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Galiteuthis glacialis

January 01, 1970

Galiteuthis glacialis is a species of glass squid from the Antarctic Convergence.[7][8] It is in the cranchiidae family and subfamily taoniinae.[9] They are endemic to the Antarctic and are found in the Southern Ocean, around the Weddell Sea and the South Shetland Islands. Galiteuthis glacialis are one of the most plentiful and widely dispersed species of Antarctic squid.[10] These squids are found in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic layers of the open ocean and demonstrate vertical migration. They can reach a maximum mantle length of 500 mm (0.5m).[9]

Galiteuthis glacialis
Ventral view of an adult specimen from the Ross Sea, with a mantle length of 321 mm (12.6 in)
Illustration of paralarvae (left: dorsal view, right: ventral view)
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: Oegopsida
Family: Cranchiidae
Genus: Galiteuthis
Species:
G. glacialis
Binomial name
Galiteuthis glacialis
(Chun, 1906)[2]
Synonyms[6]
  • Crystalloteuthis glacialis Chun, 1906[3]
  • Galiteuthis aspera Filippova, 1972[4]
  • Teuthowenia antarctica Chun, 1910[5]

Distribution edit

Galiteuthis glacialis is found predominantly in the Southern Ocean. It occupies the northern and eastern parts of the Weddell Sea, but is less abundant in the Southernmost part. This species prefers the open ocean and steep continental slope of the Eastern Weddell Sea.[9] They are also found around the South Shetland Islands.[11] As G. glacialis matures and its mantle size increases, it moves to deeper water. In its early life stages it is distributed between 300–1000 m. Mature squids are found more commonly below 700 m.[9]

They also show vertical distribution patterns and undergo diurnal vertical migration. Paralarvae and juveniles live in the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones and live at a depth of 300–400 m during the day, migrating to 200–300 m at night. Adolescents and adults live in the lower mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones at depths of 500–2500 m.[10] The upper limit of this species' migration is due to the higher temperature and lower salinity (less than 34.2 parts per thousand) of shallow Antarctic waters.[12] There is also a seasonal vertical distribution pattern in which mature squids prefer to remain below the warmer, less saline surface layer of water in the summer and venture to shallower depths in the fall.[9]

Morphology edit

Galiteuthis glacialis has a transparent body; mature squids have a gelatinous texture and adolescents have a leathery, muscular texture. Their narrow mantle is covered in sharp tubercles anteriorly and medially. The fin is lancet shaped with its posterior end resembling a short, thin needle. They have a small head and large eyes with two photophores.[10] However in this species, the photophores are not proven to produce light. This squid has a large stomach and small caecum, potentially due to the lack of food sources in deeper water. A larger stomach serves as an energy store of partially digested material that can later be released to the caecum for full digestion, which allows them to retain food during times of scarcity.[12] This species also shows isometric growth of its body parts.[10]

Ecology edit

This squid is preyed upon by sea birds, marine mammals, and fish. Southern elephant seals prey minimally on G. glacialis and equally on males and females. Likewise, they have been recorded to only prey on adults rather than juveniles.[11] Black-browed albatrosses and grey-headed albatrosses also prefer feeding on adults more than juveniles.[13] However albatrosses are not able to reach the adults because they cannot deep-dive. Tissue degeneration and upwelling bring mature squids up to the surface of the water for predation.[10] Digested parts of G. glacialis have been found in the stomachs of a species of icefish native to the Southern Ocean.[9]

Galiteuthis glacialis are opportunistic feeders and prey upon whatever is available. Their prey are likely mesopelagic zooplankton that feed on sinking organic matter.[14] Though, their common prey are crustaceans, chaetognatha, and fish.[12]

Life cycle edit

Galiteuthis glacialis paralarvae hatch in the bathypelagic layer and rise passively to the upper layers of the water. Then, they get dispersed in the epipelagic and mostly mesopelagic zones. The onset of maturation begins in the bathypelagic zone, and as the paralarvae mature, they begin to shift vertically (diurnal vertical migration). Females will spawn in the deeper water of the bathypelagic zone and then experience tissue degeneration. The degeneration increases their buoyancy, causing them to float all the way to the surface of the water.[10]

Reproduction edit

Spawning occurs in deep water where predation is lowest. Females have oval oocytes and males have spermatophores. During copulation the male will grasp the mantle of the female and deposit sperm onto the female's outer dorsal mantle surface. It is hypothesized that the spermatophores dissolve an area of the female's mantle in order to get to the inner mantle surface. This is achieved by a chemical mechanism, most likely enzymatic, and the female could die from bacterial infection of an open wound before spawning can happen.

