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Photo comics

October 15, 2023

"Fumetto" and "Fumetti" redirect here. For comics made in Italy, see Italian comics.
"Fotonovela" redirects here. For the 2008 film, see Fotonovela (film). For the Ivan song, see Fotonovela (song).

Photo comics are a form of sequential storytelling that uses photographs rather than illustrations for the images, along with the usual comics conventions of narrative text and word balloons containing dialogue. They are sometimes referred to in English as fumetti,[1] photonovels, photoromances,[2] and similar terms. The photographs may be of real people in staged scenes, or posed dolls and other toys on sets.

Cover of an issue of Killing, an Italian photo comic series published since the 1960s.

Although far less common than illustrated comics, photo comics have filled certain niches in various places and times. For example, they have been used to adapt popular film and television works into print, tell original melodramas, and provide medical education. Photo comics have been popular at times in Italy and Latin America, and to a lesser extent in English-speaking countries.

Terminology Edit

The terminology used to describe photo comics is somewhat inconsistent and idiosyncratic. Fumetti is an Italian word (literally "little puffs of smoke", in reference to word balloons), which refers in that language to any kind of comics. Because of the popularity of photo comics in Italy, fumetti became a loanword in English referring specifically to that technique. By extension, comics which use a mixture of photographic and illustrated imagery have been described as mezzo-fumetti ("half" fumetti).[3][4] Meanwhile, the Spanish term fotonovela – referring to popular photo-comics melodramas in Latin America – was adapted in English as fotonovel[5] or photonovel,[6] and came to be associated primarily with film and television adaptations, which were marketed using those terms. Variations such as "photo funnies"[7] and "photostories"[5] have also been used.

In Italian, a photo comic is referred to as a fotoromanzo ("photonovel", plural: fotoromanzi). In Spanish-speaking countries, the term fotonovela refers to several genres of photo comics, including original melodramas.

History Edit

There were attempts at photo comics in the early days of tabloids in the United States; as early as 1927 the New York Daily News featured Ziegfeld Follies stars Eddie Cantor and Frances Upton appearing in sequential photographs, telling jokes (presumably from the Follies scripts) with speech bubbles superimposed.[8]

Photo comics emerged in Italy in the 1940s and expanded into the 1950s.[9][10] (Actress Sophia Loren worked for a time as a model.[9]) The lurid Italian crime photo comic Killing ran from 1966 through 1969, and was reprinted in other countries; it has been reprinted and revived numerous times since then.

The technique spread to Latin America, first adapting popular films, then for original stories. By the 1960s, there were about two dozen fotonovela movie adaptations circulating in Latin America and nearly three times as many original works.[11] They remained popular in Mexico into the late 1980s, when 70 million copies of fotonovelas were printed each month.[11]

Photo comics first became successful in the United States and Canada with Harvey Kurtzman's Help! magazine, which ran humorous photo stories from 1960 to 1965. Similar "Foto Funnies" – often featuring female nudity – were a regular feature of National Lampoon magazine beginning in the early 1970s.

During the 1970s, lines of American paperback books were marketed as "Fotonovels" and "Photostories", adapting popular films and television shows. Although home video largely supplanted this market in the 1980s, a small number of photo comic adaptations continued to be produced as promotional tie-ins to the original work.

Photo comics were common in British magazines such as Jackie in the 1980s, and a few are still published. There are a number of photo newspaper strips in the UK and the form was popular in girl's comics in the 1980s. Boy's comics of the early 1980s such as Load Runner and the relaunched Eagle also experimented with photo comics but without much success; when the Eagle was revamped, former photo comic strips such as Doomlord continued as illustrated strips.

Online series such as Night Zero, A Softer World, and Alien Loves Predator are more recent examples of photo comics. In 2007, the Web Cartoonist's Choice Awards gave the first award for "Outstanding Photographic Comic".[12] In 2010 and 2011 the bilingual photo comic Union of Heroes was nominated for the "Web-Sonderman"-Awards for the best German webcomic.[13] In the 2010s, cartoonist John Byrne – inspired by 1970s photo comics adaptations of Star Trek episodes – produced a series of "photonovel adventures" which combined stills from the series with original digitally rendered background illustrations and new dialogue, to produce new stories featuring the characters.[14]

Software applications such as Comic Life, Comic Strip It, and Strip Designer, which allow users to add word balloons and sound effects to their personal photos and incorporate them into storytelling layouts, have revived some interest in the medium.[15]

