Gava (c. 1525/30 - c. 1560) was a Sultan of Tidore in Maluku Islands who ruled briefly in the years up to 1560. His fairly obscure reign was characterized by an attempt to expand Tidore's territory in Halmahera which ended with his violent demise at the hands of his rival, the Sultan of Ternate.
The former Sultan of Tidore, Mir, passed away some time in the 1550s.[1] In the late 1550s the kingdom was ruled by a younger Sultan whose name is not mentioned in the contemporary sources. His fate was entangled with that of the neighbouring kingdom and rival Ternate, where the Portuguese made themselves increasingly hated. The alliance between Sultan Hairun of Ternate and the Christian Europeans broke down in 1557, since Captain Duarte d'Eça brusquely arrested Hairun and his brother Kaicili Gujarati, when the Sultan opposed the Portuguese appropriation of cloves from the Ternatan vassal Makian. As a result an anti-Portuguese revolt broke out, and the discontented chiefs allied with the Sultan of Tidore, who was a son-in-law of Hairun, in order to besiege the Portuguese in their fortress.[2] The Tidore ruler took the opportunity to take over some territories in Maluku that otherwise stood under Ternate. He played mayhem in northern Halmahera and many local Christians lost their lives. In his desperation, Duarte d'Eça turned to the other Malukan realms, Bacan and Jailolo for assistance, and got some. As he consistently refused to release Hairun against all advice, his Portuguese associates finally deposed him and set the Sultan free. An agreement was made in 1560 where Hairun acknowledged the authority of the King of Portugal.[3]
A soldier in Maluku in c. 1560, illustration from a manuscript by Gabriel Rebello
Deathedit
In return, the Portuguese forces helped Hairun to win back territories from Tidore. Especially the fortified place Tolo in northern Halmahera was tenaciously defended by the Tidorese, headed by a cousin of the Sultan. After a siege lasting four months, costing large mutual losses it was finally taken by the Portuguese and Ternatans. Now the Sultan of Tidore was forced to sue for peace. Since he felt too ashamed to make peace in own name, he abdicated, less than 35 years old, to a younger brother (hum irmão mais moço), though he remained governor (regidor) of the kingdom. In that way he yielded to Hairun.[4] However, according to Jesuit sources, he was invited to Ternate Island in order to ratify the agreement.[5] Hairun received him in the vicinity of the Portuguese fort, but then treacherously seized and beheaded him without the Portuguese officers daring to intervene, or even with their complicity.[6]
Portuguese sailors who met their Spanish rivals in Cebu in the Philippines in 1567 told them that "your [Spanish] Majesty’s old-time vassals, the kings of Tidore and Jailolo, have been killed and persecuted by the Portuguese and by the king of Ternate their friend and confederate. They killed the king of Tidore, and destroyed a fort which the king of Jailolo possessed, who died while being pursued. The king of Ternate had the latter’s son who succeeded him in his kingdom killed; while the son of the king of Tidore who is yet living, pays a yearly and very excessive tribute of one hundred bahars or more than five hundred quintals of cloves to the Portuguese. In addition, the vassals of those kings are greatly harassed and troubled by the Portuguese and by the king of Ternate his friend".[7] This account partly differs from other contemporary sources, since the "old-time vassal" of Spain (before 1546) was the previous ruler Mir.
Identityedit
The Spanish chronicler Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola, in his chronologically unreliable Conquista de las Islas Molucas (1609), says that the name of the ruler who was assassinated at the state visit was Cachil Gava (Kaicili Gawa or similar). Argensola evidently misdates the event to c. 1583 and is unsure under what Ternatan Sultan the deed took place. His brother and successor was, according to Argensola, Gapi Baguna, who had a long reign up to 1599. However, Gava left two children: Kaicili Kota, who was born from his principal wife or Putri, and Kaicili Mole who much later succeeded to the throne.[8]
Later king lists mention Kië Mansur alias Ghissi, and Iskandar Sani Amiril Madlemi alias Tadu, as successors of Mir and predecessors of Gapi Baguna.[9] These names are not found in contemporary or near-contemporary sources, who seldom provide names for the Tidore rulers.