After successful spawning, females undergo gelatinous tissue degeneration, losing their musculature and experiencing lower hydration and egg spawning. This alters the females' natural buoyancy and forces them to float upwards towards the surface. Males do not undergo degeneration. It is speculated that males die after mating and sink to the seafloor which may explain why mature females are caught in nets much more frequently than mature males, which are rarely caught.[10]

References edit

  1. ^ Barratt, I.; Allcock, L. (2014). "Galiteuthis glacialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T163374A1003312. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163374A1003312.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Philippe Bouchet (2018). "Galiteuthis glacialis (Chun, 1906)". World Register of Marine Species. Flanders Marine Institute. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  3. ^ Chun, Carl (1906). "System der Cranchien". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 31 (2–3): 85.
  4. ^ Filippova, J. A. (1972). "New Data on the Squids (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) from the Scotia Sea (Antarctic)". Malacologia. 11 (2): 400–403.
  5. ^ Chun, Carl; Brauer, August, eds. (1910). "Tentowenia antarctica Chun". Die Cephalopoden. I. Thiel: Oegopsida. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer "Valdivia" 1898–1899. Vol. 18. Jena: Gustav Fischer. pp. 376–378. Pl. 56, Figs. 1–5; Pl. 57, Figs. 3–7.
  6. ^ Demetrio Boltovskoy; et al. "Galiteuthis glacialis". Zooplankton of the South Atlantic Ocean. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
  7. ^ "Galiteuthis glacialis (Chun, 1906)". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  8. ^ Richard E. Young & Katharina M. Mangold (1922–2003) (2006). "Galiteuthis glacialis (Chun, 1906)". The Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved March 16, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b c d e f Piatkowski, Uwe; Hagen, Wilhelm (1994). "Distribution and lipid composition of early life stages of the cranchiid squid Galiteuthis glacialis (Chun) in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica" (PDF). Antarctic Science. 6 (2): 235–239. Bibcode:1994AntSc...6..235P. doi:10.1017/S0954102094000362. ISSN 0954-1020. S2CID 128979975.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Nesis, K. N.; Nigmatullin, Ch. M.; Nikitina, I. V. (February 1998). "Spent females of deepwater squid Galiteuthis glacialis under the ice at the surface of the Weddell Sea (Antarctic)". Journal of Zoology. 244 (2): 185–200. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00024.x. ISSN 0952-8369.
  11. ^ a b Daneri, G. A.; Carlini, A. R.; Marschoff, E. R.; Harrington, A.; Negrete, J.; Mennucci, J. A.; Márquez, M. E. I. (2014-12-18). "The feeding habits of the Southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina, at Isla 25 de Mayo/King George Island, South Shetland Islands". Polar Biology. 38 (5): 665–676. doi:10.1007/s00300-014-1629-0. hdl:11336/62264. ISSN 0722-4060. S2CID 18259428.
  12. ^ a b c McSweeny, E. S. (1978), "Systematics and morphology of the Antarctic cranchild squid Galiteuthis glacialis (Chun)", in Pawson, David L. (ed.), Biology of the Antarctic Seas VII, Antarctic Research Series, vol. 27, American Geophysical Union, pp. 1–39, doi:10.1029/ar027p0001, ISBN 9780875901343, retrieved 2019-03-28[permanent dead link]
  13. ^ Y., Cherel; H., Weimerskirch; C., Trouvé (2002-12-01). "Dietary evidence for spatial foraging segregation in sympatric albatrosses ( Diomedea spp.) rearing chicks at Iles Nuageuses, Kerguelen". Marine Biology. 141 (6): 1117–1129. doi:10.1007/s00227-002-0907-5. ISSN 0025-3162. S2CID 83653436.
  14. ^ Guerreiro, Miguel & Phillips, Richard A & Cherel, Yves & Ceia, Filipe R & Alvito, Pedro & Rosa, Rui & Xavier, José C. 2015. Habitat and trophic ecology of Southern Ocean cephalopods from stable isotope analyses. Marine Ecology Progress Series, published online on June 18, 2015. doi:10.3354/meps11266

