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GPR55

December 15, 2023

G protein-coupled receptor 55 also known as GPR55 is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the GPR55 gene.[5]

GPR55
Identifiers
AliasesGPR55, LPIR1, G protein-coupled receptor 55
External IDsOMIM: 604107 MGI: 2685064 HomoloGene: 36184 GeneCards: GPR55
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

9290

227326

Ensembl

ENSG00000135898

ENSMUSG00000049608

UniProt

Q9Y2T6

Q3UJF0

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_005683

NM_001033290

RefSeq (protein)

NP_005674

NP_001028462

Location (UCSC)Chr 2: 230.91 – 230.96 MbChr 1: 85.94 – 85.96 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

GPR55, along with GPR119 and GPR18, have been implicated as novel cannabinoid receptors.[6][7]

History edit

GPR55 was identified and cloned for the first time in 1999.[8] Later it was identified by an in silico screen as a putative cannabinoid receptor because of a similar amino acid sequence in the binding region.[9] Research groups from Glaxo Smith Kline and Astra Zeneca characterized the receptor extensively because it was hoped to be responsible for the blood pressure lowering properties of cannabinoids. GPR55 is indeed activated by endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids such as plant and synthetic cannabinoids but GPR-55 knockout mice generated by a research group from Glaxo Smith Kline showed no altered blood pressure regulation after administration of the cannabidiol-derivative abnormal cannabidiol.[10]

Signal cascade edit

GPR55 is coupled to the G-protein G13 and activation of the receptor leads to stimulation of rhoA, cdc42 and rac1.[11]

Pharmacology edit

GPR55 is activated by the plant cannabinoids Δ9-THC[12] and the endocannabinoids anandamide, 2-AG and noladin ether in the low nanomolar range. Exocannabinoids such as the synthetic cannabinoid CP-55940 are also able to activate the receptor[12] while the structurally unrelated cannabinoid mimic WIN 55,212-2 fails to activate the receptor.[10] Recent research suggests that lysophosphatidylinositol and its 2-arachidonoyl derivative, 2-arachidonoyl lysophosphatidylinositol (2-ALPI), may be the endogenous ligands for GPR55[13][14][15] and the receptor appears likely to be a possible target for treatment of inflammation and pain as with the other cannabinoid receptors.[16][17]

This profile as a distinct non-CB1/CB2 receptor which responds to a variety of both endogenous and exogenous cannabinoid ligands has led some groups to suggest GPR55 should be categorised as the CB3 receptor, and this re-classification may follow in time.[18][19][20][21] However this is complicated by the fact that another possible CB3 receptor has been discovered in the hippocampus, although its gene has not yet been cloned,[22] suggesting that there may be at least four cannabinoid receptors which will eventually be characterised. Evidence accumulated during the last few years suggests that GPR55 plays a relevant role in cancer and opens the possibility of considering this orphan receptor as a new therapeutic target and potential biomarker in oncology.[23]

Ligands edit

Agonists

Ligands found to bind to GPR55 as agonists include:

Antagonists

Physiological function edit

The physiological role of GPR55 is unclear. Mice with a target deletion of the GPR55 gene show no specific phenotype.[10] GPR55 is widely expressed in the brain, especially in the cerebellum. It is expressed in the jejunum and ileum but apparently not more generally in the periphery.[12] Osteoblasts and osteoclasts express GPR55 and this has been shown to regulate bone cell function.[27]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000135898 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000049608 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ "Entrez Gene: GPR55 G protein-coupled receptor 55".
  6. ^ Brown AJ (Nov 2007). "Novel cannabinoid receptors". British Journal of Pharmacology. 152 (5): 567–75. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707481. PMC 2190013. PMID 17906678.
  7. ^ McHugh D, Hu SS, Rimmerman N, Juknat A, Vogel Z, Walker JM, Bradshaw HB (March 2010). "N-arachidonoyl glycine, an abundant endogenous lipid, potently drives directed cellular migration through GPR18, the putative abnormal cannabidiol receptor". BMC Neuroscience. 11: 44. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-11-44. PMC 2865488. PMID 20346144.
  8. ^ Sawzdargo M, Nguyen T, Lee DK, Lynch KR, Cheng R, Heng HH, George SR, O'Dowd BF (Feb 1999). "Identification and cloning of three novel human G protein-coupled receptor genes GPR52, PsiGPR53 and GPR55: GPR55 is extensively expressed in human brain". Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 64 (2): 193–8. doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(98)00277-0. PMID 9931487.
  9. ^ Baker D, Pryce G, Davies WL, Hiley CR (Jan 2006). "In silico patent searching reveals a new cannabinoid receptor". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 27 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2005.11.003. PMID 16318877.
  10. ^ a b c Johns DG, Behm DJ, Walker DJ, Ao Z, Shapland EM, Daniels DA, Riddick M, Dowell S, Staton PC, Green P, Shabon U, Bao W, Aiyar N, Yue TL, Brown AJ, Morrison AD, Douglas SA (Nov 2007). "The novel endocannabinoid receptor GPR55 is activated by atypical cannabinoids but does not mediate their vasodilator effects". British Journal of Pharmacology. 152 (5): 825–31. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707419. PMC 2190033. PMID 17704827.
  11. ^ Lauckner JE, Jensen JB, Chen HY, Lu HC, Hille B, Mackie K (Feb 2008). "GPR55 is a cannabinoid receptor that increases intracellular calcium and inhibits M current". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (7): 2699–704. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.2699L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0711278105. PMC 2268199. PMID 18263732.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Ryberg E, Larsson N, Sjögren S, Hjorth S, Hermansson NO, Leonova J, Elebring T, Nilsson K, Drmota T, Greasley PJ (Dec 2007). "The orphan receptor GPR55 is a novel cannabinoid receptor". British Journal of Pharmacology. 152 (7): 1092–101. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707460. PMC 2095107. PMID 17876302.
  13. ^ Oka S, Nakajima K, Yamashita A, Kishimoto S, Sugiura T (Nov 2007). "Identification of GPR55 as a lysophosphatidylinositol receptor". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 362 (4): 928–34. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.078. PMID 17765871.
  14. ^ Henstridge CM, Balenga NA, Ford LA, Ross RA, Waldhoer M, Irving AJ (Jan 2009). "The GPR55 ligand L-alpha-lysophosphatidylinositol promotes RhoA-dependent Ca2+ signaling and NFAT activation". FASEB Journal. 23 (1): 183–93. doi:10.1096/fj.08-108670. PMID 18757503. S2CID 27142069.
  15. ^ Oka S, Toshida T, Maruyama K, Nakajima K, Yamashita A, Sugiura T (Jan 2009). "2-Arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoinositol: a possible natural ligand for GPR55". Journal of Biochemistry. 145 (1): 13–20. doi:10.1093/jb/mvn136. PMID 18845565.
