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Florida International University pedestrian bridge collapse

April 09, 2024

The Florida International University pedestrian bridge collapse occurred on March 15, 2018, when a 175-foot-long (53 m) section of the FIU-Sweetwater UniversityCity Pedestrian Bridge collapsed while under construction. The collapse resulted in six deaths (one worker and five motorists), ten injuries (six serious and four minor), and eight vehicles being crushed underneath.[1] Of the serious injuries, one employee was permanently disabled.[2] At the time of the collapse, six lanes of road beneath the bridge were open to traffic.[1][3]

The FIU Pedestrian Bridge Collapse
National Transportation Safety Board members inspecting the collapsed pedestrian bridge on March 16
DateMarch 15, 2018 (2018-03-15)
Time1:47 p.m. EDT
LocationUniversity Park and Sweetwater, Florida, U.S.
Coordinates25°45′40″N 80°22′22″W / 25.7612°N 80.3728°W / 25.7612; -80.3728
TypeBridge collapse
Deaths6
Non-fatal injuries10

The pedestrian bridge was designed to connect the town of Sweetwater to the campus of Florida International University (FIU) in University Park, a suburb west of Miami, Florida, United States. The two were separated by a busy eight-lane highway, which the bridge was designed to span.[4]

The engineering design error that directly led to the collapse was identified by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) as a miscalculation of resistance to sliding of the connection between the walkway surface, and the truss that held it up. The walkway surface was poured concrete, which was allowed to harden before the truss braces were poured above it. These truss members were connected to the deck by steel reinforcing rods embedded in the deck and in the concrete of the truss. In order to hold up the bridge these connections had to prevent the truss from sliding along the walkway surface. The resistance to sliding was miscalculated, and thus was not enough to prevent the connection from sliding causing cracks in the truss concrete. As the cracking enlarged, it ultimately caused the complete disconnection of one of the truss-to-walkway connections, leading to the collapse.[1][2]

Background edit

FIU-Sweetwater UniversityCity Bridge
 
Prior to collapse, March 15, 2018
Coordinates25°45′40″N 80°22′22″W / 25.7612°N 80.3728°W / 25.7612; -80.3728
CarriedPedestrian traffic
CrossedTamiami Trail, Tamiami Canal
LocaleUniversity Park and Sweetwater, Florida, U.S.
OwnerFlorida International University
Characteristics
MaterialSelf-cleaning concrete
Total length320 feet (98 m)
Longest span175 feet (53 m)
No. of spans2
History
DesignerFIGG Bridge Engineers
Engineering design byFIGG Bridge Engineers
Constructed byMunilla Construction Management
Construction startMarch 2016
Construction cost$14.2 million
CollapsedMarch 15, 2018
Location
 
 
Elevation Engineering Drawing of Proposed FIU Sweetwater Pedestrian Bridge

The FIU Sweetwater UniversityCity pedestrian bridge, located just west of the intersection of Tamiami Trail (Southwest 8th Street) and Southwest 109th Avenue,[5] was planned to connect the FIU campus to student housing neighborhoods in Sweetwater.[6] It was intended to improve pedestrian safety, as the crosswalks at this wide, busy intersection had been identified as a safety hazard, and one student had already been struck and killed by a vehicle.[7] The $14.2 million project was funded with a $19.4 million Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery (TIGER) grant from the United States Department of Transportation in 2013, along with state agencies.[8] The bridge cost $9 million to construct, exclusive of the installation cost.[9]

The main companies behind the construction project were Munilla Construction Management (MCM), a Miami-based construction management firm, and FIGG Bridge Engineers, a Tallahassee-based firm.[10] Unlike most bridges in Florida, the design for this project was overseen by the university, not the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), in a program known as the Local Agency Program (LAP).[2][1]

Florida International University is known for its expertise in accelerated bridge construction (ABC) and has attracted international scholars as PhD students. It is home to the federally funded Accelerated Bridge Construction University Transportation Center, which sponsors industry conferences and seminars.[11][12] The National Transportation Safety Board, however, found that with respect to the bridge, "F.I.U. had no professional engineers on its staff and relied solely on the expertise of its hired contractors."[13]

Bridge layout edit

The full 320-foot-long (98 m) pedestrian bridge was to cross both a major roadway and a parallel water canal with two separate spans connected at a faux cable-stayed tower. The main roadway-crossing span was 175 ft long, and the shorter canal span was to be 99 ft long. An elevator and stairs at the south end added 31 ft, and at the north end, 15 feet, for a total bridge length of 320 feet.[14] At the bridge site, the Tamiami Trail roadway has seven lanes of traffic plus one turn lane.[15]

The school was on spring break at the time of collapse.[4] The canal span, access ramps, and faux cable-stayed tower had not yet been built. Pedestrian use was to begin when the entire project was complete. The section of the bridge that collapsed weighed 950 short tons (860 metric tons) and fell onto several vehicles on the roadway below.