Common genres Edit

TV and movie adaptations Edit

In the United States, one of the common uses of photo comics has been TV and film adaptations, usually abridged for length. Still frames from the film or video are reproduced, often in simple grids but sometimes with creative layouts and cropping, overlaid with balloons with abbreviated dialogue from the screenplays. They are a cost-effective way to adapt films and TV series into comics without the expense of commissioning illustrations, and were a way for consumers to revisit motion-picture stories before the widespread availability of affordable home recording and video playback equipment such as VCRs.[11][16]

Educational Edit

The widespread familiarity of fotonovelas in Spanish-language culture makes photo comics an effective vehicle for health promotion and health education.[17] Since the small pamphlets can be traded among individuals, they possess an element of portability that traditional materials lack. Both health and non-health entities[18][19][20] have utilized the fotonovela as informational pamphlets. The fotonovelas produced by these organizations present information in a variety of illustrated forms but usually contain a summation of key points at the end. Health educators have also utilized the fotonovela because the medium overcomes issues of health literacy, which is the degree to which individuals can obtain, process and understand basic health information to make appropriate health decisions,[21] in their target audience. Most providers believe that health education materials designed specifically for patients with low health literacy would be helpful:[22] however, written educational materials found in most health settings have been deemed to have serious deficiencies.[23]

Notable examples Edit

Original photo comics Edit

 
David Morgan-Mar's Irregular Webcomic! consists of photographs of Lego figures.

Film adaptations Edit

(Many marketed as "Fotonovels")

Television adaptations Edit

(Many marketed as "Fotonovels")

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ M. Keith Booker (ed.), Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas, Bloomsbury, 2014, p. 1821 ("Webcomics and New Media").
  2. ^ "The Photoromance". MIT Press. Retrieved 2022-09-03.
  3. ^ "Behance". www.behance.net. Retrieved 2017-12-08.
  4. ^ "Paladin Knight Entertainment". www.paladinknightentertainment.com. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  5. ^ a b c "Star Trek Fotonovels (1977-78)". TAINT THE MEAT. 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
  6. ^ "The Photonovel Alliance". photonovelalliance.com. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  7. ^ Groth, Gary; Dean, Michael (2015-01-15). The Comics Journal Library: Zap — The Interviews. Fantagraphics Books. ISBN 9781606997888.
  8. ^ New York Daily News, December 13, 1927, p. 32
  9. ^ a b "The Art of Fotoromanzo on View at Casa Italiana Zerilli Marimo". Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  10. ^ "Italy's Fumetti: Curiously Sophisticated Pulp Comics - Print Magazine". 2012-06-19. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  11. ^ a b c RWHP, Nikki Edwards. "RWHP - Fotonovela". www.rwhp.org. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  12. ^ "Outstanding Photographic Comic". Retrieved 2008-07-24.
  13. ^ Pannor, Stefan (2010-09-03). "Comicpreis Sondermann 2010: Vorsicht, freilaufende Frisuren!". Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
  14. ^ "IDW's John Byrne Photonovel, Made Out of Mudd, Out Dec. 10". StarTrek.com. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
