French ship Indomptable (1790)
Indomptable ("Indomitable") was a Tonnant-class 80-gun ship of the line in the French Navy, laid down in 1788 and in active service from 1791. Engaged against the Royal Navy after 1794, she was damaged in the Battle of Trafalgar and wrecked near the Spanish city of Cadiz on 25/26 October 1805.[1]
Indomptable (centre) at Trafalgar, between Fougueux and HMS Belleisle (left) and Santa Ana and HMS Royal Sovereign (right) | |
| History | |
|---|---|
| France | |
| Name | Indomitable |
| Builder | Brest |
| Laid down | September 1788 |
| Launched | 20 December 1790 |
| Completed | February 1791 |
| Fate | Wrecked 25/26 October 1805 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Tonnant-class 80-gun ship of the line |
| Displacement | 1800 tonnes |
| Length | 59.3 m (194 ft 7 in) |
| Beam | 15.3 m (50 ft 2 in) |
| Draught | 7.8 m (25 ft 7 in) |
| Propulsion | Sail |
| Sail plan | Full-rigged ship |
| Complement | 780 |
| Armament | 80 guns |
| Armour | Timber |
Early service edit
Indomptable was designed by naval engineer Jacques-Noël Sané and laid down in Brest in September 1788. She was launched on 20 December 1790, and completed in February 1791.
Between 1793 and 1794, she was under Bruix.[2] Her first engagement was on 29 May 1794 against HMS Barfleur and HMS Orion during the Glorious First of June campaign. Following the battle, the dismasted Indomptable was towed back to Brest by Brutus.[3][4]
In 1795, she served in the Mediterranean under Admiral François Joseph Bouvet and took part in the landing attempt in Ireland planned by General Louis Lazare Hoche. In 1801, she was engaged in the campaign in Egypt, but was unable to break the English blockade and stayed in Toulon. Other elements of the fleet managed to reach Elba.
Indomptable fought in the battle of Algeciras in 1801 when she was again badly damaged. In 1802 and 1803, she served in Toulon under Admiral Latouche Tréville.
Trafalgar campaign edit
On 17 January 1805, she went to sea under Admiral Villeneuve, together with ten other ships of the line and eight frigates, and on 20 January the fleet sailed for the French Caribbean. Off Cadiz, the fleet was joined by the 74-gun Aigle, and six Spanish ships of the line under Vice-Admiral Federico Gravina. When the fleet reached the West Indies, Villeneuve sent Commodore Cosmao-Kerjulien with the Pluton and the Berwick to attack the British position on Diamond Rock, which surrendered on 2 June. Villeneuve returned to Europe on hearing that Horatio Nelson had arrived in the West Indies.
Cape Finisterre and Trafalgar edit
On 22 July 1805, in the battle of Cape Finisterre the quartermasters of Indomptable spotted the British fleet under Sir Robert Calder. After a violent artillery exchange, the fleets became separated in the fog. Exhausted after six months at sea, the fleet anchored in Ferrol before sailing to Cádiz to rest and refit. With his command under question and planning to meet the British fleet to gain a decisive victory, Villeneuve left Cádiz and met the British fleet near Cape Trafalgar.
Indomptable was in the Spanish line between San Justo and Santa Ana at the opening of the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805. She engaged Vice-Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood's flagship HMS Royal Sovereign off her lee beam as she approached, then raked William Hargood's HMS Belleisle as that ship passed Indomptable's stern.[5]: 157, 160 Later, she engaged HMS Revenge, HMS Dreadnought and HMS Thunderer, losing her place in the line but regrouping behind the Spanish flagship Principe de Asturias.[5]: 241
Downwind of the British and effectively out of range, Indomptable turned towards the bay of Cadiz. At about two in the morning of 22 October, her crew heard distress calls from the French ship Bucentaure which had struck a reef off Santa Catalina fort. The ship's boat was run out and brought alongside Bucentaure, whose crew requested an anchor and hawsers to secure their vessel. This became impractical as Bucentaure settled deeper onto the rocks and began to sink: instead, Indomptable's boats began ferrying sailors off the vessel and back to their own. Rescue efforts continued until mid-afternoon on 23 October, by which time Bucentaure was completely submerged.[5]: 289, 298
Wreck edit
On the night of 25/26 October,[1] a storm broke Indomptable's anchor chains and she was carried onto rocks offshore from Cadiz. Contemporary accounts estimate between 1,000 and 1,400 people were on board, including around 500 rescued from Bucentaure the previous night, and two men from HMS Conqueror who had been aboard Bucentaure as prize crew. Around 150 men survived the wreck, including just two of the twenty-four officers on board.[Note 1]
Notes edit
- ^ The French Navy did not record precise crew numbers aboard Indomptable at the commencement of the Trafalgar engagement, nor was a tally made of the number of sailors rescued from Bucentaure: the figures of between 1,000 and 1,400 are taken from reports of contemporary observers.[5]: 334–5 The estimate of 150 survivors was made by Captain Pernot, whose regiment provided Indomptable's marines.[5]: 334
References edit
- ^ a b Desbrière, Edouard (1907). La campagne maritime de 1805. Paris: Librairie militaire de R. Chapelot. pp. 119–120.
- ^ Taillemite (2002), p. 77.
- ^ . php4-pro.online.net. Archived from the original on 11 July 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
- ^ de Rambaud, Guy (2002). . histoire-empire.org. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
- ^ a b c d e Clayton, Tim; Craig, Phil (2004). Trafalgar: The Men, the Battle, the Storm. Great Britain: Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 9780340830260.
Bibliography edit
- Clayton, Tim; Craig, Phil (2004). Trafalgar: The Men, the Battle, the Storm. Great Britain: Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 9780340830260.
- Taillemite, Étienne (2002). Dictionnaire des Marins français. Tallandier. ISBN 2-84734-008-4. OCLC 606770323.