Bridge design and construction edit

The new pedestrian bridge was designed to connect the campus to student housing in a dramatic, sculptural way and also to showcase the school's leadership in the ABC method of rapid bridge construction.[16][17] The bridge was meant to last more than 100 years, and to withstand a Category 5 hurricane, according to a statement by the university.[18]

The full bridge project was styled to look like a cable-stayed bridge, with a pylon tower and high cables for dramatic effect, but functionally and structurally it was actually a mono truss bridge, with the spans being fully self-supporting.[16][19][20] The bridge spans used a novel concrete truss design invented for this project, a "re-invented I-beam concept." Concrete truss bridges are "exceedingly rare," and "no other designs similar to the FIU bridge" have been discovered.[1][21] The vertical web of the beam was a series of triangulated concrete diagonal struts along the centerline, and the diagonal angles of the struts varied across the bridge so they would align with pipes from the center pylon, in the eventual faux cable-stayed appearance.[22] The concrete walkway deck was to act as the horizontal bottom flange of a wide I-beam, and the concrete roof canopy was to function as the horizontal top flange of the I-beam.[16] The walkway was thus nearer to ground level than in a standard design where the walkway is placed on top of the structural support system.[16] This reduced the number of steps to climb.

The bridge was a post-tensioned concrete structure.[16] Concrete structures are generally ten times heavier than equivalent steel designs.[23] The bridge was made using a new formulation for concrete, intended to stay cleaner than standard concrete formulations.[24] In the main bridge span, the concrete floor deck, roof, and most diagonal struts contained post-tensioning (PT) members whose compressive effect on the concrete was adjusted after the concrete was cured but prior to loading.[16]

The deck and the canopy had PT cables that were permanently tensioned after the concrete was cured and while the main span was still located in the staging yard. Most of the diagonal truss members, also known as tendons, had two to four PT rods that could be tightened or loosened depending on the engineer's design plan. The high-strength steel rods are sleeved to allow free movement, with only their ends in contact with the concrete to provide a clamping force. This applied tension is necessary to keep concrete members in compression. All of the adjustable tendon rods were oriented with the nut end on top of the canopy, hidden with a "blister" of extra concrete.[2][1] Adjusting the rods generally required a crane and the specialized crew of a subcontractor.[2]

Two tendons of the main span, particularly the ones nearest the support ends, had PT rods designed for temporarily prestressing the concrete tendons during the movement of the 950-ton span. These four PT rods were tightened explicitly for the day it took to transport the main span over 8th Street and de-stressed (loosened) immediately thereafter. The purpose of the temporary prestressing of the two end tendons was due to the different loads during movement. The transporter's four-point support of the massive span essentially forces the two terminal ends of the bridge span to be cantilevered past the supports, unlike its final placement.[3] To keep the bridge stable during transport, the four PT rods were torqued to each apply a load of 280,000 lbf (1,200,000 N). The other PT rods, inside the other tendons, were tightened just once and considered permanent.[2] The transport of the prefabricated, 950-ton span (see below) to its location over 8th Street was performed five days before the subsequent collapse.

A specification change from the FDOT late in the planning phase required relocating central pier 11 feet (3.4 meters) north to allow for future widening of the highway, causing some changes in construction.[25]

Construction of the bridge began in March 2016 and was scheduled to be completed in December 2018.[9][26] The bridge's main span was assembled adjacent to the highway using accelerated bridge construction.[4] It was lifted into place on the morning of March 10,[27] five days before the collapse, during a weekend closure of the roadway.[28][29]

Collapse edit

 
Schematic of the bridge. Green: collapsed parts, Blue: not installed at the time of the collapse. The diagonal truss member (#11) that was undergoing post-tension rod tensioning at the time of the collapse is highlighted in red.