  15. ^ Eaton, Kit (2014-05-14). "Transforming Your Photos Into Comic Strips". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  16. ^ Muir, John Kenneth (10 November 2005). "John Kenneth Muir's Reflections on Cult Movies and Classic TV: Retro Toy Flashback # 16: Photonovels". reflectionsonfilmandtelevision.blogspot.com.
  17. ^ Flora, C. (1985). The fotonovela in America. Studies in Latin American Popular Culture, 4, 84-94.
  18. ^ U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2003). Carlos’ Tragic and Mysterious Illness – how Carlos almost died by eating contaminated raw oysters, College Park: MD.
  19. ^ Associated Press (2006, November 24). Using Fiction in a Real Fight Against Drugs. The New York Times.
  20. ^ Marzolla, A. and Yau, A. (2007, Nov) "The Agua Pura Fotonovela Project: Latino Community Engagement in Water Quality Education"
  21. ^ Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment – Office of Health Disparities (2008). Glossary of a Few Key Public Health Terms.
  22. ^ Schlichting, J., Quinn, M., Heuer, L., Schaefer, C., Drum, M., and Chin, M. (2007). Provider perception of limited health literacy in community health centers., Patient Education & Counseling, vol. 69(1-3), 114-120.
  23. ^ Demir, F., Ozsaker, E., and Ilce, A.. (2008). The quality and suitability of written educational materials, Journal of Clinical Nursing, vol.17 (2), 259-265.
  24. ^ "SADISTIK!". morttodd.com.
  25. ^ "A Softer World: 332". Retrieved 2008-07-24.
  26. ^ "Alien Loves Predator: In New York, no one can hear you scream". Retrieved 2008-07-24.
  27. ^ "'Alien Loves Predator' Creator Reviews 'Alien vs. Predator' Game". Comics Alliance. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  28. ^ . Archived from the original on 2008-06-08. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
  29. ^ "Night Zero: A Photographic Novel". Retrieved 2008-10-02.
  30. ^ "Ype Driessen". lambiek.net. Retrieved 2017-08-05.
  31. ^ "Urbanus (De Stripheld) / Unieke Albums / Urbanus Luxe Albums Met Plaat / 50. De Hete Urbanus". www.urbanusfan.be. Retrieved 2017-08-05.
  32. ^ "Urbanus (De Komiek) / Fotostrips / De Lastige Krapuultjes". www.urbanusfan.be. Retrieved 2017-08-05.
  33. ^ "Urbanus (De Komiek) / Fotostrips / Nestor". www.urbanusfan.be. Retrieved 2017-08-05.
  34. ^ "Louis Salvérius". lambiek.net. Retrieved 2017-08-05.
  35. ^ "Peter de Wit". lambiek.net. Retrieved 2017-08-05.
  36. ^ "Terry Gilliam". lambiek.net. Retrieved 2017-08-05.
  37. ^ "Jean Teulé". lambiek.net. Retrieved 2017-08-05.
  38. ^ "Trevor Mueller from @$$hole! - 144 | Two Geeks Talking". 2010-12-27. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  39. ^ "Anime-zing! Announces Cristina Vee and Trevor Mueller [4319] | Convention News". Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  40. ^ a b "Nix". lambiek.net. Retrieved 2017-08-05.
  41. ^ "Kakhiel". lambiek.net.
  42. ^ "Thé Tjong-Khing". lambiek.net.
  43. ^ "Happenstance: a photographic novel". 2017-05-17. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  44. ^ "An Ithaca Comic Experience: Another locally produced, locally set comic book". Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  45. ^ Wang, Ge (2018). Artful Design: Technology in Search of the Sublime (A MusiComic Manifesto). Stanford University Press. p. 488. ISBN 978-1-5036-0052-2.
  46. ^ "PunkMagazine.com Homepage". www.punkmagazine.com. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  47. ^ Bully (11 October 2007). "To Boldly Go Where No Screen Capture Has Gone Before". bullyscomics.blogspot.com.

