This article is about the Japanese military expedition of 1875. For the American expedition of 1871, see Battle of Ganghwa.
The Ganghwa Island incident or the Japanese Battle of Ganghwa (Korean: 운요호 사건 [雲揚號事件]Unyo-ho sageon meaning "Un'yō incident"; Japanese: 江華島事件Kōka-tō jiken), was an armed clash between the Joseon dynasty of Korea and Japan which occurred in the vicinity of Ganghwa Island on September 20, 1875.
Battle of Ganghwa
Japanese marines landing from the Un'yō at Yeongjong Island which is near Ganghwa.
In the second half of the 19th century, the Korean Peninsula was the scene of a power struggle between several imperial powers, including the Russians and the French, as well as the Chinese and the Japanese.
The Meiji Restoration of 1868 ended the 265-year-old feudalistic Tokugawa shogunate in Japan. The new government of Japan sent a messenger holding a letter with the sovereign's message which informed of the founding of a new administration of Japan to the government of Korea Joseon dynasty on December 19, 1868.
However, the Koreans refused to receive the letter because it contained the Chinese characters皇 ("royal, imperial") and 勅 ("imperial decree").[2] According to the political system of the day, only the Chinese emperor was allowed to use those characters, as they signified the imperial authority of China.[2] Hence, their use by a Japanese sovereign was considered unacceptable to the Koreans by implying that he was an equal of the emperor of China.[2]
The Chinese suggested to the Koreans to receive the sovereign letter from Japan because China knew the power of Japan at that moment.[3] Despite government-level negotiations held in 1875 at Pusan, no substantial progress was made. Instead, tension grew as the Koreans continued to refuse to recognize Japan's claims of equality with China.
Engagement at Ganghwa Island
The landing of the forces of the Un'yō at Ganghwa Island. Japanese woodblock print.
Ganghwa Island had been a site of violent confrontations between Korean forces and foreign forces over the previous decade. In 1866, the island was briefly occupied during the French expedition against Korea, and in 1871 the site of an American expedition. The memories of those confrontations were very fresh, and there was little question that the Korean garrison would shoot at any approaching foreign ship.
On the morning of September 20, 1875, the Un'yō under the command of Inoue Yoshika was dispatched to survey Korean coastal waters. While surveying the Western coast of Korea, the Japanese put ashore a party on Ganghwa Island to request water and provisions.[1] When the shore batteries of the Korean forts fired on the Un'yō, the Japanese response was swift and severe.[1] After bombarding the Korean fortifications, the Japanese landed a shore party that torched several houses on the island and engaged Korean troops. Armed with modern rifles, they made quick work of the Koreans who carried matchlock muskets; consequently, thirty-five Korean soldiers were killed.[1] News of the incident did not reach Tokyo until September 28, but the following day the Dajōkan decided to dispatch gun boats to Pusan to protect Japanese residents there. It also began deliberating whether or not to send a mission to Korea to settle the incident.[1]
Aftermath
The number of casualties of the incident was recorded at 35 in the Joseon Dynasty with two Japanese soldiers wounded. In addition, 16 Korean naval personnel were captured by Japan. Many weapons were also looted. After the incident, the Imperial Japanese Navy blockaded the immediate area and requested an official apology from the Joseon government, which was concluded with the dispatch of the Kuroda mission and the signing of the Treaty of Ganghwa on February 27, 1876, which opened the Korean Peninsula to Japanese and foreign trade.
