Forrestal-class aircraft carrier

The Forrestal-class aircraft carriers were four aircraft carriers designed and built for the United States Navy in the 1950s. The class ship was named for James Forrestal, the first United States Secretary of Defense. It was the first class of supercarriers, combining high tonnage, deck-edge elevators and an angled deck. The first ship was commissioned in 1955, the last decommissioned in 1998. The four ships of the class were scrapped in Brownsville, Texas, between 2014 and 2017.

Forrestal-class aircraft carrier

USS Forrestal
Class overview
Name	Forrestal class
Builders	New York Navy Yard Newport News Shipbuilding
Operators	United States Navy
Preceded by	Midway class
Succeeded by	Kitty Hawk class and Enterprise class
Built	14 July 1952 – 6 June 1958
In commission	1 October 1955 – 30 September 1998
Completed	4
Scrapped	4
General characteristics
Type	Aircraft carrier
Displacement	60,000 tons light^[1] 81,000 tons full load
Length	1,070 ft (326.1 m) overall 990 ft (301.7 m) waterline
Beam	238 ft (73 m) extreme width 129 ft 4 in (39.42 m) waterline
Draft	35 ft 9 in (10.90 m)
Propulsion	8 Steam turbines 280,000 shp (210,000 kW)
Speed	34 knots (63 km/h)
Complement	4,378
Armament	Original armament: 8 × 5 in (127 mm)/54 caliber Mark 42 guns Refit armament: 3 × 8 cell NATO Sea Sparrow Mark 29 missile launcher launchers 3 × 20 mm Phalanx CIWS Mark 15 guns
Armor	Belt: 6 in (152 mm) Flight deck: 3 in (76 mm) Torpedo Bulkheads: 3 in (76 mm)
Aircraft carried	1960: 24-28 Vought F-8 Crusaders or McDonnell F3H Demons 36 Douglas A-4 Skyhawks 10-12 Douglas A-3 Skywarriors Total: ~70 aircraft 1 squadron of Douglas AD-5W Skyraiders 1970: 24 McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIs or Vought F-8 Crusaders (the latter mainly used aboard the Essex-class carriers) 24 LTV A-7 Corsair IIs or Douglas A-4 Skyhawks 1 squadron of Grumman A-6A/B Intruders 4 North American RA-5C Vigilantes 4-6 Northrop Grumman E-2A Hawkeyes 1 squadron of Douglas EKA-3B Skywarriors 1 squadron of Sikorsky SH-3A Sea Kings or Kaman UH-2C Seasprites Total: ~90 aircraft 1 squadron of Vought RF-8G Crusaders 1 squadron of Douglas KA-3B Skywarriors 1981: 24 McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIs or Grumman F-14 Tomcats 24 LTV A-7 Corsair IIs 10-12 Grumman A-6E Intruders 4 Grumman KA-6D Intruders 4-6 Northrop Grumman E-2C Hawkeyes 4-6 Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowlers 10 Lockheed S-3A Vikings 6 Sikorsky SH-3G/H Sea Kings Total: 86-92 aircraft 1 squadron of Douglas EA-3 Skywarriors 3 Vought RF-8G Crusaders
Aviation facilities	326 m × 77 m (1,069 ft 7 in × 252 ft 7 in) flight deck 4 Steam catapults 4 Deck edge aircraft elevators 3 Hangar Decks

Design

The Forrestal class was the first completed class of "supercarriers" of the Navy, so called because of their then-extraordinarily high tonnage (75,000 tons, 25% larger than the post-World War II-era Midway class), full integration of the angled deck, very large island, and most importantly their extremely strong air wing (80–100 jet aircraft, compared to 65–75 for the Midway class and fewer than 50 for the Essex class).

 

A 1952 design study

Compared to the Midway class, the Forrestals were 100 feet (30 m) longer and nearly 20 feet (6 m) wider abeam, resulting in a far more stable and comfortable aircraft platform even in very rough weather. When commissioned, the Forrestal-class ships had the roomiest hangar decks and largest flight decks of any carrier ever built. Because of their immense size they were built to a new, deep-hulled design that incorporated the armored flight deck^[2][3] into the hull (previous American design practice was to design the flight deck as superstructure). This was a very similar structural design as used on British "armored" carriers, and grew out of the requirement for such a very large carrier, because carrying the strength deck at the flight deck level produced a stronger and lighter hull.^[4] The Midway-class ships sat very low in the water and were poor sea boats through their long careers; they were very wet forward and their aviation characteristics were poor. The deeper Forrestal hull allowed the ships more freeboard and better seakeeping. The Forrestal-class carriers, like the Midway class that preceded it, were designed with armored flight decks.^[5][6][7][8]

 

1962 deck plan of the Forrestal class, showing the port side elevator at the forward end of the angled deck, in the path of both aircraft being launched from the waist catapults, and aircraft being recovered; and the arrangement of the starboard elevators, with only one forward of the island serving the two forward catapults.

