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Galactooligosaccharide

January 01, 1970

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS), also known as oligogalactosyllactose, oligogalactose, oligolactose or transgalactooligosaccharides (TOS), belong to the group of prebiotics. Prebiotics are defined as non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by stimulating the growth and/or activity of beneficial bacteria in the colon. GOS occurs in commercially available products such as food for both infants and adults.

Galactooligosaccharide
Identifiers
ChEBI
  • CHEBI:24151
Properties
(C6H10O5)n
Molar mass Variable
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Chemistry edit

The composition of the galactooligosaccharide fraction varies in chain length and type of linkage between the monomer units. Galactooligosaccharides are produced through the enzymatic conversion of lactose, a component of bovine milk.

A range of factors come into play when determining the yield, style, and type of GOS produced. These factors include:

  • enzyme source
  • enzyme dosage
  • feeding stock (lactose) concentration
  • origins of the lactose
  • process involved (e.g. free or immobilized enzyme)
  • reaction conditions impacting the processing situation
  • medium composition

GOS generally comprise a chain of galactose units that arise through consecutive transgalactosylation reactions, with a terminal glucose unit. However, where a terminal galactose unit is indicated, hydrolysis of GOS formed at an earlier stage in the process has occurred. The degree of polymerization of GOS can vary quite markedly, ranging from 2 to 8 monomeric units, depending mainly on the type of the enzyme used and the conversion degree of lactose.

Digestion research edit

Main article: Dietary fiber § Activity in the gut

Because of the configuration of their glycosidic bonds, galactooligosaccharides largely resist hydrolysis by salivary and intestinal digestive enzymes.[1] Galactooligosaccharides are classified as prebiotics, defined as non-digestible food ingredients as substrate for the host by stimulating the growth and activity of bacteria in the colon.[1]

The increased activity of colonic bacteria results in various effects, both directly by the bacteria themselves or indirectly by producing short-chain fatty acids as byproducts via fermentation. Examples of effects are stimulation of immune functions, absorption of essential nutrients, and synthesis of certain vitamins.[2][3][4]

Stimulating bacteria edit

Galactooligosaccharides are a substrate for bacteria, such as Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Studies with infants and adults have shown that foods or drinks enriched with galactooligosaccharides result in a significant increase in Bifidobacteria.[1] These sugars can be found naturally in human milk, known as human milk oligosaccharides.[5] Examples include lacto-N-tetraose, lacto-N-neotetraose, and lacto-N-fucopentaose.[6]

Immune response edit

Human gut microbiota play a key role in the intestinal immune system.[1] Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) support natural defenses of the human body via the gut microflora,[7] indirectly by increasing the number of bacteria in the gut and inhibiting the binding or survival of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Clostridia.[8][9] GOS can positively influence the immune system indirectly through the production of antimicrobial substances, reducing the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria.[10][11]