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This article is about the Japanese military expedition of 1875 For the American expedition of 1871 see Battle of Ganghwa The Ganghwa Island incident or the Japanese Battle of Ganghwa Korean 운요호 사건 雲揚號事件 Unyo ho sageon meaning Un yō incident Japanese 江華島事件 Kōka tō jiken was an armed clash between the Joseon dynasty of Korea and Japan which occurred in the vicinity of Ganghwa Island on September 20 1875 Battle of GanghwaJapanese marines landing from theUn yōat Yeongjong Island which is near Ganghwa DateSeptember 20 1875LocationGanghwa Island Korea now Ganghwa Island South Korea ResultJapanese victory Severe damage inflicted on Korean defenses Belligerents JapanJoseon DynastyCommanders and leadersInoue YoshikaCommander Lee Min deokStrengthLand 22 sailors and marinesSea 1 gunboatLand 500 infantryArtillery piecesCasualties and losses1 killed1 wounded35 killed 1 16 captured36 artillery piece and small cannon captured1 fort destroyed Contents 1 Background 2 Engagement at Ganghwa Island 3 Aftermath 4 See also 5 References 6 SourcesBackground EditIn the second half of the 19th century the Korean Peninsula was the scene of a power struggle between several imperial powers including the Russians and the French as well as the Chinese and the Japanese The Meiji Restoration of 1868 ended the 265 year old feudalistic Tokugawa shogunate in Japan The new government of Japan sent a messenger holding a letter with the sovereign s message which informed of the founding of a new administration of Japan to the government of Korea Joseon dynasty on December 19 1868 However the Koreans refused to receive the letter because it contained the Chinese characters 皇 royal imperial and 勅 imperial decree 2 According to the political system of the day only the Chinese emperor was allowed to use those characters as they signified the imperial authority of China 2 Hence their use by a Japanese sovereign was considered unacceptable to the Koreans by implying that he was an equal of the emperor of China 2 The Chinese suggested to the Koreans to receive the sovereign letter from Japan because China knew the power of Japan at that moment 3 Despite government level negotiations held in 1875 at Pusan no substantial progress was made Instead tension grew as the Koreans continued to refuse to recognize Japan s claims of equality with China Engagement at Ganghwa Island Edit The landing of the forces of the Un yō at Ganghwa Island Japanese woodblock print Ganghwa Island had been a site of violent confrontations between Korean forces and foreign forces over the previous decade In 1866 the island was briefly occupied during the French expedition against Korea and in 1871 the site of an American expedition The memories of those confrontations were very fresh and there was little question that the Korean garrison would shoot at any approaching foreign ship On the morning of September 20 1875 the Un yō under the command of Inoue Yoshika was dispatched to survey Korean coastal waters While surveying the Western coast of Korea the Japanese put ashore a party on Ganghwa Island to request water and provisions 1 When the shore batteries of the Korean forts fired on the Un yō the Japanese response was swift and severe 1 After bombarding the Korean fortifications the Japanese landed a shore party that torched several houses on the island and engaged Korean troops Armed with modern rifles they made quick work of the Koreans who carried matchlock muskets consequently thirty five Korean soldiers were killed 1 News of the incident did not reach Tokyo until September 28 but the following day the Dajōkan decided to dispatch gun boats to Pusan to protect Japanese residents there It also began deliberating whether or not to send a mission to Korea to settle the incident 1 Aftermath EditThe number of casualties of the incident was recorded at 35 in the Joseon Dynasty with two Japanese soldiers wounded In addition 16 Korean naval personnel were captured by Japan Many weapons were also looted After the incident the Imperial Japanese Navy blockaded the immediate area and requested an official apology from the Joseon government which was concluded with the dispatch of the Kuroda mission and the signing of the Treaty of Ganghwa on February 27 1876 which opened the Korean Peninsula to Japanese and foreign trade See also EditMeiji periodReferences Edit a b c d e Duus 1998 p 43 a b c Duus 1998 p 31 OH Bonnie Sino Japanese Rivalry in Korea p 43Sources EditDuus Peter 1998 The Abacus and the Sword The Japanese Penetration of Korea University of California Press ISBN 0 52092 090 2 Keene Donald 2002 Emperor of Japan Meiji and His World 1852 1912 New York Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 12341 8 Jansen Marius B 2002 The Making of Modern Japan Harvard University Press ISBN 0 6740 0334 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ganghwa Island incident amp oldid 1111547593, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