 

Saratoga (top) cruising with USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67); note the arrangement of the islands and elevators.

Forrestal-class ships were the first examples of supercarriers and thus not quite a perfected design; their elevators in particular were badly arranged for aircraft handling. The portside elevator, a relic of the original axial-deck design, was especially poorly sited, as it was located at the fore end of the angled deck, in the landing path as well as the launch path of aircraft from the No. 3 and No. 4 catapults. The subsequent Kitty Hawk class moved the portside elevator to the aft end of the angle and reversed the position of the island and the second starboard elevator, vastly improving aircraft handling. The sponson-mounted guns suffered from poor range and complicated firing arcs, and were located in very wet and thus nearly useless positions in the bow and stern. They were removed after only a few years and were later replaced by missiles and much later by close-in weapon systems (CIWS). The aft guns in Forrestal lasted until the fire in 1967, then were removed and eventually replaced by missiles in the mid-70s.

The original design of the Forrestal-class ships would have had a very small, retractable island; this design had numerous problems (the mechanism to raise and lower the island was never perfected before the angled deck was added to the design) and smoke fouling of the deck was expected to be a severe problem due to lack of adequate venting. The redesign to an angled deck allowed a very large island, much larger than on previous carriers, giving unprecedented flexibility and control in air operations.

Forrestal and Saratoga were designed under project SCB 80 and laid down as axial deck carriers and converted to angled deck ships while under construction; Ranger and Independence were laid down as angled deck ships and had various minor improvements compared to the first two. The most visible differences were between the first pair and second pair: Forrestal and Saratoga were completed with two island masts, an open fantail, and a larger flight deck segment forward of the port aircraft elevator; Ranger and Independence had a single island mast, a more closed fantail (as seen in all carriers since), and a smaller flight deck segment forward of the port aircraft elevator.

History

In the late 1990s, the US offered Brazil a Forrestal-class carrier, but the offer was declined on the grounds of significant operating costs; Brazil instead purchased the French aircraft carrier Foch, which was renamed São Paulo.^[9] All four ships have been struck from the Naval Vessel Register and have all since been scrapped.^[10]

Ships in class

Name	Hull Number	Photo	Builder	Ordered	Laid Down	Launched	Commissioned	Decommissioned	Fate	Source
Forrestal	CV-59		Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Co., Newport News	12 July 1951	14 July 1952	11 December 1954	1 October 1955	11 September 1993	Broken up at Brownsville, 2014	^[11]
Saratoga	CV-60		New York Naval Shipyard, New York City	23 July 1952	16 December 1952	8 October 1955	14 April 1956	20 August 1994	Broken up at Brownsville, 2014	^[12]
Ranger	CV-61		Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Co., Newport News	1 February 1954	2 August 1954	29 September 1956	10 August 1957	10 July 1993	Broken up at Brownsville, 2015	^[13]
Independence	CV-62		New York Naval Shipyard, New York City	2 July 1954	1 July 1955	6 June 1958	10 January 1959	30 September 1998	Broken up at Brownsville, 2017

References

This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.

1. Donald, David; Daniel J. March (2001). Carrier Aviation Air Power Directory. Norwalk, Connecticut: AIRtime Publishing. ISBN 1-880588-43-9.
2. . virtualwall.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016. "Over a dozen 1,000 and 500 pound bombs detonated within the first few minutes of the fire, punching holes through the 3" armor plating of the flight deck.
3. Cracknell, W.H, Warship Profile 15, USS Enterprise (CVAN 65) Nuclear Attack Carrier, p.56: "The main armor carried on Enterprise is the heavy armored flight deck. This was to prove a significant factor in the catastrophic fire and explosions that occurred on Enterprise's flight deck in 1969. The US Navy learned its lesson the hard way during World War II when all its carriers had only armored hangar decks. All attack carriers built since the Midway class have had armored flight decks."
4. Friedman, Norman (1983). U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History. Naval Institute Press. p. 250. ISBN 0-87021-739-9.
5. "CV-59 Forrestal Class". globalsecurity.org. from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016. As the first aircraft carrier designed specifically for jet aircraft, she featured an armored flight deck.
6. "Forrestal class attack aircraft carriers". hazegrey.org. from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016. Armor: hangar, flight deck and magazines protected
7. . nationalcoldwarexhibition.org. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
8. USS Forrestal Memorial (CVA/CV/AVT-59) July 29, 1967 11 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine: "The explosions tore large holes in the armored flight deck..."
9. Schleiffert, Rob; Rodenburg, Corne (1 September 2003). . Naval Aviation News. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
10. "Decommissioned USS Independence arrives in Texas". 8 August 2017. from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
11. "Departure time set for USS Forrestal". The Philadelphia Inquirer. from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
12. "Navy pays 1 cent to scrap ex-carrier Saratoga". Navy Times. 8 May 2014. Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
13. "Iconic USS Ranger Dismantled". Marine Link. 22 November 2017. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.

External links

• RFI Carrier Disposal 2 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine