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Gail R. Martin

April 26, 2024

Gail Roberta Martin (née Zuckman, born 1944) is an American biologist. She is professor emerita in the Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco. She is known for her pioneering work on the isolation of pluripotent stem cells from normal embryos, for which she coined the term 'embryonic stem cells'.[1] She is widely recognized for her work on the function of fibroblast growth factors and their negative regulators in vertebrate organogenesis. She and her colleagues made contributions to gene targeting technology.

Gail Roberta Martin
Martin in 2015
Born
Gail Roberta Zuckman

1944 (age 79–80)
Bronx, New York, U.S.
Alma mater
SpouseG. Steven Martin (m. 1969)
Children1 son
AwardsMember, US National Academy of Sciences; Foreign Member, Royal Society; Pearl Meister Greengard Prize; E.G. Conklin Medal
Scientific career
FieldsDevelopmental Biology
InstitutionsUniversity of California, San Francisco (UCSF)

Personal life and education edit

Martin grew up in The Bronx, New York, the only child of a pharmacist and a schoolteacher. She graduated from James Monroe High School in 1960 and earned her A.B. in Zoology from the University of Wisconsin in 1964. She then enrolled as a graduate student in the Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley (UCB). It was a tumultuous time, because the student protest known as the Free Speech Movement took place in that academic year (1964–65), and Martin along with her fellow graduate students spent many hours in political discussion and activity. Martin did her doctoral work in Harry Rubin's laboratory, where she pursued several projects aimed at elucidating the mechanisms that control the growth of fibroblasts in vitro. She completed her Ph.D. thesis in 1971. It was during that time that she married Steven Martin, a British scientist who had come to Berkeley to do postdoctoral work in the Rubin laboratory.

Academic career edit

After completing her graduate studies, Martin and her husband moved to London. In 1973, she worked with Martin J. Evans at University College London. Evans was then working with teratocarcinomas (a type of tumor), which are of interest because they contain pluripotent stem cells (known as embryonal carcinoma, [EC] cells), from which all the differentiated cell types in the tumor arise. During the two years she spent working in Evans' laboratory, Martin devised a protocol for isolating and maintaining EC cells in the undifferentiated state and for differentiating them in vitro. This work [2] laid the groundwork for the future isolation of pluripotent stem cells from normal mouse and human embryos. In 1976, Martin and her husband returned to Berkeley, where he took up a faculty position at UCB and she began a year of postdoctoral work with Charles J. Epstein in the Department of Pediatrics at UCSF. During this period she and her colleagues demonstrated that female EC cells had two active X chromosomes and could be used to study X-chromosome inactivation in vitro.[3]

In 1976 Martin joined the UCSF faculty and established her own laboratory, which was active until 2012. Her first major accomplishment was the isolation of pluripotent stem cells from normal mouse blastocysts.[1] This was also achieved by Evans and Kaufman [4] in the same year. Subsequently, using sophisticated genetic methods that she helped to pioneer, Martin and her colleagues demonstrated the importance of FGF signaling in the development of many organs including the limb. Martin's laboratory also took the lead in studying the role of negative feedback mechanisms for regulating FGF signaling in the mammalian embryo These studies have led to an appreciation of the exquisite sensitivity of developmental and cell biological processes to even small changes in the level of FGF signaling.

During her tenure at UCSF, Martin served as director of the Graduate Program in Developmental Biology (1986-2009). She also was responsible, in collaboration with a software engineer, Jonathan Scoles, for the development of a database that provides a description of all the genetically altered mice housed at UCSF. This online resource helps researchers determine if mice carrying a particular genetic alteration are available at UCSF and to find out whom to contact about the possibility of obtaining them. Access to this information has saved investigators considerable time and money in acquiring mouse models for their studies and been a stimulus to collaboration between researchers.

Honors edit

Martin has received numerous awards including an American Cancer Society Faculty Research Award (1979–83), a Guggenheim Fellowship (1991–92), the Edwin Grant Conklin Medal from the Society for Developmental Biology (2002),[5] the Pearl Meister Greengard Prize (Rockefeller University), co-recipients: Beatrice Mintz and Elizabeth Robertson (2007), and the, FASEB Excellence in Science Award (2011).