  16. ^ Staton PC, Hatcher JP, Walker DJ, Morrison AD, Shapland EM, Hughes JP, Chong E, Mander PK, Green PJ, Billinton A, Fulleylove M, Lancaster HC, Smith JC, Bailey LT, Wise A, Brown AJ, Richardson JC, Chessell IP (Sep 2008). "The putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55 plays a role in mechanical hyperalgesia associated with inflammatory and neuropathic pain". Pain. 139 (1): 225–36. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.04.006. PMID 18502582. S2CID 207307343.
  17. ^ Kress M, Kuner R (Jun 2009). "Mode of action of cannabinoids on nociceptive nerve endings". Experimental Brain Research. 196 (1): 79–88. doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1762-0. PMID 19306092. S2CID 18458610.
  18. ^ Overton HA, Babbs AJ, Doel SM, Fyfe MC, Gardner LS, Griffin G, Jackson HC, Procter MJ, Rasamison CM, Tang-Christensen M, Widdowson PS, Williams GM, Reynet C (Mar 2006). "Deorphanization of a G protein-coupled receptor for oleoylethanolamide and its use in the discovery of small-molecule hypophagic agents". Cell Metabolism. 3 (3): 167–75. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.02.004. PMID 16517404.
  19. ^ Ross RA (Mar 2009). "The enigmatic pharmacology of GPR55". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 30 (3): 156–63. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2008.12.004. PMID 19233486.
  20. ^ Kapur A, Zhao P, Sharir H, Bai Y, Caron MG, Barak LS, Abood ME (Oct 2009). "Atypical responsiveness of the orphan receptor GPR55 to cannabinoid ligands". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (43): 29817–27. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.050187. PMC 2785612. PMID 19723626.
  21. ^ Moriconi A, Cerbara I, Maccarrone M, Topai A (February 2010). "GPR55: Current knowledge and future perspectives of a purported "Type-3" cannabinoid receptor". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 17 (14): 1411–29. doi:10.2174/092986710790980069. PMID 20166924.
  22. ^ de Fonseca FR, Schneider M (Jun 2008). (PDF). Addiction Biology. 13 (2): 143–6. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00116.x. PMID 18482429. S2CID 205400322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18.
  23. ^ Andradas, Clara (2013). "The Role of GPR55 in Cancer". Endocannabinoids Actions at Atypical, Non-cannabinoid Receptors. Springer Verlag. pp. 115–133. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4669-9_5. ISBN 978-1-4614-4668-2.
  24. ^ Brown AJ, Daniels DA, Kassim M, Brown S, Haslam CP, Terrell VR, Brown J, Nichols PL, Staton PC, Wise A, Dowell SJ (Apr 2011). "Pharmacology of GPR55 in yeast and identification of GSK494581A as a mixed-activity glycine transporter subtype 1 inhibitor and GPR55 agonist". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 337 (1): 236–46. doi:10.1124/jpet.110.172650. PMID 21233197. S2CID 22317158.
  25. ^ a b Heynen-Genel S, Dahl R, Shi S, Milan L, Hariharan S, Bravo Y, Sergienko E, Hedrick M, Dad S, Stonich D, Su Y, Vicchiarelli M, Mangravita-Novo A, Smith LH, Chung TD, Sharir H, Barak LS, Abood ME (2010). "Screening for Selective Ligands for GPR55 - Agonists". Probe Reports from the NIH Molecular Libraries Program [Internet]. PMID 22091480.
  26. ^ Rempel V, Volz N, Gläser F, Nieger M, Bräse S, Müller CE (Jun 2013). "Antagonists for the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR55 based on a coumarin scaffold". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 56 (11): 4798–810. doi:10.1021/jm4005175. PMID 23679955.
  27. ^ Whyte LS, Ryberg E, Sims NA, Ridge SA, Mackie K, Greasley PJ, Ross RA, Rogers MJ (Sep 2009). "The putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55 affects osteoclast function in vitro and bone mass in vivo". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (38): 16511–6. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10616511W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902743106. PMC 2737440. PMID 19805329.