^ Hubert Jacobs (1971) A treatise on the Moluccas (c. 1544). Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, p. 354.
^Diogo Barbosa Machado (1736) Memorias para a historia de Portugal, Vol. I. Lisboa: J.A. da Sylva, p. 576.[1]
^P.A. Tiele (1879-1887) "De Europëers in den Maleischen Archipel", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 25-36, Part IV:1, p. 397-9.
^Artur Basilio de Sá (1955) Documentação para a história das missões Padroado portugues do Oriente, Vol. III. Lisboa: Agencia Geral do Ultramar, p. 495-6.
^Daniello Bartoli (1879) L'Asia, Vol. VI. Milano: Pressa Serafino Majocchi Librajo, p. 94.[2]
^P.A. Tiele (1877-1887), Part IV:1, p. 400; cf. PARES Website, Carta de Lavezaris sobre portugueses del Maluco, 25 July 1567, http://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/422240. Event also referred in Francisco de Sousa (1710) Oriente conquistado a Jesu Christo pelos Padres da Companhia de Jesus, Vol. 2. Lisboa: Valentim da Costa Deslandes, p. 310.[3]
^Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson (1906) The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Vol. 34. Cleveland: A.H. Clark Company, p. 201-1.[4]
^Bartholomew Leonardo de Argensola (1708), The discovery and conquest of the Molucco and Philippine Islands. London, p. 97-8, 103.[5]
^F.S.A. de Clercq, (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate. Leiden: Brill, p. 152-3 [6], erroneously giving the dates of these two rulers as 1547-1569 and 1569-1586, respectively; Adolf Bastian (1894) Indonesien, oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipel. Berlin: Dümmler, p. 65 [7]
gava, tidore, gava, 1525, 1560, sultan, tidore, maluku, islands, ruled, briefly, years, 1560, fairly, obscure, reign, characterized, attempt, expand, tidore, territory, halmahera, which, ended, with, violent, demise, hands, rival, sultan, ternate, gavasultan, . Gava c 1525 30 c 1560 was a Sultan of Tidore in Maluku Islands who ruled briefly in the years up to 1560 His fairly obscure reign was characterized by an attempt to expand Tidore s territory in Halmahera which ended with his violent demise at the hands of his rival the Sultan of Ternate GavaSultan of TidoreReign1550s 1560PredecessorMirSuccessorGapi BagunaDiedc 1560ReligionIslam Contents 1 Reign 2 Death 3 Identity 4 See also 5 ReferencesReign editThe former Sultan of Tidore Mir passed away some time in the 1550s 1 In the late 1550s the kingdom was ruled by a younger Sultan whose name is not mentioned in the contemporary sources His fate was entangled with that of the neighbouring kingdom and rival Ternate where the Portuguese made themselves increasingly hated The alliance between Sultan Hairun of Ternate and the Christian Europeans broke down in 1557 since Captain Duarte d Eca brusquely arrested Hairun and his brother Kaicili Gujarati when the Sultan opposed the Portuguese appropriation of cloves from the Ternatan vassal Makian As a result an anti Portuguese revolt broke out and the discontented chiefs allied with the Sultan of Tidore who was a son in law of Hairun in order to besiege the Portuguese in their fortress 2 The Tidore ruler took the opportunity to take over some territories in Maluku that otherwise stood under Ternate He played mayhem in northern Halmahera and many local Christians lost their lives In his desperation Duarte d Eca turned to the other Malukan realms Bacan and Jailolo for assistance and got some As he consistently refused to release Hairun against all advice his Portuguese associates finally deposed him and set the Sultan free An agreement was made in 1560 where Hairun acknowledged the authority of the King of Portugal 3 nbsp A soldier in Maluku in c 1560 illustration from a manuscript by Gabriel RebelloDeath editIn return the Portuguese forces helped Hairun to win back territories from Tidore Especially the fortified place Tolo in northern Halmahera was tenaciously defended by the Tidorese headed by a cousin of the Sultan After a siege lasting four months costing large mutual losses it was finally taken by the Portuguese and Ternatans Now the Sultan