Reports of cracking edit

The main span of the bridge was in place by around 11:30 am on March 10.[2] Inspections were performed, and the order was given to release the tension on the steel pretensioned (PT) tendons at the terminal ends of the span. Kevin Hanson, the supervisor of the de-stressing operation of the PT tendons, became aware that cracks formed on the north side of the bridge and was concerned. He sent a text message to his supervisor, Sam Nunez, stating that "it cracked like hell" and included photos of the location near where the detensioned tendons were located.[2] Pedro Cortes and other members of the construction contractor reviewed the cracking and took photos.[2] These cracks were located in the area where the bridge contacts its supporting pier, where the structural diaphragm deck was located. Other cracks were observed in the northernmost diagonal truss member.

Two days before the collapse, on March 13, the engineer of record (EOR) from FIGG became aware of the cracks and began calculating remedial action, including the addition of plastic shims under the diaphragm.[2] He then reported the cracking by voicemail to an FDOT employee. He thought this was not an immediate safety issue, merely something that would need to be repaired later.[30] The FDOT recipient was away for several days and did not hear this message until the day after the collapse.[31][32] FIGG's engineer of record then decided to re-tension the temporary PT rods in the northernmost tendon to their state on March 10. This plan was developed by FIGG over the 13th and 14th from the FIGG office in Tallahassee, and a meeting was scheduled for March 15 at 9:00 am in a trailer at the construction site.

Now in Miami, two FIGG engineers including the EOR arrived before the meeting to inspect the bridge span along with some of the managers of the consulting engineering firm and the main construction company. They used a lift to get a close view of the damage.[2]

At 9 a.m. on March 15, a university employee heard a loud "whip cracking" sound while under the bridge span, waiting for a red traffic light.[33] At the same time, the design-build team met for about two hours at the construction site to discuss the cracks discovered on March 10.[2] Representatives from both FIU and FDOT were present.[2] The FIGG lead engineer's conclusions were that the structural integrity of the bridge was not compromised and that there were no safety concerns raised by the presence of the crack.[34][2] FIGG also insisted that no crack repairs should be carried out until the stabilizing of the node and pylon diaphragm with post-tensioning was completed.[35]

An additional measure proposed by FIGG at the meeting to remediate the cracking was telling the contractor that it "must expedite the pouring of the intermediate pylon," a structure that was designed to mimic the tower of a cable-stay bridge.[2] This pylon was to be located on the north end of the main span adjacent to the area that failed and affixed to the same substructure that the failing main span diaphragm sat upon.

The FIGG engineers on site "did not know the reason for the cracks, but still expressed no safety concerns" at the meeting.[2]

FIGG did not know the reason for the cracks, but still expressed no safety concerns. However, FIGG in its presentation alluded to a lingering concern about the structural inadequacy of the 11/12 node until the intermediate pylon and back truss were completed. FIGG mentioned a "temporary mechanism to capture the nodal zone." FIGG opined that it may be "appropriate to transfer some of the load off 11/12 node." FIGG was to consider options to "capture some of the forces from the node." FIGG also stated that "prudent action is to share some of the load carried back to 9/10 and construct pylon diaphragm." FIGG further proposed to "restrain" the node. FIGG promised to deliver the temporary mechanism to capture the forces and node 11/12 by March 17, 2018 to MCM in two days, showing a sense of urgency.

FIGG rightly recognized the structural inadequacy of node 11/12, and presented remedial measures to "capture the loads," "restrain the node" and "share some of the loads" to the node 9/10. But at no time did FIGG recommend the shoring of the bridge at intermediate locations of the span to reduce loads in diagonal 11 and nodal zone 11/12 and closure of SW 8th Street until the proposed remedial actions were evaluated and implemented, thus exposing its own employees and employees of other entities to danger. That was an error on FIGG's part. The street closure was warranted due to the inadequacy of the node to support the loads during Stage 3, until all the remedial measures were designed, evaluated, peer reviewed and implemented or until the intermediate pylon was constructed. FIGG also very well knew that the truss was a non-redundant structure, and failure of diagonal 11 could result in the collapse of the bridge. FIGG knew that the Louis Berger Group, the independent consultant assigned to conduct the peer review of the bridge, did not perform independent design check of construction stage 3, i.e. the stage in which the truss collapsed.

As per the minutes of the meeting recorded by BPA/FIU, BPA asked if FIGG's analyses were peer reviewed, and stated that "the more eyes on this, the better." FIGG agreed. The analysis conducted by FIGG from March 12–14 was not, in fact, peer reviewed. FIGG presented the findings without the advantage of another set of eyes of an independent consultant. Please see, "Peer review" earlier in the report. FIGG knew that the engineer who performed the peer review did not check the bridge design during different stages of construction, in violation of the FDOT requirements. This made it all the more critical to conduct a peer review of FIGG’s latest analyses and recommendations. Even FIGG's recommendation of re-tensioning the PT bars of diagonal 11 was not peer reviewed. FIU, FDOT and MCM did not insist that all computations performed by FIGG, including FIGG's recommendation to re-tension the PT bars be peer reviewed. They deferred to FIGG's conclusions, and failed to apply their own judgement and judiciousness, even though FDOT, BPA and MCM have extensive experience in bridge and concrete construction.