Constipation edit

Constipation is a potential problem, particularly among infants, elderly and pregnant women. In infants, formula feeding may be associated with constipation and hard stools.[12] Galactooligosaccharides may improve stool frequency and relieve symptoms related to constipation.[13]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Jeurink, P. V; Van Esch, B. C; Rijnierse, A; Garssen, J; Knippels, LM (2013). "Mechanisms underlying immune effects of dietary oligosaccharides". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 98 (2): 572S–7S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.038596. PMID 23824724.
  2. ^ Gibson GR (October 1998). "Dietary modulation of the human gut microflora using prebiotics". British Journal of Nutrition. 80 (4): S209–12. doi:10.1017/S0007114500006048. PMID 9924286.
  3. ^ Roberfroid MB (June 2000). "Prebiotics and probiotics: are they functional foods?". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 71 (6 Suppl): 1682S–7S, discussion 1688S–90S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1682S. PMID 10837317.
  4. ^ Macfarlane GT, Steed H, Macfarlane S (February 2008). "Bacterial metabolism and health-related effects of galacto-oligosaccharides and other prebiotics". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 104 (2): 305–44. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03520.x. PMID 18215222. S2CID 205319925.
  5. ^ "Human Milk Oligosaccharides". NNI Global Website. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  6. ^ Miesfeld, Roger L. (July 2017). Biochemistry. McEvoy, Megan M. (First ed.). New York, NY. ISBN 978-0-393-61402-2. OCLC 952277065.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ Gibson G.R.; McCartney A.L.; Rastall R.A. (2005). "Prebiotics and resistance to gastrointestinal infections". Br. J. Nutr. 93 (Suppl. 1): 31–34. doi:10.1079/BJN20041343. PMID 15877892.
  8. ^ Shoaf K.; Muvey G.L.; Armstrong G.D.; Hutkins R.W. (2006). "Prebiotic galactooligosaccharides reduce adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to tissue culture cells". Infect Immun. 74 (12): 6920–8. doi:10.1128/iai.01030-06. PMC 1698067. PMID 16982832.
  9. ^ Sinclair HR, et al. (2009). "Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) inhibit Vibrio cholerae toxin binding to its GM1 receptor". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 57 (8): 3113–3119. doi:10.1021/jf8034786. PMID 19290638.
  10. ^ Macfarlane GT, Steed H, et al. (2008). "Bacterial metabolism and health-related effects of galacto-oligosaccharides and other prebiotics". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 104 (2): 305–344. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03520.x. PMID 18215222. S2CID 205319925.
  11. ^ Vos AP, M'Rabet L, et al. (2007). "Immune-modulatory effects and potential working mechanisms of orally applied nondigestible carbohydrates". Critical Reviews in Immunology. 27 (2): 97–140. doi:10.1615/critrevimmunol.v27.i2.10. PMID 17725499.
  12. ^ Scholtens, P. A; Goossens, D. A; Staiano, A (2014). "Stool characteristics of infants receiving short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides: A review". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (37): 13446–13452. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13446. PMC 4188896. PMID 25309075.
  13. ^ Yu, T; Zheng, Y. P; Tan, J. C; Xiong, W. J; Wang, Y; Lin, L (2017). "Effects of Prebiotics and Synbiotics on Functional Constipation". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 353 (3): 282–292. doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2016.09.014. PMID 28262216.

January 01, 1970
galactooligosaccharide, also, known, oligogalactosyllactose, oligogalactose, oligolactose, transgalactooligosaccharides, belong, group, prebiotics, prebiotics, defined, digestible, food, ingredients, that, beneficially, affect, host, stimulating, growth, activ. Galactooligosaccharides GOS also known as oligogalactosyllactose oligogalactose oligolactose or transgalactooligosaccharides TOS belong to the group of prebiotics Prebiotics are defined as non digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by stimulating the growth and or activity of beneficial bacteria in the colon GOS occurs in commercially available products such as food for both infants and adults Galactooligosaccharide Identifiers ChEBI CHEBI 24151 Properties Chemical formula C6H10O5 n Molar mass Variable Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa Infobox references Contents 1 Chemistry 2 Digestion research 2 1 Stimulating bacteria 2 2 Immune response 2 3 Constipation 3 See also 4 ReferencesChemistry editThe composition of the galactooligosaccharide fraction varies in chain length and type of linkage between the monomer units Galactooligosaccharides are produced through the enzymatic conversion of lactose a component of bovine milk A range of factors come into play when determining the yield style and type of GOS produced These factors include enzyme source enzyme dosage feeding stock lactose concentration origins of the lactose process involved e g free or immobilized enzyme reaction conditions impacting the processing situation medium composition GOS generally comprise a chain of galactose units that arise through consecutive transgalactosylation reactions with a terminal glucose unit However where a terminal galactose unit is indicated hydrolysis of GOS formed at an earlier stage in the process has occurred The degree of polymerization of GOS can vary quite markedly ranging from 2 to 8 monomeric units depending mainly on the type of the enzyme used and the conversion degree of lactose Digestion research editMain article Dietary fiber Activity in the gut This section needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Galactooligosaccharide news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2017 nbsp Because of the configuration of their glycosidic bonds galactooligosaccharides largely resist hydrolysis by salivary and intestinal digestive enzymes 1 Galactooligosaccharides are classified as prebiotics defined as non digestible food ingredients as substrate for the host by stimulating the growth and activity of bacteria in the colon 1 The increased activity of colonic bacteria results in various effects both directly by the bacteria themselves or indirectly by producing short chain fatty acids as byproducts via fermentation Examples of effects are stimulation of immune functions absorption of essential nutrients and synthesis of certain vitamins 2 3 4 Stimulating bacteria edit Galactooligosaccharides are a substrate for bacteria such as Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli Studies with infants and adults have shown that foods or drinks enriched with galactooligosaccharides result in a significant increase in Bifidobacteria 1 These sugars can be found naturally in human milk known as human milk oligosaccharides 5 Examples include lacto N tetraose lacto N neotetraose and lacto N fucopentaose 6 Immune response edit Human gut microbiota play a key role in the intestinal immune system 1 Galactooligosaccharides GOS support natural defenses of the human body via the gut microflora 7 indirectly by increasing the number of bacteria in the gut and inhibiting the binding or survival of Escherichia coli Salmonella typhimurium and Clostridia 8 9 GOS can positively influence the immune system indirectly through the production of antimicrobial substances reducing the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria 10 11 Constipation edit Constipation is a potential problem particularly among infants elderly and pregnant women In infants formula feeding may be associated with constipation and hard stools 12 Galactooligosaccharides may improve stool frequency and relieve symptoms related to constipation 13 See also editXylooligosaccharide XOS References edit a b c d Jeurink P V Van Esch B C Rijnierse A Garssen J Knippels LM 2013 Mechanisms underlying immune effects of dietary oligosaccharides American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 98 2 572S 7S doi 10 3945 ajcn 112 038596 PMID 23824724 Gibson GR October 1998 Dietary modulation of the human gut microflora using prebiotics British Journal of Nutrition 80 4 S209 12 doi 10 1017 S0007114500006048 PMID 9924286 Roberfroid MB June 2000 Prebiotics and probiotics are they functional foods American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71 6 Suppl 1682S 7S discussion 1688S 90S doi 10 1093 ajcn 71 6 1682S PMID 10837317 Macfarlane GT Steed H Macfarlane S February 2008 Bacterial metabolism and health related effects of galacto oligosaccharides and other prebiotics Journal of Applied Microbiology 104 2 305 44 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2672 2007 03520 x PMID 18215222 S2CID 205319925 Human Milk Oligosaccharides NNI Global Website Retrieved 2020 12 04 Miesfeld Roger L July 2017 Biochemistry McEvoy Megan M First ed New York NY ISBN 978 0 393 61402 2 OCLC 952277065 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Gibson G R McCartney A L Rastall R A 2005 Prebiotics and resistance to gastrointestinal infections Br J Nutr 93 Suppl 1 31 34 doi 10 1079 BJN20041343 PMID 15877892 Shoaf K Muvey G L Armstrong G D Hutkins R W 2006 Prebiotic galactooligosaccharides reduce adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to tissue culture cells Infect Immun 74 12 6920 8 doi 10 1128 iai 01030 06 PMC 1698067 PMID 16982832 Sinclair HR et al 2009 Galactooligosaccharides GOS inhibit Vibrio cholerae toxin binding to its GM1 receptor Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57 8 3113 3119 doi 10 1021 jf8034786 PMID 19290638 Macfarlane GT Steed H et al 2008 Bacterial metabolism and health related effects of galacto oligosaccharides and other prebiotics Journal of Applied Microbiology 104 2 305 344 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2672 2007 03520 x PMID 18215222 S2CID 205319925 Vos AP M Rabet L et al 2007 Immune modulatory effects and potential working mechanisms of orally applied nondigestible carbohydrates Critical Reviews in Immunology 27 2 97 140 doi 10 1615 critrevimmunol v27 i2 10 PMID 17725499 Scholtens P A Goossens D A Staiano A 2014 Stool characteristics of infants receiving short chain galacto oligosaccharides and long chain fructo oligosaccharides A review World Journal of Gastroenterology 20 37 13446 13452 doi 10 3748 wjg v20 i37 13446 PMC 4188896 PMID 25309075 Yu T Zheng Y P Tan J C Xiong W J Wang Y Lin L 2017 Effects of Prebiotics and Synbiotics on Functional Constipation The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 353 3 282 292 doi 10 1016 j amjms 2016 09 014 PMID 28262216 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Galactooligosaccharide amp oldid 1174105064, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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