Further reading Edit

  • Jan Baetens, The film photonovel: a cultural history of forgotten adaptations, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2019, ISBN 978-1-4773-1822-5
  • Jan Baetens, "The photo-novel, a minor medium?", NECSUS: European Journal of Media Studies 1(1), April 2012.

October 15, 2023
photo, comics, fumetto, fumetti, redirect, here, comics, made, italy, italian, comics, fotonovela, redirects, here, 2008, film, fotonovela, film, ivan, song, fotonovela, song, form, sequential, storytelling, that, uses, photographs, rather, than, illustrations. Fumetto and Fumetti redirect here For comics made in Italy see Italian comics Fotonovela redirects here For the 2008 film see Fotonovela film For the Ivan song see Fotonovela song Photo comics are a form of sequential storytelling that uses photographs rather than illustrations for the images along with the usual comics conventions of narrative text and word balloons containing dialogue They are sometimes referred to in English as fumetti 1 photonovels photoromances 2 and similar terms The photographs may be of real people in staged scenes or posed dolls and other toys on sets Cover of an issue of Killing an Italian photo comic series published since the 1960s Although far less common than illustrated comics photo comics have filled certain niches in various places and times For example they have been used to adapt popular film and television works into print tell original melodramas and provide medical education Photo comics have been popular at times in Italy and Latin America and to a lesser extent in English speaking countries Contents 1 Terminology 2 History 3 Common genres 3 1 TV and movie adaptations 3 2 Educational 4 Notable examples 4 1 Original photo comics 4 2 Film adaptations 4 3 Television adaptations 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingTerminology EditThe terminology used to describe photo comics is somewhat inconsistent and idiosyncratic Fumetti is an Italian word literally little puffs of smoke in reference to word balloons which refers in that language to any kind of comics Because of the popularity of photo comics in Italy fumetti became a loanword in English referring specifically to that technique By extension comics which use a mixture of photographic and illustrated imagery have been described as mezzo fumetti half fumetti 3 4 Meanwhile the Spanish term fotonovela referring to popular photo comics melodramas in Latin America was adapted in English as fotonovel 5 or photonovel 6 and came to be associated primarily with film and television adaptations which were marketed using those terms Variations such as photo funnies 7 and photostories 5 have also been used In Italian a photo comic is referred to as a fotoromanzo photonovel plural fotoromanzi In Spanish speaking countries the term fotonovela refers to several genres of photo comics including original melodramas History EditThere were attempts at photo comics in the early days of tabloids in the United States as early as 1927 the New York Daily News featured Ziegfeld Follies stars Eddie Cantor and Frances Upton appearing in sequential photographs telling jokes presumably from the Follies scripts with speech bubbles superimposed 8 Photo comics emerged in Italy in the 1940s and expanded into the 1950s 9 10 Actress Sophia Loren worked for a time as a model 9 The lurid Italian crime photo comic Killing ran from 1966 through 1969 and was reprinted in other countries it has been reprinted and revived numerous times since then The technique spread to Latin America first adapting popular films then for original stories By the 1960s there were about two dozen fotonovela movie adaptations circulating in Latin America and nearly three times as many original works 11 They remained popular in Mexico into the late 1980s when 70 million copies of fotonovelas were printed each month 11 Photo comics first became successful in the United States and Canada with Harvey Kurtzman s Help magazine which ran humorous photo stories from 1960 to 1965 Similar Foto Funnies often featuring female nudity were a regular feature of National Lampoon magazine beginning in the early 1970s During the 1970s lines of American paperback books were marketed as Fotonovels and Photostories adapting popular films and television shows Although home video largely supplanted this market in the 1980s a small number of photo comic adaptations continued to be produced as promotional tie ins to the original work Photo comics were common in British magazines such as Jackie in the 1980s and a few are still published There are a number of photo newspaper strips in the UK and the form was popular in girl s comics in the 1980s Boy s comics of the early 1980s such as Load Runner and the relaunched Eagle also experimented with photo comics but without much success when the Eagle was revamped former photo comic strips such as Doomlord continued as illustrated strips Online series such as Night Zero A Softer World and Alien Loves Predator are more recent examples of photo comics In 2007 the Web Cartoonist s Choice Awards gave the first award for Outstanding Photographic Comic 12 In 2010 and 2011 the bilingual photo comic Union of Heroes was nominated for the Web