June 2019 OSHA Investigation of March 15, 2018 Pedestrian Bridge Collapse at Florida International University, Miami, FL[2]

Immediately after the meeting between FIGG employees and FIU, FDOT, BPA (Bolton Perez and Associates, Inc., the construction engineering and inspection firm), and MCM (the main construction contractor); the pretensioning crew from Structural Technologies (US licensee of VSL tensioned-concrete technology) began to re-stress the two PT rods in diagonal truss member 11 to 280,000 pounds each. Due to the urgency and short notice demanded by the EOR, the post-tensioning inspection subcontractor, the Corradino Group, was unavailable to monitor this process. FIGG employees, including the EOR, had gone back to Tallahassee. VSL had just completed the procedure, and still had some of their equipment attached and a crane in the air, when the bridge collapsed.[1]

Collapse edit

At 1:47 p.m. on March 15, the north end of the installed bridge span had a blow-out as the northernmost tendon (11) sheared the remaining rebar in adjacent vertical truss member (12) at the cold joint (node) where truss members 11 and 12 join the deck.[2] The span sagged deeply as the diagonal fractured, folded, and immediately dropped the heavy full span onto the roadway below. A dashcam video shows that the blowout, collapse, and impact sequence took only a few video frames.[2][36]

United States Senator and FIU adjunct professor Marco Rubio tweeted that engineers were tightening loosened cables on March 15:[37] "Workers were adding more tension to the steel rod (tendon) inside a concrete diagonal strut at the north end".[31]

Aftermath edit

Six people were killed and ten were injured.[1][38] Five of the victims were killed immediately when the bridge fell; one died at the hospital. Navaro Brown, aged 37, who worked for VSL,[2] the company contracted to apply post-tensioning, died in the collapse. Two other employees of VSL were hospitalized. The other people killed were Alberto Arias, 53, Brandon Brownfield, 39, FIU student Alexa Duran, 18, Rolando Fraga, 60, and Oswaldo Gonzalez, 57.[39][40][41]

At the time of the collapse, the roadway was open, and multiple eastbound cars were stopped at a traffic light under the span.[42][43] Eight cars were crushed.[44][36] A driver who survived the collapse reported that small rocks fell onto her car just before the front of her car was crushed.[45][1] A worker saved himself when he heard cracking and locked his safety harness just before the collapse.[46]

Southwest 8th Street between Southwest 107th and 117th Avenues was closed until March 24 while the debris was cleared.[47]

Inquiry edit

 
Members of the NTSB's Go Team for the investigation boarding an FAA plane to travel to Miami.

On March 15, 2018, the NTSB launched a Go-team of 15 people to investigate the bridge collapse. The accident number assigned was HWY18MH009.[48] On March 16, 2018, the NTSB Investigators held their first press conference to discuss the inquiry into the bridge collapse. Noteworthy points from the meeting included a statement that the inquiry was in the very early stages, that cracks in the bridge superstructure did not necessarily make the bridge unsafe, that on-site investigations would take about a week, that preserving perishable evidence was crucial, and that bridge workers were applying a "post-tensioning force" on the bridge before the failure.[49] Also on March 16, 2018, the FDOT released a letter to the public with information about the bridge collapse:

According to standard procedures, FDOT issued a permit at the request of FIU's design build team to close SW 8th Street during the installation of the FIU pedestrian bridge on Saturday, March 10. While FDOT has issued, following a request from the FIU design build team, a blanket permit allowing for two-lane closures effective from January through April, at no time, from installation until the collapse of the bridge, did FDOT receive a request to close the entire road. The department was also not made aware by the FIU design build team of any scheduled "stress testing" of the bridge following installation and has no knowledge or confirmation from FIU's design build team of "stress testing" occurring since installation. Per standard safety procedure, FDOT would issue a permit for partial or full road closure if deemed necessary and requested by the FIU design build team or FIU contracted construction inspector for structural testing.