of Tidore was forced to sue for peace Since he felt too ashamed to make peace in own name he abdicated less than 35 years old to a younger brother hum irmao mais moco though he remained governor regidor of the kingdom In that way he yielded to Hairun 4 However according to Jesuit sources he was invited to Ternate Island in order to ratify the agreement 5 Hairun received him in the vicinity of the Portuguese fort but then treacherously seized and beheaded him without the Portuguese officers daring to intervene or even with their complicity 6 Portuguese sailors who met their Spanish rivals in Cebu in the Philippines in 1567 told them that your Spanish Majesty s old time vassals the kings of Tidore and Jailolo have been killed and persecuted by the Portuguese and by the king of Ternate their friend and confederate They killed the king of Tidore and destroyed a fort which the king of Jailolo possessed who died while being pursued The king of Ternate had the latter s son who succeeded him in his kingdom killed while the son of the king of Tidore who is yet living pays a yearly and very excessive tribute of one hundred bahars or more than five hundred quintals of cloves to the Portuguese In addition the vassals of those kings are greatly harassed and troubled by the Portuguese and by the king of Ternate his friend 7 This account partly differs from other contemporary sources since the old time vassal of Spain before 1546 was the previous ruler Mir Identity editThe Spanish chronicler Bartolome Leonardo de Argensola in his chronologically unreliable Conquista de las Islas Molucas 1609 says that the name of the ruler who was assassinated at the state visit was Cachil Gava Kaicili Gawa or similar Argensola evidently misdates the event to c 1583 and is unsure under what Ternatan Sultan the deed took place His brother and successor was according to Argensola Gapi Baguna who had a long reign up to 1599 However Gava left two children Kaicili Kota who was born from his principal wife or Putri and Kaicili Mole who much later succeeded to the throne 8 Later king lists mention Kie Mansur alias Ghissi and Iskandar Sani Amiril Madlemi alias Tadu as successors of Mir and predecessors of Gapi Baguna 9 These names are not found in contemporary or near contemporary sources who seldom provide names for the Tidore rulers See also editList of rulers of Maluku Spice trade Tidore Sultanate Sultanate of TernateReferences edit Hubert Jacobs 1971 A treatise on the Moluccas c 1544 Rome Jesuit Historical Institute p 354 Diogo Barbosa Machado 1736 Memorias para a historia de Portugal Vol I Lisboa J A da Sylva p 576 1 P A Tiele 1879 1887 De Europeers in den Maleischen Archipel Bijdragen tot de Taal Land en Volkenkunde 25 36 Part IV 1 p 397 9 Artur Basilio de Sa 1955 Documentacao para a historia das missoes Padroado portugues do Oriente Vol III Lisboa Agencia Geral do Ultramar p 495 6 Daniello Bartoli 1879 L Asia Vol VI Milano Pressa Serafino Majocchi Librajo p 94 2 P A Tiele 1877 1887 Part IV 1 p 400 cf PARES Website Carta de Lavezaris sobre portugueses del Maluco 25 July 1567 http pares mcu es ParesBusquedas20 catalogo description 422240 Event also referred in Francisco de Sousa 1710 Oriente conquistado a Jesu Christo pelos Padres da Companhia de Jesus Vol 2 Lisboa Valentim da Costa Deslandes p 310 3 Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson 1906 The Philippine Islands 1493 1898 Vol 34 Cleveland A H Clark Company p 201 1 4 Bartholomew Leonardo de Argensola 1708 The discovery and conquest of the Molucco and Philippine Islands London p 97 8 103 5 F S A de Clercq 1890 Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate Leiden Brill p 152 3 6 erroneously giving the dates of these two rulers as 1547 1569 and 1569 1586 respectively Adolf Bastian 1894 Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipel Berlin Dummler p 65 7 Gava of TidorePreceded byMir Sultan of Tidore1550s 1560 Succeeded byGapi Baguna Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gava of Tidore amp oldid 1144445211, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