Sonderman Awards for the best German webcomic 13 In the 2010s cartoonist John Byrne inspired by 1970s photo comics adaptations of Star Trek episodes produced a series of photonovel adventures which combined stills from the series with original digitally rendered background illustrations and new dialogue to produce new stories featuring the characters 14 Software applications such as Comic Life Comic Strip It and Strip Designer which allow users to add word balloons and sound effects to their personal photos and incorporate them into storytelling layouts have revived some interest in the medium 15 Common genres EditTV and movie adaptations Edit In the United States one of the common uses of photo comics has been TV and film adaptations usually abridged for length Still frames from the film or video are reproduced often in simple grids but sometimes with creative layouts and cropping overlaid with balloons with abbreviated dialogue from the screenplays They are a cost effective way to adapt films and TV series into comics without the expense of commissioning illustrations and were a way for consumers to revisit motion picture stories before the widespread availability of affordable home recording and video playback equipment such as VCRs 11 16 Educational Edit The widespread familiarity of fotonovelas in Spanish language culture makes photo comics an effective vehicle for health promotion and health education 17 Since the small pamphlets can be traded among individuals they possess an element of portability that traditional materials lack Both health and non health entities 18 19 20 have utilized the fotonovela as informational pamphlets The fotonovelas produced by these organizations present information in a variety of illustrated forms but usually contain a summation of key points at the end Health educators have also utilized the fotonovela because the medium overcomes issues of health literacy which is the degree to which individuals can obtain process and understand basic health information to make appropriate health decisions 21 in their target audience Most providers believe that health education materials designed specifically for patients with low health literacy would be helpful 22 however written educational materials found in most health settings have been deemed to have serious deficiencies 23 Notable examples EditOriginal photo comics Edit nbsp David Morgan Mar s Irregular Webcomic consists of photographs of Lego figures The Brick Bible stories from the Bible illustrated using photos of Lego figurines and sets as well as speech balloons and caption boxes Killing 24 A Softer World by Joey Comeau and Emily Horne 25 Doomlord by Alan Grant and John Wagner Alien Loves Predator by Bernie Hou 26 27 Transparent Life by Charlie Beck 28 Night Zero by Anthony van Winkle and Eli Black Mizuta 29 The series 3hoog Ype and De Uitgeverij by Dutch comics artist Ype Driessen 30 The one shot album De Hete Urbanus The Hot Urbanus in the Urbanus series by Willy Linthout and Urbanus 31 Urbanus Kamagurka and Herr Seele made some one shot photo comics in the 1980s for the magazine Humo 32 33 Louis Salverius and Raoul Cauvin once made a one shot photo comic strip parodying their own series Les Tuniques Bleues with themselves dressed up as their characters 34 Mannetje en Mannetje Little Man and Little Man by Hanco Kolk and Peter de Wit 35 Christopher s Punctured Romance by Terry Gilliam starring John Cleese 36 Jean Teule is a French cartoonist who takes photographs or makes photocopies which he then changes with colors and pencil 37 hole by Trevor Mueller 38 39 Kwakzalver en Knettergek by Nix 40 God en Klein Pierken by Nix and Bart Schoofs 40 The work of Dutch Internet artist Kakhiel 41 Crimefighters by Fjodor Buis and The Tjong Khing 42 Happenstance by Stephen Saperstein Frug which used color photographs sometimes intentionally blurred to tell the story of a character with prosopagnosia the inability to recognize faces 43 44 Artful Design Technology in Search of the Sublime a book by Ge Wang 45 Punk magazine by John Holmstrom et al frequently used the photo comics format for interviews and other features notably in the case of two full length photo comics The Legend of Nick Detroit 6 October 1976 and Mutant Monster Beach Party 15 July August 1978 46 Film adaptations Edit Many marketed as Fotonovels Alien 1979 film large format Americathon 1979 The Best of Rocky and the Complete Rocky II 1979 Blair Witch Project The 2000 Buck Rogers in the 25th Century 1979 Can t Stop the Music 1980 The Champ 1979 Charlie s Angels 2000 Cheech and Chong s Next Movie 1980 Close Encounters of the Third Kind 1977 Grease 1978 Hair 1979 Heaven Can Wait 1978 Ice Castles 1978 Invasion of the Body Snatchers 1978 The Jerk 1979 Little Shop of Horrors 1986 adapted by Robert and Louise Egan The Lord of the Rings 1978 Love at First Bite 1979 Nashville 1975 Nightwing 1979 Outland 1981 large format Revenge of the Pink Panther 1979 The Rocky Horror Picture Show 1975 Saturday Night Fever 1977 Star Trek The Motion Picture The Photostory edited by Richard J Anobile 1980 Star Trek II The Wrath of Khan Photostory by Richard J Anobile 1982 Television adaptations Edit Many marketed as Fotonovels Battlestar Galactica