She received an honorary doctorate of science (DSc [Med]) from University College London (2011). She has delivered numerous special lectures, including the George W. Brumley Jr. Memorial Lecture (Duke University) 2006, the UCSF Faculty Research Lecture (2008), and the Dame Anne McLaren Memorial Lecture (UK National Stem Cell Network), York, England (2011). She served as President of the Society for Developmental Biology (2006-2007),[6] and was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1991) a member of the US National Academy of Sciences (Section 22, Cell and Developmental Biology) (2002) and a Foreign Member, Royal Society (2015) [7]

Selected publications edit

  • Martin G.R., Evans M.J. (1975). "Differentiation of clonal lines of teratocarcinoma cells: formation of embryoid bodies in vitro". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 72 (4): 1441–1445. Bibcode:1975PNAS...72.1441M. doi:10.1073/pnas.72.4.1441. PMC 432551. PMID 1055416.
  • Martin G.R.; Epstein C.J.; Travis B.; Tucker G.; Yatziv S.; Martin D.W. Jr.; Clift S.; Cohen S. (1978). "X-chromosome inactivation during differentiation of female teratocarcinoma stem cells in vitro". Nature. 271 (5643): 329–333. Bibcode:1978Natur.271..329M. doi:10.1038/271329a0. PMID 563984. S2CID 4156737.
  • Martin G.R. (1981). "Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 78 (12): 7634–7638. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.7634M. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.12.7634. PMC 349323. PMID 6950406.
  • Joyner A.L.; Kornberg T.; Coleman K.; Cox D.; Martin G.R. (1985). "Expression during embryogenesis of a mouse gene with homology to the Drosophila engrailed gene". Cell. 43 (1): 29–37. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(85)90009-1. PMID 2416459. S2CID 205018993.
  • Lock L.F.; Takagi N.; Martin G.R. (1987). "Methylation of the Hprt gene on the inactive X occurs after chromosome inactivation". Cell. 48 (1): 39–46. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90353-9. PMID 3791414. S2CID 24732856.
  • Frohman M.A.; Dush M.K.; Martin G.R. (1988). "Rapid production of full-length cDNAs from rare transcripts by amplification using a single gene-specific oligonucleotide primer". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85 (23): 8998–9002. Bibcode:1988PNAS...85.8998F. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.23.8998. PMC 282649. PMID 2461560.
  • Niswander L.; Tickle C.; Vogel A.; Booth I.; Martin G.R. (1993). "FGF-* replaces the apical ectodermal ridge and directs outgrowth and patterning of the limb". Cell. 75 (3): 579–587. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90391-3. PMID 8221896. S2CID 27128022.
  • Hébert J. M.; Rosenquist T.; Götz J.; Martin G.R. (1994). "FGF* as a regulator of the hair growth cycle: evidence from targeted and spontaneous mutations". Cell. 78 (6): 1017–1025. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90276-3. PMID 7923352. S2CID 44491318.
  • Coucouvanis E.; Martin G.R. (October 1995). "(* Signals for death and survival: a two-step mechanism for cavitation in the vertebrate embryo". Cell. 83 (2): 279–287. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90169-8. PMID 7585945. S2CID 15590201.
  • Crossley P.H.; Martinez S.; Martin G.R. (1996). "Midbrain development induced by FGF* in the chick embryo". Nature. 380 (6569): 66–68. Bibcode:1996Natur.380...66C. doi:10.1038/380066a0. PMID 8598907. S2CID 4315698.
  • Neubüser A.; Peters H.; Balling R.; Martin G.R. (1997). "Antagonistic interactions between FGF and BMP signaling pathways: a mechanism for positioning the sites of tooth formation". Cell. 90 (2): 247–255. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80333-5. PMID 9244299. S2CID 16212149.
  • Lewandoski M.; Martin G.R. (1997). "Cre-mediated chromosome loss in mice". Nature Genetics. 17 (2): 223–225. doi:10.1038/ng1097-223. PMID 9326948. S2CID 21246822.
  • Meyers E.N.; Lewandoski M.; Martin G.R. (1998). "An Fgf* mutant allelic series generated by Cre- and Flp-mediated recombination". Nature Genetics. 18 (2): 136–141. doi:10.1038/ng0298-136. PMID 9462741. S2CID 2123397.
  • Minowada G.; Jarvis L. A.; Chi C. L.; Neubüser A.; Sun X.; Hacohen N.; Krasnow M. A.; Martin G.R. (1999). "Vertebrate Sprouty genes are induced by FGF signaling and can cause chondrodysplasia when overexpressed". Development. 126 (20): 4465–4475. doi:10.1242/dev.126.20.4465. PMID 10498682. S2CID 10957874.
  • Trumpp A., Depew M. J., Rubenstein J. L. R., Bishop J. M., Martin G.R. (1999). "Cre-mediated gene inactivation demonstrates that FGF* is required for cell survival and patterning of the first branchial arch". Genes Dev. 13 (23): 3136–3148. doi:10.1101/gad.13.23.3136. PMC 317178. PMID 10601039.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Sun X.; Mariani F.; Martin G.R. (2002). "Functions of FGF signaling from the apical ectodermal ridge in limb development". Nature. 418 (6897): 501–508. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..501S. doi:10.1038/nature00902. PMID 12152071. S2CID 4409248.
  • Shim K.; Minowada G. Coling; Martin G.R. (2005). "Sprouty* a mouse deafness gene, regulates cell fate decisions in the auditory sensory epithelium by antagonizing FGF signaling". Dev. Cell. 8 (4): 553–564. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2005.02.009. PMID 15809037.
  • Klein O.D.; Minowada G.; Peterkova R.; Kangas A.; Yu B.D.; Lesot H.; Peterka M.; Jernvall J.; Martin G.R. (2006). "Sprouty genes control diastema tooth development via bidirectional antagonism of epithelial-mesenchymal FGF signaling". Dev. Cell. 11 (2): 181–190. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2006.05.014. PMC 2847684. PMID 16890158.
  • Metzger R.J.; Klein O.D.; Martin G.R.; Krasnow M.A. (2008). "The branching programme of mouse lung development". Nature. 453 (7196): 745–750. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..745M. doi:10.1038/nature07005. PMC 2892995. PMID 18463632.
  • Tang N.; Marshall W.; McMahon M.; Metzger R. J.; Martin G.R. (2011). "Control of mitotic spindle angle by the RAS-regulated ERK1/* pathway determines lung tube shape". Science. 333 (6040): 342–345. Bibcode:2011Sci...333..342T. doi:10.1126/science.1204831. PMC 4260627. PMID 21764747.