Further reading edit

  • Sawzdargo M, Nguyen T, Lee DK, Lynch KR, Cheng R, Heng HH, George SR, O'Dowd BF (Feb 1999). "Identification and cloning of three novel human G protein-coupled receptor genes GPR52, PsiGPR53 and GPR55: GPR55 is extensively expressed in human brain". Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 64 (2): 193–8. doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(98)00277-0. PMID 9931487.

December 15, 2023
gpr55, protein, coupled, receptor, also, known, protein, coupled, receptor, that, humans, encoded, gene, identifiersaliases, lpir1, protein, coupled, receptor, 55external, idsomim, 604107, 2685064, homologene, 36184, genecards, gene, location, human, chromosom. G protein coupled receptor 55 also known as GPR55 is a G protein coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the GPR55 gene 5 GPR55IdentifiersAliasesGPR55 LPIR1 G protein coupled receptor 55External IDsOMIM 604107 MGI 2685064 HomoloGene 36184 GeneCards GPR55Gene location Human Chr Chromosome 2 human 1 Band2q37 1Start230 907 318 bp 1 End230 961 066 bp 1 Gene location Mouse Chr Chromosome 1 mouse 2 Band1 1 C5Start85 938 318 bp 2 End85 961 007 bp 2 RNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse ortholog Top expressed inmonocytenucleus accumbenslymph nodespleenputamencaudate nucleusappendixbloodbone marrow cellsthymusTop expressed injejunumduodenumileumcolonspermatocytetesticleadrenal glandyolk sacspleenhypothalamusMore reference expression dataBioGPSn aGene ontologyMolecular functioncannabinoid receptor activity G protein coupled receptor activity signal transducer activityCellular componentintegral component of membrane plasma membrane integral component of plasma membrane membraneBiological processpositive regulation of Rho protein signal transduction G protein coupled receptor signaling pathway activation of phospholipase C activity bone resorption negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation signal transduction positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade cannabinoid signaling pathway positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in phospholipase C activating G protein coupled signaling pathwaySources Amigo QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez9290227326EnsemblENSG00000135898ENSMUSG00000049608UniProtQ9Y2T6Q3UJF0RefSeq mRNA NM 005683NM 001033290RefSeq protein NP 005674NP 001028462Location UCSC Chr 2 230 91 230 96 MbChr 1 85 94 85 96 MbPubMed search 3 4 WikidataView Edit HumanView Edit MouseGPR55 along with GPR119 and GPR18 have been implicated as novel cannabinoid receptors 6 7 Contents 1 History 2 Signal cascade 3 Pharmacology 4 Ligands 5 Physiological function 6 References 7 Further readingHistory editGPR55 was identified and cloned for the first time in 1999 8 Later it was identified by an in silico screen as a putative cannabinoid receptor because of a similar amino acid sequence in the binding region 9 Research groups from Glaxo Smith Kline and Astra Zeneca characterized the receptor extensively because it was hoped to be responsible for the blood pressure lowering properties of cannabinoids GPR55 is indeed activated by endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids such as plant and synthetic cannabinoids but GPR 55 knockout mice generated by a research group from Glaxo Smith Kline showed no altered blood pressure regulation after administration of the cannabidiol derivative abnormal cannabidiol 10 Signal cascade editGPR55 is coupled to the G protein G13 and activation of the receptor leads to stimulation of rhoA cdc42 and rac1 11 Pharmacology editGPR55 is activated by the plant cannabinoids D9 THC 12 and the endocannabinoids anandamide 2 AG and noladin ether in the low nanomolar range Exocannabinoids such as the synthetic cannabinoid CP 55940 are also able to activate the receptor 12 while the structurally unrelated cannabinoid mimic WIN 55 212 2 fails to activate the receptor 10 Recent research suggests that lysophosphatidylinositol and its 2 arachidonoyl derivative 2 arachidonoyl lysophosphatidylinositol 2 ALPI may be the endogenous ligands for GPR55 13 14 15 and the receptor appears likely to be a possible target for treatment of inflammation and pain as with the other cannabinoid receptors 16 17 This profile as a distinct non CB1 CB2 receptor which