Additional, in the interest of full transparency, FDOT is today releasing the transcript of a voicemail left on a landline on Tuesday, March 13, by W. Denney Pate, FIGG's lead engineer responsible for the FIU pedestrian bridge project. The transcription is below ... :

"Hey Tom, this is Denney Pate with FIGG bridge engineers. Calling to, uh, share with you some information about the FIU pedestrian bridge and some cracking that's been observed on the north end of the span, the pylon end of that span we moved this weekend. Um, so, uh, we've taken a look at it and, uh, obviously some repairs or whatever will have to be done but from a safety perspective we don't see that there's any issue there so we're not concerned about it from that perspective although obviously the cracking is not good and something's going to have to be, ya know, done to repair that. At any rate, I wanted to chat with you about that because I suspect at some point that's gonna get to your desk. So, uh, at any rate, call me back when you can. Thank you. Bye."

This voicemail was left on a landline and not heard by an FDOT employee until Friday, March 16 as the employee was out of the office on assignment.

On Wednesday, March 14, Alfredo Reyna, the Assistant LAP Coordinator and an FDOT consultant, received a phone call from Rafeal Urdaneta, a Bolton Perez & Associates employee, notifying him of a midday meeting scheduled for Thursday, March 15 with W. Denney Pate and other members of the FIU design build team that are responsible for the project. FDOT is routinely included in meetings during LAP project construction. Reyna attended the meeting which occurred shortly before the bridge failure and collapse and was not notified of any life-safety issues, need for additional road closures or requests for any other assistance from FDOT.

The responsibility to identify and address life-safety issues and properly communicate them is the sole responsibility of the FIU design build team. At no point during any of the communications above did FIGG or any member of the FIU design build team ever communicate a life-safety issue. Again, FIGG and the FIU design build team never alerted FDOT of any life-safety issue regarding the FIU pedestrian bridge prior to collapse. (bold in original)

The failure and collapse of the pedestrian bridge at FIU is the subject of an active and ongoing investigation led by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) as well as local and state law enforcement investigations. As FDOT assists in these investigations, we will continue our internal review and release all pertinent information as quickly as possible while ensuring its accuracy.[50][51]

On March 21, 2018, the NTSB sent out a press release detailing the items from the collapse that required further examination at the Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center, in McLean, Virginia. They also confirmed workers were adjusting rod tension when the collapse occurred.[52]

On May 23, 2018, the NTSB released a preliminary report titled "Highway: Collapse of Pedestrian Bridge Under Construction Miami, Florida (HWY18MH009)" which summarized the accident. They said they are evaluating the emergence of cracks in the region of diagonal members 2 (south end of the bridge) and 11 (north end of bridge), and the propagation of cracks in the region of diagonal member 11. Pictures of the cracks from February 24 (before the walkway had been moved into place) were also given.[15] Consulting engineers Bolton-Perez and Associates, had taken several pictures of severe cracks in diagonal member 11 and adjacent to vertical member 12 which had appeared when the bridge was moved into place on March 10.[44][53]

The Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, at the request of the NTSB, tested samples of steel and concrete from the collapsed bridge, and found that the materials met the project requirements. The NTSB similarly asked the FHWA to examine the design of the bridge. The FHWA examination discovered that the bridge designers had overestimated the strength of one section of the bridge – at the point where the diagonal member 11 and vertical member 12 met the bridge deck – and underestimated the load that that same section would carry.[54]

In June 2019, OSHA released its final report on the FIU bridge collapse[2] and concluded FIGG Bridge Engineers failed to recognize collapse was imminent when they inspected the bridge hours earlier. They also concluded the bridge had structural design deficiencies, severe cracks were wrongly ignored by the Engineer of Record and warranted street closure, and contract bridge design experts violated basic FDOT construction requirements. The NTSB quickly disapproved of this release by OSHA, citing "a breach of party participation rules" and "contrary to party agreement obligations, OSHA released a report to the public that contained large portions of nonpublic draft NTSB material and failed to provide investigative photographs to the NTSB as required by its status as a party to the investigation."[1]

On October 8, 2019, the NTSB released over 6,000 pages relating to its investigation of the collapse, including letters submitted to the NTSB by the various companies associated with the bridge construction.[55] A final NTSB public hearing on the bridge accident was held October 22, 2019, in Washington, D.C., and concluded "that load and capacity calculation errors made by FIGG Bridge Engineers, Inc., are the probable cause of the fatal, March 15, 2018, Florida International University pedestrian bridge collapse in Miami."[56] The final Highway Accident Report by the NTSB was finalized the same day and released as NTSB/HAR-19/02.[1]

