Fort Ballance

Fort Ballance is a former coastal artillery battery on Point Gordon on Wellington's Miramar Peninsula.

Fort Ballance
Location	Point Gordon, Wellington
Coordinates	41°17′40.65″S 174°50′3.95″E / 41.2946250°S 174.8344306°E / -41.2946250; 174.8344306
Built	1885
Heritage New Zealand – Category 1
Designated	19 July 1990
Reference no.	5074

Built in 1885 following fears of an impending war with Russia,^[1][2] Fort Ballance is one of the best preserved of a string of nineteenth century coastal fortifications constructed to protect New Zealand from naval attack. In 1885, the Government, reluctantly acknowledging that they could not rely solely on Britain for protection, commissioned engineer Major Henry Cautley to design a series of fortifications to protect the country's main ports. The Fortress is listed as a Category I Historic Place.^[3] Fort Ballance was the premier fort in the Wellington area for 26 years (1885-1911). Used by the military over a period of 60 years (1885-1945), the 1880s layout of Fort Ballance is largely unaltered and a good impression of the original nineteenth century fort remains. The fort is a permanent reminder of the technology used in the coastal defence network of the 1880s and it is an early example of the use of concrete as a building material.^[4]

Overview

Fort Ballance is the largest of the military installations located on the spur between Mahanga Bay and Scorching Bay. The other positions were known variously as Fort Gordon, the Spur Battery and the Low or Foreshore Battery. The ruins of these forts and batteries were partly buried about 1960.

The fort follows the topography of the spur and earthworks were used to build up the centre of the position where the command post and communications centre were located. Earthworks also provided protection for the barracks, ablution areas, magazines and stores to the rear of the gun pits.

The rear of the fort adjoining the accommodation casemates was enclosed by musketry parapets and loopholed walls, parts of which have been demolished.

Fort Ballance had positions for five main gun pits facing the channel. The concrete gun pits, some of which were closed and others open, are circular or semi-circular and while the guns have been removed the gun emplacements remain intact.

Fort Gordon, to the south of Fort Ballance, consisted of one gun-pit and magazines. It is now almost completely buried as are the smaller positions lower down the spur. Tunnel entrances have been filled in.

Additional firing support was located at Kau Point and Point Halswell, and the positions were protected from land attack by a further defence position on Mount Crawford.

Construction

 

Fort Ballance, 1992

Fort Ballance is an emplacement that can truly be called a 'fort', in that is it was a self-contained unit built to withstand an enemy attack from the land. Fort Ballance was built of timber, mortar and corrugated-iron sheets by former members of the armed constabulary and prison labour from Mount Crawford Gaol. During the 1890s the wooden construction was rebuilt with concrete.

Armaments

Fort Ballance

The main armament at Fort Ballance evolved over the years to include:^[5][6]

• 1885-1910:
  • Two Two Seven-inch R.M.L. guns
• 1886-1924
  • One One six-inch disappearing gun
• 1903-1924
  • One One six-inch disappearing gun, replaced one of the 7inch RML
• 1892-WW1
  • Two Q.F. Nordenfeldt six-pounder guns were mounted at the flank angles.

Fort Gordon

The main armament at Fort Gordon consisted of:^[6]

• 1895-1924
  • One One eight-inch disappearing gun
  • One QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss gun (Spur Battery)

Foreshore Batteries

The main armament of the Low Battery consisted of:^[6]

• 1891-1897
  • Two 64-Pounder RML
• 1897-1907
  • Two QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss, removed after WW1.

Gordon Point Battery

• 1901-1923^[6]
  • Two QF 12 pounders
• 1941-1959
  • Two BL 4 inch naval gun Mk VII guns
• 1942
  • Two Ordnance QF 18-pounder guns
• 1943-1944
  • Two 75 mm Gun M1917 guns
• 1944-1945
  • One twin QF 6 pounder 10 cwt gun

Ammunition Depot

With the decommissioning of the guns of Fort Ballance in the immediate post-war years, Fort Ballance along with the Mahanga Bay facilities, Shelly Bay, Fort Gordon and the Kau Point Battery were taken over by the Ammunition Section of the New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps as the 1st large scale ammunition depot of the NZAOC until 1929 when purpose-built facilities were constructed at Hopuhopu Camp in the Waikato.^[7] The ammunition infrastructure at Fort Ballance and the surrounding area consisted of 19 magazines, one store and a laboratory and would remain in use until the early years of the Second World War.^[8]

Seesaw Searchlight

Main article: Seesaw Searchlight

Below and to the east of the Fort was a "seesaw' searchlight, set up in 1891 and powered by the stream engine in Fort Ballance. The searchlight consisted of an electric carbon lamp, capable of a strong beam for target illumination, because the bulb was vulnerable to enemy fire, it was protected in a recessed emplacement whilst a large mirror, attached to the end of the ‘see-saw’ girder reflected the light beam across the water.^[9]

The Searchlight was able to illuminate targets from the harbour Heads to Ward Island with a power of 50000 candlepower.^[10]

Only a few of these were built anywhere in the Empire. It was difficult to operate and was never successful and the position was abandoned in 1899, but the emplacement remains today.^[11]

Fatal accidents

• 7 August 1899 whilst attempting to demolish the Seesaw emplacement three members of the permanent militia were killed and one injured in a Gun Cotton explosion.^[12]
• 2 November 1904 whilst conducting live firing on a 12 pounder, there was a breech explosion in which one Gunner was killed and five Injured.^[13]

See also

• Coastal fortifications of New Zealand

References

1. Barratt, Glynn (1981). Russophobia in New Zealand 1838-1908. The Dunmore Press. ISBN 0908564759.
2. Wright, Matthew (2001). Blue Water Kiwis. Reed. pp. 11–37. ISBN 0790008173.
3. "Fort Ballance (including associated positions at Fort Gordon)". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
4. "Fort Ballance (including associated positions at Fort Gordon)". Heritage New Zealand.
5. Defences of New Zealand. National Archives AD 62/1.
6. Cooke, Peter (2001). Defending New Zealand, Ramparts on the Sea 1840-1950s (10 Jun 2016 ed.). Defence of New Zealand Study Group. pp. 48–59. ISBN 0473068338.
7. Mckie, Robert (15 March 2017). "New Zealand Army Ordnance Section". "To the Warrior his Arms". Retrieved 21 June 2019.
8. Mckie, Robert (29 May 2018). "The evolution of NZAOC ammunition responsibilities 1939-1945". "To the Warrior his Arms". Retrieved 21 June 2019.
9. "Seesaw searchlight".
10. The Electric Light at Fort Ballance. Evening Post. 19 August 1886. p. 2.
11. Glackin, Russell (2009). In Defence of our land. Penguin. p. 50. ISBN 9780143011866.
12. "Gun-Cotton Explosion at Mahanga Bay". Papers Past. Evening Post 7 Aug 1899.
13. "Fatality at the Forts". Papers Past. Evening Post 2 Nov 1904.

External links

  Media related to Fort Ballance at Wikimedia Commons

• Instructions for 6 inch Rifled Breech Loading Armstrong Gun and Hydro-Pneumatic Disappearing Carriage from Australian National Archives
• Video clip showing left side view of restored disappearing gun at Taiaroa Head, New Zealand
• Video clip showing breech operation and loading of restored disappearing gun at Taiaroa Head, New Zealand
• Disappearing Mountings described at Victorian Forts and Artillery website
• Victorian Naval Forces manuals 1890 & 1895. Includes QF 6 pounder Nordenfelt details. From Friends of the Cerberus website
• Nordenfelt 6 pdr Quick Firer History, technical details, animations