pilot film Doctor Who The Incredible Hulk Mork amp Mindy Star Blazers English version of Space Battleship Yamato published by West Cape Corporation in 1983 Star Trek Twelve episodes were adapted 47 5 The City on the Edge of Forever published November 1977 Where No Man Has Gone Before published November 1977 The Trouble with Tribbles published December 1977 A Taste of Armageddon published January 1978 Metamorphosis published February 1978 All Our Yesterdays published March 1978 The Galileo Seven published May 1978 A Piece of the Action published June 1978 The Devil in the Dark published July 1978 Day of the Dove published August 1978 The Deadly Years published September 1978 Amok Time published October 1978See also EditPhoto romance an alternative term for photo comics Film comicReferences Edit M Keith Booker ed Comics through Time A History of Icons Idols and Ideas Bloomsbury 2014 p 1821 Webcomics and New Media The Photoromance MIT Press Retrieved 2022 09 03 Behance www behance net Retrieved 2017 12 08 Paladin Knight Entertainment www paladinknightentertainment com Retrieved 2018 08 21 a b c Star Trek Fotonovels 1977 78 TAINT THE MEAT 2014 05 02 Retrieved 2017 12 07 The Photonovel Alliance photonovelalliance com Retrieved 2018 08 21 Groth Gary Dean Michael 2015 01 15 The Comics Journal Library Zap The Interviews Fantagraphics Books ISBN 9781606997888 New York Daily News December 13 1927 p 32 a b The Art of Fotoromanzo on View at Casa Italiana Zerilli Marimo Retrieved 2016 09 09 Italy s Fumetti Curiously Sophisticated Pulp Comics Print Magazine 2012 06 19 Retrieved 2016 09 09 a b c RWHP Nikki Edwards RWHP Fotonovela www rwhp org Retrieved 2016 09 09 Outstanding Photographic Comic Retrieved 2008 07 24 Pannor Stefan 2010 09 03 Comicpreis Sondermann 2010 Vorsicht freilaufende Frisuren Der Spiegel in German ISSN 2195 1349 Retrieved 2021 12 10 IDW s John Byrne Photonovel Made Out of Mudd Out Dec 10 StarTrek com Retrieved 2017 02 22 Eaton Kit 2014 05 14 Transforming Your Photos Into Comic Strips The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2016 09 09 Muir John Kenneth 10 November 2005 John Kenneth Muir s Reflections on Cult Movies and Classic TV Retro Toy Flashback 16 Photonovels reflectionsonfilmandtelevision blogspot com Flora C 1985 The fotonovela in America Studies in Latin American Popular Culture 4 84 94 U S Food and Drug Administration 2003 Carlos Tragic and Mysterious Illness how Carlos almost died by eating contaminated raw oysters College Park MD Associated Press 2006 November 24 Using Fiction in a Real Fight Against Drugs The New York Times Marzolla A and Yau A 2007 Nov The Agua Pura Fotonovela Project Latino Community Engagement in Water Quality Education Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment Office of Health Disparities 2008 Glossary of a Few Key Public Health Terms Schlichting J Quinn M Heuer L Schaefer C Drum M and Chin M 2007 Provider perception of limited health literacy in community health centers Patient Education amp Counseling vol 69 1 3 114 120 Demir F Ozsaker E and Ilce A 2008 The quality and suitability of written educational materials Journal of Clinical Nursing vol 17 2 259 265 SADISTIK morttodd com A Softer World 332 Retrieved 2008 07 24 Alien Loves Predator In New York no one can hear you scream Retrieved 2008 07 24 Alien Loves Predator Creator Reviews Alien vs Predator Game Comics Alliance Retrieved 2016 09 09 Undertoad Comics Archived from the original on 2008 06 08 Retrieved 2008 07 24 Night Zero A Photographic Novel Retrieved 2008 10 02 Ype Driessen lambiek net Retrieved 2017 08 05 Urbanus De Stripheld Unieke Albums Urbanus Luxe Albums Met Plaat 50 De Hete Urbanus www urbanusfan be Retrieved 2017 08 05 Urbanus De Komiek Fotostrips De Lastige Krapuultjes www urbanusfan be Retrieved 2017 08 05 Urbanus De Komiek Fotostrips Nestor www urbanusfan be Retrieved 2017 08 05 Louis Salverius lambiek net Retrieved 2017 08 05 Peter de Wit lambiek net Retrieved 2017 08 05 Terry Gilliam lambiek net Retrieved 2017 08 05 Jean Teule lambiek net Retrieved 2017 08 05 Trevor Mueller from hole 144 Two Geeks Talking 2010 12 27 Retrieved 2016 09 09 Anime zing Announces Cristina Vee and Trevor Mueller 4319 Convention News Retrieved 2016 09 09 a b Nix lambiek net Retrieved 2017 08 05 Kakhiel lambiek net The Tjong Khing lambiek net Happenstance a photographic novel 2017 05 17 Retrieved 2021 02 17 An Ithaca Comic Experience Another locally produced locally set comic book Retrieved 2021 02 17 Wang Ge 2018 Artful Design Technology in Search of the Sublime A MusiComic Manifesto Stanford University Press p 488 ISBN 978 1 5036 0052 2 PunkMagazine com Homepage www punkmagazine com Retrieved 2021 04 20 Bully 11 October 2007 To Boldly Go Where No Screen Capture Has Gone Before bullyscomics blogspot com Further reading EditJan Baetens The film photonovel a cultural history of forgotten adaptations Austin University of Texas Press 2019 ISBN 978 1 4773 1822 5 Jan Baetens The photo novel a minor medium NECSUS European Journal of Media Studies 1 1 April 2012 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Photo comics amp oldid 1173385619, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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