responds to a variety of both endogenous and exogenous cannabinoid ligands has led some groups to suggest GPR55 should be categorised as the CB3 receptor and this re classification may follow in time 18 19 20 21 However this is complicated by the fact that another possible CB3 receptor has been discovered in the hippocampus although its gene has not yet been cloned 22 suggesting that there may be at least four cannabinoid receptors which will eventually be characterised Evidence accumulated during the last few years suggests that GPR55 plays a relevant role in cancer and opens the possibility of considering this orphan receptor as a new therapeutic target and potential biomarker in oncology 23 Ligands editAgonistsLigands found to bind to GPR55 as agonists include Lysophosphatidylinositol 2 Arachidonoyl lysophosphatidylinositol Abnormal cannabidiol Abn CBD AM 251 also CB1 antagonist CP 55 940 GSK 319 197 GSK 494 581 also glycine transporter 1 inhibitor 24 GSK 522 373 O 1602 D9 Tetrahydrocannabinol 12 Tetrahydrocannabivarin THCV 2 Arachidonoylglycerol 2 AG 12 Noladin ether Oleoylethanolamide Palmitoylethanolamide ML 184 ML 185 and ML 186 25 AntagonistsCID 16020046 inverse agonist at GPR55 O 1918 ML 191 ML 192 and ML 193 25 PSB SB 487 and PSB SB 1203 26 Cannabidiol 12 Physiological function editThe physiological role of GPR55 is unclear Mice with a target deletion of the GPR55 gene show no specific phenotype 10 GPR55 is widely expressed in the brain especially in the cerebellum It is expressed in the jejunum and ileum but apparently not more generally in the periphery 12 Osteoblasts and osteoclasts express GPR55 and this has been shown to regulate bone cell function 27 References edit a b c GRCh38 Ensembl release 89 ENSG00000135898 Ensembl May 2017 a b c GRCm38 Ensembl release 89 ENSMUSG00000049608 Ensembl May 2017 Human PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine Mouse PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine Entrez Gene GPR55 G protein coupled receptor 55 Brown AJ Nov 2007 Novel cannabinoid receptors British Journal of Pharmacology 152 5 567 75 doi 10 1038 sj bjp 0707481 PMC 2190013 PMID 17906678 McHugh D Hu SS Rimmerman N Juknat A Vogel Z Walker JM Bradshaw HB March 2010 N arachidonoyl glycine an abundant endogenous lipid potently drives directed cellular migration through GPR18 the putative abnormal cannabidiol receptor BMC Neuroscience 11 44 doi 10 1186 1471 2202 11 44 PMC 2865488 PMID 20346144 Sawzdargo M Nguyen T Lee DK Lynch KR Cheng R Heng HH George SR O Dowd BF Feb 1999 Identification and cloning of three novel human G protein coupled receptor genes GPR52 PsiGPR53 and GPR55 GPR55 is extensively expressed in human brain Brain Research Molecular Brain Research 64 2 193 8 doi 10 1016 S0169 328X 98 00277 0 PMID 9931487 Baker D Pryce G Davies WL Hiley CR Jan 2006 In silico patent searching reveals a new cannabinoid receptor Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 27 1 1 4 doi 10 1016 j tips 2005 11 003 PMID 16318877 a b c Johns DG Behm DJ Walker DJ Ao Z Shapland EM Daniels DA Riddick M Dowell S Staton PC Green P Shabon U Bao W Aiyar N Yue TL Brown AJ Morrison AD Douglas SA Nov 2007 The novel endocannabinoid receptor GPR55 is activated by atypical cannabinoids but does not mediate their vasodilator effects British Journal of Pharmacology 152 5 825 31 doi 10 1038 sj bjp 0707419 PMC 2190033 PMID 17704827 Lauckner JE Jensen JB Chen HY Lu HC Hille B Mackie K Feb 2008 GPR55 is a cannabinoid receptor that increases intracellular calcium and inhibits M current Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 7 2699 704 Bibcode 2008PNAS 105 2699L doi 10 1073 pnas 0711278105 PMC 2268199 PMID 18263732 a b c d e f Ryberg E Larsson N Sjogren S Hjorth S Hermansson NO Leonova J Elebring T Nilsson K Drmota T Greasley PJ Dec 2007 The orphan receptor GPR55 is a novel cannabinoid receptor British Journal of Pharmacology 152 7 1092 101 doi 10 1038 sj bjp 0707460 PMC 2095107 PMID 17876302 Oka S Nakajima K Yamashita A Kishimoto S Sugiura T Nov 2007 Identification of GPR55 as a lysophosphatidylinositol receptor Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 362 4 928 34 doi 10 1016 j bbrc 2007 08 078 PMID 17765871 Henstridge CM Balenga NA Ford LA Ross RA Waldhoer M Irving AJ Jan 2009 The GPR55 ligand L alpha