieved 2013 04 13 The Parrs rarely had to resort to stealing elections For the most part they produced majorities that would have made Richard Daley envious The Mexicano underclass its poll taxes paid by the Parrs provided the votes and the Parrs provided for the Mexican underclass The Parrs ran Duval County the way Robin Hood ran Sherwood Forest As public officials they took from the rich the oil companies and the absentee landowners through high taxes as political bosses they tapped the public treasury to give to the poor Whenever a Mexicano family needed a little extra money for a wedding a funeral an illness el patron was there with a handout The support the Parrs received on election day was won not by intimidation but by friendship and the affinity of the Mexicanos for the Parrs went all the way back to the time when Archie was the only Anglo in the county who deigned to learn Spanish Of course while the Parrs were dipping into the treasury they managed to keep something for themselves Lynch pp 39 40 42 47 51 52 a b c Caro Robert A 1990 Head Start Means of Ascent The Years of Lyndon Johnson New York Alfred A Knopf Inc pp 190 191 ISBN 0 394 52835 2 Texas Politician Dead The New York Times April 2 1975 Retrieved April 14 2017 Mr Parr was considered a fugitive after he failed to appear for a hearing yesterday on revocation of his 25 000 appeal bond He was convicted of tax evasion in March 1974 for failing to list 287 000 in income between 1966 and 1969 He was sentenced to 10 years in prison but was free on bond pending appeal Neely Chris Schwartz Jeremy November 3 2000 Ex political boss Archer Parr is dead Corpus Christi Caller Times Archived from the original on 2005 04 21 Retrieved 2013 09 09 Further reading editDallas Morning News August 18 19 20 1974 Clark John E 1995 The fall of the Duke of Duval a prosecutor s journal foreword by William S Sessions lst ed Austin Tex Eakin Press ISBN 1571680497 LCCN 95040801 External links editGeorge Berham Parr from the Handbook of Texas Online Duval County from the Handbook of Texas Online Boss Rule from the Handbook of Texas Online Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title George Berham Parr amp oldid 1189442608, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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