External links edit

January 01, 1970
galiteuthis, glacialis, species, glass, squid, from, antarctic, convergence, cranchiidae, family, subfamily, taoniinae, they, endemic, antarctic, found, southern, ocean, around, weddell, south, shetland, islands, most, plentiful, widely, dispersed, species, an. Galiteuthis glacialis is a species of glass squid from the Antarctic Convergence 7 8 It is in the cranchiidae family and subfamily taoniinae 9 They are endemic to the Antarctic and are found in the Southern Ocean around the Weddell Sea and the South Shetland Islands Galiteuthis glacialis are one of the most plentiful and widely dispersed species of Antarctic squid 10 These squids are found in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic layers of the open ocean and demonstrate vertical migration They can reach a maximum mantle length of 500 mm 0 5m 9 Galiteuthis glacialis Ventral view of an adult specimen from the Ross Sea with a mantle length of 321 mm 12 6 in Illustration of paralarvae left dorsal view right ventral view Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda Order Oegopsida Family Cranchiidae Genus Galiteuthis Species G glacialis Binomial name Galiteuthis glacialis Chun 1906 2 Synonyms 6 Crystalloteuthis glacialisChun 1906 3 Galiteuthis asperaFilippova 1972 4 Teuthowenia antarcticaChun 1910 5 Contents 1 Distribution 2 Morphology 3 Ecology 4 Life cycle 5 Reproduction 6 References 7 External linksDistribution editGaliteuthis glacialis is found predominantly in the Southern Ocean It occupies the northern and eastern parts of the Weddell Sea but is less abundant in the Southernmost part This species prefers the open ocean and steep continental slope of the Eastern Weddell Sea 9 They are also found around the South Shetland Islands 11 As G glacialis matures and its mantle size increases it moves to deeper water In its early life stages it is distributed between 300 1000 m Mature squids are found more commonly below 700 m 9 They also show vertical distribution patterns and undergo diurnal vertical migration Paralarvae and juveniles live in the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones and live at a depth of 300 400 m during the day migrating to 200 300 m at night Adolescents and adults live in the lower mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones at depths of 500 2500 m 10 The upper limit of this species migration is due to the higher temperature and lower salinity less than 34 2 parts per thousand of shallow Antarctic waters 12 There is also a seasonal vertical distribution pattern in which mature squids prefer to remain below the warmer less saline surface layer of water in the summer and venture to shallower depths in the fall 9 Morphology editGaliteuthis glacialis has a transparent body mature squids have a gelatinous texture and adolescents have a leathery muscular texture Their narrow mantle is covered in sharp tubercles anteriorly and medially The fin is lancet shaped with its posterior end resembling a short thin needle They have a small head and large eyes with two photophores 10 However in this species the photophores are not proven to produce light This squid has a large stomach and small caecum potentially due to the lack of food sources in deeper water A larger stomach serves as an energy store of partially digested material that can later be released to the caecum for full digestion which allows them to retain food during times of scarcity 12 This species also shows isometric growth of its body parts 10 Ecology editThis squid is preyed upon by sea birds marine mammals and fish Southern elephant seals prey minimally on G glacialis and equally on males and females Likewise they have been recorded to only prey on adults rather than juveniles 11 Black browed albatrosses and grey headed albatrosses also prefer feeding on adults more than juveniles 13 However albatrosses are not able to reach the adults because they cannot deep dive Tissue degeneration and upwelling bring mature squids up to the surface of the water for predation 10 Digested parts of G glacialis have been found in the stomachs of a species of icefish native to the Southern Ocean 9 Galiteuthis glacialis are opportunistic feeders and prey upon whatever is available Their prey are likely mesopelagic zooplankton that feed on sinking organic matter 14 Though their common prey are crustaceans chaetognatha and fish 12 Life cycle editGaliteuthis glacialis paralarvae hatch in the bathypelagic layer and rise passively to the upper layers of the water Then they get dispersed in the epipelagic and mostly mesopelagic zones The onset of maturation begins in the bathypelagic zone and as the paralarvae