The Gardner–Salinasbraille codes are a method of encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The most common form of Gardner–Salinas braille is the 8-cell variety, commonly called GS8. There is also a corresponding 6-cell form called GS6.[1]
The codes were developed as a replacement for Nemeth Braille by John A. Gardner, a physicist at Oregon State University, and Norberto Salinas, an Argentinian mathematician.
The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are an example of a compact human-readable markup language. The syntax is based on the LaTeX system for scientific typesetting.[citation needed]
The set of lower-case letters, the period, comma, semicolon, colon, exclamation mark, apostrophe, and opening and closing double quotes are the same as in Grade-2 English Braille.[1]
The world of blind mathematicians — article in Notices of the AMS, November 2002
January 01, 1970
gardner, salinas, braille, codes, method, encoding, mathematical, scientific, notation, linearly, using, braille, cells, tactile, reading, visually, impaired, most, common, form, gardner, salinas, braille, cell, variety, commonly, called, there, also, correspo. The Gardner Salinas braille codes are a method of encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired The most common form of Gardner Salinas braille is the 8 cell variety commonly called GS8 There is also a corresponding 6 cell form called GS6 1 The codes were developed as a replacement for Nemeth Braille by John A Gardner a physicist at Oregon State University and Norberto Salinas an Argentinian mathematician The Gardner Salinas braille codes are an example of a compact human readable markup language The syntax is based on the LaTeX system for scientific typesetting citation needed See also Braille and Braille music Contents 1 Table of Gardner Salinas 8 dot GS8 braille 1 1 Digits 1 2 Upper case letters 1 3 Greek letters 1 4 Characters differing from English Braille 1 5 ASCII symbols and mathematical operators 1 6 Text symbols 1 7 Math and science symbols 1 8 Markup 1 9 Typeface indicators 1 10 Shape symbols 1 11 Set theory 2 ReferencesTable of Gardner Salinas 8 dot GS8 braille editThe set of lower case letters the period comma semicolon colon exclamation mark apostrophe and opening and closing double quotes are the same as in Grade 2 English Braille 1 Digits edit Symbol 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Braille nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Apart from 0 this is the same as the Antoine notation used in French and Luxembourgish Braille Upper case letters edit GS8 upper case letters are indicated by the same cell as standard English braille and GS8 lower case letters with dot 7 added Symbol A B C D E F G H I J K L M Braille nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Symbol N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Braille nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Compare Luxembourgish Braille Greek letters edit Dot 8 is added to the letter forms of International Greek Braille to derive Greek letters Symbol a b g d e z h 8 i k l m Braille nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Symbol n 3 o p r s t y f x ps w Braille nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Symbol G D 8 L 3 P S Y F PS W Braille nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Characters differing from English Braille edit Symbol Parentheses Brackets single quote open close open close open close Braille nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp ASCII symbols and mathematical operators edit Symbol amp Braille nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Symbol lt gt Braille nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Text symbols edit Symbol c Braille nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Math and science symbols edit Symbol x abs value line closed Braille nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Symbol ℵ Braille nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Markup edit Symbol Superscript Subscript Left superscript Left subscript Begin fraction Denominator End fraction Over Braille nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Encodes the fraction slash for the single adjacent digits letters as numerator and denominator Symbol complex radicand displayed equation math expressions hyperlink Open Close Open Close Open Close Open Close Braille nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Used for any gt 1 digit radicand Used for markup to represent inkprint text Symbol Array Begin End End element End line vert stack horiz combo superposition Braille nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Symbol Misc Symbol Modifiers Begin End Quantity Markup indicator Inverted Stroke Not Variant Large Braille nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Typeface indicators edit Symbol Script Bold Italic Underline Definable font 1 Fractur Roman Underline Braille nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Shape symbols edit Symbol Open Square Braille nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Set theory edit Symbol Braille nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp References edit a b Index of Topics in Braille Section Oregon State University Science Access Project Braille topics Archived from the original on 2012 04 20 Retrieved 2012 04 29 Blind physicist creates better Braille a CNN news item November 9 1995 The world of blind mathematicians article in Notices of the AMS November 2002 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gardner Salinas braille codes amp oldid 1206518703, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