Legal action edit

On March 19, 2018, the first civil lawsuit was filed against FIGG Bridge Engineers, MCM, Bolton Perez & Associates, the project's consulting engineer, Louis Berger, and Network Engineering Services for reckless negligence.[57]

On March 21, 2018, U.S. Transportation Secretary Elaine Chao asked the department's inspector general to probe whether the federally funded pedestrian bridge complied with all rules.[58] A subsequent internal memorandum from the Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Transportation, dated March 22, 2018, expressed concerns the project complied with Federal specifications, and that the objective of an audit would be to assess whether the Florida International University pedestrian bridge met Federal and DOT requirements for the TIGER application, approval, and grant agreement processes.[59]

On March 28, 2018, the Miami Herald reported they were denied access to FIU documents related to the bridge construction, citing federal regulations that prevent release of non-public information related to the bridge construction and design project when an NTSB investigation is in progress. A lawyer for Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press indicated more information should be released under the Florida Sunshine Law, citing intense public interest in the collapse.[60] On May 2, 2018, the Miami Herald filed a lawsuit against FDOT in Florida's Leon County Circuit Court to compel the FDOT to release emails, meeting minutes and other records relating to the bridge's design and construction.[61] On May 3, 2018, a lawyer for the NTSB wrote a letter to Judge Cooper of the 2nd Judicial Circuit of Florida in Tallahassee urging the court to deny a ruling that would favor the Miami Herald plaintiff, for the release of any bridge information generated after a February 19, 2018, cutoff date.[62][63][64][65][66]

On May 7, 2018, the Miami Herald reported they had received a copy of a memo with photographs from FIU dated February 28, 2018, that had been sent to the Munilla Construction Management company, the bridge project's builder. The memo, which has since been withdrawn from public view, purportedly urged the bridge engineer to respond to their concerns about significant cracks in the concrete joint at connection between the No. 11 truss and the bridge deck.[67]

On August 21, 2018, Leon County Circuit Judge Kevin Carroll ruled the FDOT "shall produce to The Herald the requested records, but that production shall be limited to records from February 20th to March 15th (prior to the collapse)."[68] However, two days later and just as the FDOT was about to release documents, the Florida State ruling was temporarily blocked by U.S. District Court Judge William Stafford on a request from the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Northern District of Florida (on behalf of the NTSB, who is seeking to move the case to a Federal Court).[69] On October 5, Federal Judge Stafford made a final ruling to block the requested documents.[70]

On June 27, 2018, the Travelers Indemnity Company and The Phoenix Insurance Company submitted an 18-page complaint for declaratory relief in U.S. District Court for Florida Southern District, Miami Division. The lawsuit filing seeks to avoid financial liability to the claimants and included the following statement: "There is no coverage under Travelers' and Phoenix's policies issued to Figg for any damages caused by the joint venture and/or partnership between Figg and MCM, as such joint venture and/or partnership was never disclosed to Travelers and Phoenix and does not qualify as an insured under either of the Policies issued to Figg."[71]

The following is from a September 18, 2018 OSHA News Release – Region 4: The U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) on Friday, September 14, cited multiple contractors for safety violations after one employee suffered fatal injuries and five other employees sustained serious injuries when a pedestrian bridge at the Florida International University campus in Miami collapsed. The five companies collectively received seven violations, totaling $86,658 in proposed penalties. OSHA cited Figg Bridge Engineers Inc., a civil and structural engineering company; Network Engineering Services Inc. (doing business as Bolton Perez & Assoc.), a construction engineering and inspection firm; Structural Technologies LLC (doing business as Structural Technologies/VSL), specializing in post-tensioning in bridges and buildings; Munilla Construction Management LLC, a bridge and building construction company; and The Structural Group of South Florida Inc., a contractor specializing in concrete formwork.[72]

A total of 18 civil lawsuits were filed against 25 businesses connected to the failed FIU bridge project. Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Jennifer Bailey is overseeing the on-going case.[73]

On March 1, 2019, Munilla Construction Management, the main Miami-based contractor behind the pedestrian bridge construction, announced a restructuring and recapitalization of the company through a Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition plan of reorganization.[74] The company reached a settlement deal with the victims and their families on May 2, 2019, that would pay up to $42 million.[75]

Replacement bridge edit

On May 6, 2020, FDOT announced plans to design and rebuild the bridge, with guidance from the NTSB. The design stage is scheduled to begin in 2021 and last for two years, with a further two years estimated to construct the bridge.[76] Demolition of the remnants of the old bridge began in September 2021, after which the land will be surveyed in preparation for the new bridge.[77]