mature they begin to shift vertically diurnal vertical migration Females will spawn in the deeper water of the bathypelagic zone and then experience tissue degeneration The degeneration increases their buoyancy causing them to float all the way to the surface of the water 10 Reproduction editSpawning occurs in deep water where predation is lowest Females have oval oocytes and males have spermatophores During copulation the male will grasp the mantle of the female and deposit sperm onto the female s outer dorsal mantle surface It is hypothesized that the spermatophores dissolve an area of the female s mantle in order to get to the inner mantle surface This is achieved by a chemical mechanism most likely enzymatic and the female could die from bacterial infection of an open wound before spawning can happen After successful spawning females undergo gelatinous tissue degeneration losing their musculature and experiencing lower hydration and egg spawning This alters the females natural buoyancy and forces them to float upwards towards the surface Males do not undergo degeneration It is speculated that males die after mating and sink to the seafloor which may explain why mature females are caught in nets much more frequently than mature males which are rarely caught 10 References edit Barratt I Allcock L 2014 Galiteuthis glacialis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014 e T163374A1003312 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2014 1 RLTS T163374A1003312 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 Philippe Bouchet 2018 Galiteuthis glacialis Chun 1906 World Register of Marine Species Flanders Marine Institute Retrieved 1 March 2018 Chun Carl 1906 System der Cranchien Zoologischer Anzeiger 31 2 3 85 Filippova J A 1972 New Data on the Squids Cephalopoda Oegopsida from the Scotia Sea Antarctic Malacologia 11 2 400 403 Chun Carl Brauer August eds 1910 Tentowenia antarctica Chun Die Cephalopoden I Thiel Oegopsida Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee Expedition auf dem Dampfer Valdivia 1898 1899 Vol 18 Jena Gustav Fischer pp 376 378 Pl 56 Figs 1 5 Pl 57 Figs 3 7 Demetrio Boltovskoy et al Galiteuthis glacialis Zooplankton of the South Atlantic Ocean Marine Species Identification Portal Retrieved March 16 2012 Galiteuthis glacialis Chun 1906 Smithsonian Institution Retrieved March 17 2012 Richard E Young amp Katharina M Mangold 1922 2003 2006 Galiteuthis glacialis Chun 1906 The Tree of Life Web Project Retrieved March 16 2012 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link a b c d e f Piatkowski Uwe Hagen Wilhelm 1994 Distribution and lipid composition of early life stages of the cranchiid squid Galiteuthis glacialis Chun in the Weddell Sea Antarctica PDF Antarctic Science 6 2 235 239 Bibcode 1994AntSc 6 235P doi 10 1017 S0954102094000362 ISSN 0954 1020 S2CID 128979975 a b c d e f g Nesis K N Nigmatullin Ch M Nikitina I V February 1998 Spent females of deepwater squid Galiteuthis glacialis under the ice at the surface of the Weddell Sea Antarctic Journal of Zoology 244 2 185 200 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7998 1998 tb00024 x ISSN 0952 8369 a b Daneri G A Carlini A R Marschoff E R Harrington A Negrete J Mennucci J A Marquez M E I 2014 12 18 The feeding habits of the Southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina at Isla 25 de Mayo King George Island South Shetland Islands Polar Biology 38 5 665 676 doi 10 1007 s00300 014 1629 0 hdl 11336 62264 ISSN 0722 4060 S2CID 18259428 a b c McSweeny E S 1978 Systematics and morphology of the Antarctic cranchild squid Galiteuthis glacialis Chun in Pawson David L ed Biology of the Antarctic Seas VII Antarctic Research Series vol 27 American Geophysical Union pp 1 39 doi 10 1029 ar027p0001 ISBN 9780875901343 retrieved 2019 03 28 permanent dead link Y Cherel H Weimerskirch C Trouve 2002 12 01 Dietary evidence for spatial foraging segregation in sympatric albatrosses Diomedea spp rearing chicks at Iles Nuageuses Kerguelen Marine Biology 141 6 1117 1129 doi 10 1007 s00227 002 0907 5 ISSN 0025 3162 S2CID 83653436 Guerreiro Miguel amp Phillips Richard A amp Cherel Yves amp Ceia Filipe R amp Alvito Pedro amp Rosa Rui amp Xavier Jose C 2015 Habitat and trophic ecology of Southern Ocean cephalopods from stable isotope analyses Marine Ecology Progress Series published online on June 18 2015 doi 10 3354 meps11266External links edit nbsp Media related to Galiteuthis glacialis at Wikimedia Commons Galiteuthis glacialis from the Tree of Life Web Project Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Galiteuthis glacialis amp oldid 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