Further reading edit

  • Torassa Ulysses, 2001, "Profile: Gail Martin, UCSF scientist opened door; research has been built on her seminal work 20 years ago," at SFGATE, August 10, 2001, see [1], accessed 26 February 2015.
  • Stem Cell Research — Potential Solutions, Practical Challenges

References edit

  1. ^ a b Martin G (December 1981). "Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 78 (12): 7634–8. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.7634M. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.12.7634. PMC 349323. PMID 6950406.
  2. ^ Martin, G.R. and Evans,M.J. (1975). "Differentiation of clonal lines of teratocarcinoma cells: formation of embryoid bodies in vitro". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 72 (4): 1441–1445. Bibcode:1975PNAS...72.1441M. doi:10.1073/pnas.72.4.1441. PMC 432551. PMID 1055416.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Martin, G.R., Epstein, C.J., Travis, B., Tucker, G., Yatziv, S., Martin, D.W., Jr., Clift, S. and Cohen, S. (26 January 1978). "X-chromosome inactivation during differentiation of female teratocarcinoma stem cells in vitro". Nature. 271 (5643): 329–333. Bibcode:1978Natur.271..329M. doi:10.1038/271329a0. PMID 563984. S2CID 4156737.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Evans, M.J; Kaufman M. (9 July 1981). "Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos". Nature. 292 (5819): 154–156. Bibcode:1981Natur.292..154E. doi:10.1038/292154a0. PMID 7242681. S2CID 4256553.
  5. ^ "Edwin Grant Conklin Medal". Society for Developmental Biology.
  6. ^ "Society for Developmental Biology".
  7. ^ "Gail.R.Rartin, Foreign Member, Royal Society".

April 26, 2024
gail, martin, this, biography, living, person, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, adding, reliable, sources, contentious, material, about, living, persons, that, unsourced, poorly, sourced, must, removed, immediately, from, article, talk. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification Please help by adding reliable sources Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page especially if potentially libelous Find sources Gail R Martin news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message Gail Roberta Martin nee Zuckman born 1944 is an American biologist She is professor emerita in the Department of Anatomy University of California San Francisco She is known for her pioneering work on the isolation of pluripotent stem cells from normal embryos for which she coined the term embryonic stem cells 1 She is widely recognized for her work on the function of fibroblast growth factors and their negative regulators in vertebrate organogenesis She and her colleagues made contributions to gene targeting technology Gail Roberta MartinMartin in 2015BornGail Roberta Zuckman1944 age 79 80 Bronx New York U S Alma materUniversity of Wisconsin Madison UW Madison University of California Berkeley UC Berkeley SpouseG Steven Martin m 1969 Children1 sonAwardsMember US National Academy of Sciences Foreign Member Royal Society Pearl Meister Greengard Prize E G Conklin MedalScientific careerFieldsDevelopmental BiologyInstitutionsUniversity of California San Francisco UCSF Contents 1 Personal life and education 2 Academic career 3 Honors 4 Selected publications 5 Further reading 6 ReferencesPersonal life and education editMartin grew up in The Bronx New York the only child of a pharmacist and a schoolteacher She graduated from James Monroe High School in 1960 and earned her A B in Zoology from the University of Wisconsin in 1964 She then enrolled as a graduate student in the Department of Molecular Biology University of California Berkeley UCB It was a tumultuous time because the student protest known as the Free Speech Movement took place in that academic year 1964 65 and Martin along with her fellow graduate students spent many hours in political discussion and activity Martin did her doctoral work in Harry Rubin s laboratory where she pursued several projects aimed at elucidating the mechanisms that control the growth of fibroblasts in vitro She completed her Ph D thesis in 1971 It was during that time that she married Steven Martin a British scientist who had come to Berkeley to do postdoctoral work in the Rubin laboratory Academic career editAfter completing her graduate studies Martin and her husband moved to London In 1973 she worked with Martin J Evans at University College London Evans was then working with teratocarcinomas a type of tumor which are of interest because they contain pluripotent stem cells known as embryonal carcinoma EC cells from which all the differentiated cell types in the tumor arise During the two years she spent working in Evans laboratory Martin devised a protocol for isolating and maintaining EC cells in the undifferentiated state and for differentiating them in vitro This work 2 laid the groundwork for the future isolation of pluripotent stem cells from normal mouse and human embryos In 1976 Martin and her husband returned to Berkeley where he took up a faculty position at UCB and she began a year of postdoctoral work with Charles J Epstein in the Department of Pediatrics at UCSF During this period she and her colleagues demonstrated that female EC cells had two active X chromosomes and could be used to study X chromosome inactivation in vitro 3 In 1976 Martin joined the UCSF faculty and established her own laboratory which was active until 2012 Her first major accomplishment was the isolation of pluripotent stem cells from normal mouse blastocysts 1 This was also achieved by Evans and Kaufman 4 in the same year Subsequently using sophisticated genetic methods that she helped to pioneer Martin and her colleagues demonstrated the importance of FGF signaling in the development of many organs including the limb Martin s laboratory also took the lead in studying the role of negative feedback mechanisms for regulating FGF signaling in the mammalian embryo These studies have led to an appreciation of the exquisite sensitivity of developmental and cell biological processes to even small changes in the level of FGF signaling During her tenure at UCSF Martin served as director of the Graduate Program in Developmental Biology 1986 2009 She also was responsible in collaboration with a software engineer Jonathan Scoles for the development of a database that provides a description of all the genetically altered mice housed at UCSF This online resource helps researchers determine if mice carrying a particular genetic alteration are available at UCSF and to find out whom to contact about the possibility of obtaining them Access to this information has saved investigators considerable time and money in acquiring mouse models for their studies and been a stimulus to collaboration between researchers Honors editMartin has received numerous awards including an American Cancer Society Faculty Research Award 1979 83 a Guggenheim Fellowship 1991 92 the Edwin Grant Conklin Medal from the Society for Developmental Biology 2002 5 the Pearl Meister Greengard Prize Rockefeller University co recipients Beatrice Mintz and Elizabeth Robertson 2007 and the FASEB Excellence in Science Award 2011 She received an honorary doctorate of science DSc Med from University College London 2011 She has delivered numerous special lectures including the George W Brumley Jr Memorial Lecture Duke University 2006 the UCSF Faculty Research Lecture 2008 and the Dame Anne McLaren Memorial Lecture UK National Stem Cell Network York England 2011 She served as President of the Society for Developmental Biology 2006 2007 6 and was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1991 a member of the US National Academy of Sciences Section 22 Cell and Developmental Biology 2002 and a Foreign Member Royal Society 2015 7 Selected publications editMartin G R Evans M J 1975 Differentiation of clonal lines of teratocarcinoma cells formation of embryoid bodies in vitro Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72 4 1441 1445 Bibcode 1975PNAS 72 1441M doi 10 1073 pnas 72 4 1441 PMC 432551 PMID 1055416 Martin G R Epstein C J Travis B Tucker G Yatziv S Martin D W Jr Clift S Cohen S 1978 X chromosome inactivation during differentiation of female teratocarcinoma stem cells in vitro Nature 271 5643 329 333 Bibcode 1978Natur 271 329M doi 10 1038 271329a0 PMID 563984 S2CID 4156737 Martin G R 1981 Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78 12 7634 7638 Bibcode 1981PNAS 78 7634M doi 10 1073 pnas 78 12 7634 PMC 349323 PMID 6950406 Joyner A L Kornberg T Coleman K Cox D Martin G R 1985 Expression during embryogenesis of a mouse gene with homology to the Drosophila engrailed gene Cell 43 1 29 37 doi 10 1016 0092 8674 85 90009 1 PMID 2416459 S2CID 205018993 Lock L F Takagi N Martin G R 1987 Methylation of the Hprt gene on the inactive X occurs after chromosome inactivation Cell 48 1 39 46 doi 10 1016 0092 8674 87 90353 9 PMID 3791414 S2CID 24732856 Frohman M A Dush M K Martin G R 1988 Rapid production of full length cDNAs from rare transcripts by amplification using a single gene specific oligonucleotide primer Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85 23 8998 9002 Bibcode 1988PNAS 85 8998F doi 10 1073 pnas 85 23 8998 PMC 282649 PMID 2461560 Niswander L Tickle C Vogel A Booth I Martin G R 1993 FGF replaces the apical ectodermal ridge and directs outgrowth and patterning of the limb Cell 75 3 579 587 doi 10 1016 0092 8674 93 90391 3 PMID 8221896 S2CID 27128022 Hebert J M Rosenquist T Gotz J Martin G R 1994 FGF as a regulator of the hair growth cycle evidence from targeted and spontaneous mutations Cell 78 6 1017 1025 doi 10 1016 0092 8674 94 90276 3 PMID 7923352 S2CID 44491318 Coucouvanis E Martin G R October 1995 Signals for death and survival a two step mechanism for cavitation in the vertebrate embryo Cell 83 2 279 287 doi 10 1016 0092 8674 95 90169 8 PMID 7585945 S2CID 15590201 Crossley P H Martinez S Martin G R 1996 Midbrain development induced by FGF in the chick embryo Nature 380 6569 66 68 Bibcode 1996Natur 380 66C doi 10 1038 380066a0 PMID 8598907 S2CID 4315698 Neubuser A Peters H Balling R Martin G R 1997 Antagonistic interactions between FGF and BMP signaling pathways a mechanism for positioning the sites of tooth formation Cell 90 2 247 255 doi 10 1016 s0092 8674 00 80333 5 PMID 9244299 S2CID 16212149 Lewandoski M Martin G R 1997 Cre mediated chromosome loss in mice Nature Genetics 17 2 223 225 doi 10 1038 ng1097 223 PMID 9326948 S2CID 21246822 Meyers E N Lewandoski M Martin G R 1998 An Fgf mutant allelic series generated by Cre and Flp mediated recombination Nature Genetics 18 2 136 141 doi 10 1038 ng0298 136 PMID 9462741 S2CID 2123397 Minowada G Jarvis L A Chi C L Neubuser A Sun X Hacohen N Krasnow M A Martin G R 1999 Vertebrate Sprouty genes are induced by FGF signaling and can cause chondrodysplasia when overexpressed Development 126 20 4465 4475 doi 10 1242 dev 126 20 4465 PMID 10498682 S2CID 10957874 Trumpp A Depew M J Rubenstein J L R Bishop J M Martin G R 1999 Cre mediated gene inactivation demonstrates that FGF is required for cell survival and patterning of the first branchial arch Genes Dev 13 23 3136 3148 doi 10 1101 gad 13 23 3136 PMC 317178 PMID 10601039 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Sun X Mariani F Martin G R 2002 Functions of FGF signaling from the apical ectodermal ridge in limb development Nature 418 6897 501 508 Bibcode 2002Natur 418 501S doi 10 1038 nature00902 PMID 12152071 S2CID 4409248 Shim K Minowada G Coling Martin G R 2005 Sprouty a mouse deafness gene regulates cell fate decisions in the auditory sensory epithelium by antagonizing FGF signaling Dev Cell 8 4 553 564 doi 10 1016 j devcel 2005 02 009 PMID 15809037 Klein O D Minowada G Peterkova R Kangas A Yu B D Lesot H Peterka M Jernvall J Martin G R 2006 Sprouty genes control diastema tooth development via bidirectional antagonism of epithelial mesenchymal FGF signaling Dev Cell 11 2 181 190 doi 10 1016 j devcel 2006 05 014 PMC 2847684 PMID 16890158 Metzger R J Klein O D Martin G R Krasnow M A 2008 The branching programme of mouse lung development Nature 453 7196 745 750 Bibcode 2008Natur 453 745M doi 10 1038 nature07005 PMC 2892995 PMID 18463632 Tang N Marshall W McMahon M Metzger R J Martin G R 2011 Control of mitotic spindle angle by the RAS regulated ERK1 pathway determines lung tube shape Science 333 6040 342 345 Bibcode 2011Sci 333 342T doi 10 1126 science 1204831 PMC 4260627 PMID 21764747 Further reading editTorassa Ulysses 2001 Profile Gail Martin UCSF scientist opened door research has been built on her seminal work 20 years ago at SFGATE August 10 2001 see 1 accessed 26 February 2015 Stem Cell Research Potential Solutions Practical ChallengesReferences edit a b Martin G December 1981 Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78 12 7634 8 Bibcode 1981PNAS 78 7634M doi 10 1073 pnas 78 12 7634 PMC 349323 PMID 6950406 Martin G R and Evans M J 1975 Differentiation of clonal lines of teratocarcinoma cells formation of embryoid bodies in vitro Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72 4 1441 1445 Bibcode 1975PNAS 72 1441M doi 10 1073 pnas 72 4 1441 PMC 432551 PMID 1055416 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Martin G R Epstein C J Travis B Tucker G Yatziv S Martin D W Jr Clift S and Cohen S 26 January 1978 X chromosome inactivation during differentiation of female teratocarcinoma stem cells in vitro Nature 271 5643 329 333 Bibcode 1978Natur 271 329M doi 10 1038 271329a0 PMID 563984 S2CID 4156737 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Evans M J Kaufman M 9 July 1981 Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos Nature 292 5819 154 156 Bibcode 1981Natur 292 154E doi 10 1038 292154a0 PMID 7242681 S2CID 4256553 Edwin Grant Conklin Medal Society for Developmental Biology Society for Developmental Biology Gail R Rartin Foreign Member Royal Society Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gail R Martin amp oldid 1211019478, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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