FDOT announced on May 5, 2022, the new design, a cable-stayed steel box girder bridge built using a conventional six-step construction process with full closure and detour of the roadway beneath.[78] The design of the 280-foot bridge, contracted to Miami-based BCC Engineering, is more than halfway finished as of the announcement, with construction of the bridge itself scheduled to begin sometime in 2024.[79] FDOT now directly manages the project with a budget of $14.6 million, and has relegated Sweetwater and FIU as local partners.[80]

See also edit

Notes edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k NTSB Highway Accident Report February 1, 2021, at the Wayback Machine NTSB/HAR-19/02, October 22, 2019, Pedestrian Bridge Collapse Over SW 8th Street, Miami, Florida, March 15, 2018
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Investigation of March 15, 2018 Pedestrian Bridge Collapse at Florida International University, Miami, FL" (PDF). Occupational Safety and Health Administration. July 2019. (PDF) from the original on June 25, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  3. ^ a b Pedestrian Bridge Collapse Over SW 8th Street HWY18MH009 December 27, 2020, at the Wayback Machine October 22, 2019, NTSB
  4. ^ a b c Viglucci, Andres; Madan, Monique O.; Hanks, Douglas; Chang, Daniel (March 15, 2018). "At least 4 dead in catastrophic FIU pedestrian bridge collapse; 9 rescued from rubble". Miami Herald. from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  5. ^ "FIU Bridge Collapse: Four Dead, 8 Cars Trapped Underneath". CBS Miami. March 15, 2018. from the original on March 17, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  6. ^ Ashaboglu, Selin (March 15, 2018). . ARCHITECT. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  7. ^ Rodriguez, Marybel (August 22, 2017). . CBS 4 Miami. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  8. ^ "FIU Pedestrian Bridge Construction Using Innovative Approach By Swinging Into Place". CBSLocal. WFOR-TV. March 10, 2018. from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  9. ^ a b Harris, Alex (August 24, 2017). "A walking bridge for FIU students is coming soon. But it's too late for one student". Miami Herald. from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  10. ^ Gomez Licon, Adriana; Replogle, Josh (March 16, 2018). . Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 17, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  11. ^ Mazzei, Patricia; Saul, Stephanie (March 17, 2018). "Bridge Collapse Saps Spirits and Research Efforts at Florida International University". The New York Times. from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
  12. ^ "Home - Accelerated Bridge Construction". Accelerated Bridge Construction. from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  13. ^ "Flawed Design, Lax Oversight Led to 'Astounding' Miami Bridge Collapse". The New York Times. October 22, 2019. from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  14. ^ "General Plan and Elevation" (PDF). Florida International University. (PDF) from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  15. ^ a b "Preliminary Report- Highway: Collapse of Pedestrian Bridge Under Construction Miami, Florida (HWY18MH009)". NTSB. from the original on May 24, 2018. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  16. ^ a b c d e f MCM. "MCM design-build proposal" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
  17. ^ Tylin International (May 6, 2015). "Design Criteria, FIU-UniversityCity Prosperity Project - Pedestrian Bridge" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on March 18, 2018.
  18. ^ "Collapsed bridge meant to last 100 years". March 16, 2018. from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  19. ^ Jansen, Bart (March 16, 2018). "Miami bridge that collapsed was a truss design, despite the cosmetic tower, support cables". USA Today. from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
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External links edit

  • TSB Chairman Robert Sumwalt briefs media on the Miami, FL bridge collapse investigation on YouTube, NTSB, OMarch 16, 2018
  • Computer animation showing the assembly of the FIU pedestrian bridge, MCM – Munilla Construction Management
  • FIU Pedestrian Bridge on YouTube, Munilla Construction Management, November 18, 2015
  • timelapse bridge square on YouTube, Florida International University, March 14, 2018
  • An initial rendering of the bridge. Actual location is an opposite side of Southwest 109th Avenue, Florida International University
  • Accelerated Bridge Construction, University Transportation Center, Florida International University
  • Pedestrian Bridge Collapse Over SW 8th Street HWY18MH009 on YouTube, NTSB, October 22, 2019
  • NTSB Board Meeting: Pedestrian Bridge Collapse Over SW 8th Street, Miami, Florida on YouTube, NTSB, October 23, 2019