lysophosphatidylinositol promotes RhoA dependent Ca2 signaling and NFAT activation FASEB Journal 23 1 183 93 doi 10 1096 fj 08 108670 PMID 18757503 S2CID 27142069 Oka S Toshida T Maruyama K Nakajima K Yamashita A Sugiura T Jan 2009 2 Arachidonoyl sn glycero 3 phosphoinositol a possible natural ligand for GPR55 Journal of Biochemistry 145 1 13 20 doi 10 1093 jb mvn136 PMID 18845565 Staton PC Hatcher JP Walker DJ Morrison AD Shapland EM Hughes JP Chong E Mander PK Green PJ Billinton A Fulleylove M Lancaster HC Smith JC Bailey LT Wise A Brown AJ Richardson JC Chessell IP Sep 2008 The putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55 plays a role in mechanical hyperalgesia associated with inflammatory and neuropathic pain Pain 139 1 225 36 doi 10 1016 j pain 2008 04 006 PMID 18502582 S2CID 207307343 Kress M Kuner R Jun 2009 Mode of action of cannabinoids on nociceptive nerve endings Experimental Brain Research 196 1 79 88 doi 10 1007 s00221 009 1762 0 PMID 19306092 S2CID 18458610 Overton HA Babbs AJ Doel SM Fyfe MC Gardner LS Griffin G Jackson HC Procter MJ Rasamison CM Tang Christensen M Widdowson PS Williams GM Reynet C Mar 2006 Deorphanization of a G protein coupled receptor for oleoylethanolamide and its use in the discovery of small molecule hypophagic agents Cell Metabolism 3 3 167 75 doi 10 1016 j cmet 2006 02 004 PMID 16517404 Ross RA Mar 2009 The enigmatic pharmacology of GPR55 Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 30 3 156 63 doi 10 1016 j tips 2008 12 004 PMID 19233486 Kapur A Zhao P Sharir H Bai Y Caron MG Barak LS Abood ME Oct 2009 Atypical responsiveness of the orphan receptor GPR55 to cannabinoid ligands The Journal of Biological Chemistry 284 43 29817 27 doi 10 1074 jbc M109 050187 PMC 2785612 PMID 19723626 Moriconi A Cerbara I Maccarrone M Topai A February 2010 GPR55 Current knowledge and future perspectives of a purported Type 3 cannabinoid receptor Current Medicinal Chemistry 17 14 1411 29 doi 10 2174 092986710790980069 PMID 20166924 de Fonseca FR Schneider M Jun 2008 The endogenous cannabinoid system and drug addiction 20 years after the discovery of the CB1 receptor PDF Addiction Biology 13 2 143 6 doi 10 1111 j 1369 1600 2008 00116 x PMID 18482429 S2CID 205400322 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 18 Andradas Clara 2013 The Role of GPR55 in Cancer Endocannabinoids Actions at Atypical Non cannabinoid Receptors Springer Verlag pp 115 133 doi 10 1007 978 1 4614 4669 9 5 ISBN 978 1 4614 4668 2 Brown AJ Daniels DA Kassim M Brown S Haslam CP Terrell VR Brown J Nichols PL Staton PC Wise A Dowell SJ Apr 2011 Pharmacology of GPR55 in yeast and identification of GSK494581A as a mixed activity glycine transporter subtype 1 inhibitor and GPR55 agonist The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 337 1 236 46 doi 10 1124 jpet 110 172650 PMID 21233197 S2CID 22317158 a b Heynen Genel S Dahl R Shi S Milan L Hariharan S Bravo Y Sergienko E Hedrick M Dad S Stonich D Su Y Vicchiarelli M Mangravita Novo A Smith LH Chung TD Sharir H Barak LS Abood ME 2010 Screening for Selective Ligands for GPR55 Agonists Probe Reports from the NIH Molecular Libraries Program Internet PMID 22091480 Rempel V Volz N Glaser F Nieger M Brase S Muller CE Jun 2013 Antagonists for the orphan G protein coupled receptor GPR55 based on a coumarin scaffold Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 56 11 4798 810 doi 10 1021 jm4005175 PMID 23679955 Whyte LS Ryberg E Sims NA Ridge SA Mackie K Greasley PJ Ross RA Rogers MJ Sep 2009 The putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55 affects osteoclast function in vitro and bone mass in vivo Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 38 16511 6 Bibcode 2009PNAS 10616511W doi 10 1073 pnas 0902743106 PMC 2737440 PMID 19805329 Further reading editSawzdargo M Nguyen T Lee DK Lynch KR Cheng R Heng HH George SR O Dowd BF Feb 1999 Identification and cloning of three novel human G protein coupled receptor genes GPR52 PsiGPR53 and GPR55 GPR55 is extensively expressed in human brain Brain Research Molecular Brain Research 64 2 193 8 doi 10 1016 S0169 328X 98 00277 0 PMID 9931487 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title GPR55 amp oldid 1188052081, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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