April 09, 2024
florida, international, university, pedestrian, bridge, collapse, occurred, march, 2018, when, foot, long, section, sweetwater, universitycity, pedestrian, bridge, collapsed, while, under, construction, collapse, resulted, deaths, worker, five, motorists, inju. The Florida International University pedestrian bridge collapse occurred on March 15 2018 when a 175 foot long 53 m section of the FIU Sweetwater UniversityCity Pedestrian Bridge collapsed while under construction The collapse resulted in six deaths one worker and five motorists ten injuries six serious and four minor and eight vehicles being crushed underneath 1 Of the serious injuries one employee was permanently disabled 2 At the time of the collapse six lanes of road beneath the bridge were open to traffic 1 3 The FIU Pedestrian Bridge CollapseNational Transportation Safety Board members inspecting the collapsed pedestrian bridge on March 16DateMarch 15 2018 2018 03 15 Time1 47 p m EDTLocationUniversity Park and Sweetwater Florida U S Coordinates25 45 40 N 80 22 22 W 25 7612 N 80 3728 W 25 7612 80 3728TypeBridge collapseDeaths6Non fatal injuries10750m780yds Collapse site The pedestrian bridge was designed to connect the town of Sweetwater to the campus of Florida International University FIU in University Park a suburb west of Miami Florida United States The two were separated by a busy eight lane highway which the bridge was designed to span 4 The engineering design error that directly led to the collapse was identified by the National Transportation Safety Board NTSB as a miscalculation of resistance to sliding of the connection between the walkway surface and the truss that held it up The walkway surface was poured concrete which was allowed to harden before the truss braces were poured above it These truss members were connected to the deck by steel reinforcing rods embedded in the deck and in the concrete of the truss In order to hold up the bridge these connections had to prevent the truss from sliding along the walkway surface The resistance to sliding was miscalculated and thus was not enough to prevent the connection from sliding causing cracks in the truss concrete As the cracking enlarged it ultimately caused the complete disconnection of one of the truss to walkway connections leading to the collapse 1 2 Contents 1 Background 2 Bridge layout 3 Bridge design and construction 4 Collapse 4 1 Reports of cracking 4 2 Collapse 4 3 Aftermath 5 Inquiry 6 Legal action 7 Replacement bridge 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External linksBackground editFIU Sweetwater UniversityCity Bridge nbsp Prior to collapse March 15 2018Coordinates25 45 40 N 80 22 22 W 25 7612 N 80 3728 W 25 7612 80 3728CarriedPedestrian trafficCrossedTamiami Trail Tamiami CanalLocaleUniversity Park and Sweetwater Florida U S OwnerFlorida International UniversityCharacteristicsMaterialSelf cleaning concreteTotal length320 feet 98 m Longest span175 feet 53 m No of spans2HistoryDesignerFIGG Bridge EngineersEngineering design byFIGG Bridge EngineersConstructed byMunilla Construction ManagementConstruction startMarch 2016Construction cost 14 2 millionCollapsedMarch 15 2018Location nbsp nbsp Elevation Engineering Drawing of Proposed FIU Sweetwater Pedestrian BridgeThe FIU Sweetwater UniversityCity pedestrian bridge located just west of the intersection of Tamiami Trail Southwest 8th Street and Southwest 109th Avenue 5 was planned to connect the FIU campus to student housing neighborhoods in Sweetwater 6 It was intended to improve pedestrian safety as the crosswalks at this wide busy intersection had been identified as a safety hazard and one student had already been struck and killed by a vehicle 7 The 14 2 million project was funded with a 19 4 million Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery TIGER grant from the United States Department of Transportation in 2013 along with state agencies 8 The bridge cost 9 million to construct exclusive of the installation cost 9 The main companies behind the construction project were Munilla Construction Management MCM a Miami based construction management firm and FIGG Bridge Engineers a Tallahassee based firm 10 Unlike most bridges in Florida the design for this project was overseen by the university not the Florida Department of Transportation FDOT in a program known as the Local Agency Program LAP 2 1 Florida International University is known for its expertise in accelerated bridge construction ABC and has attracted international scholars as PhD students It is home to the federally funded Accelerated Bridge Construction University Transportation Center which sponsors industry conferences and seminars 11 12 The National Transportation Safety Board however found that with respect to the bridge F I U had no professional engineers on its staff and relied solely on the expertise of its hired contractors 13 Bridge layout editThe full 320 foot long 98 m pedestrian bridge was to cross both a major roadway and a parallel water canal with two separate spans connected at a faux cable stayed tower The main roadway crossing span was 175 ft long and the shorter canal span was to be 99 ft long An elevator and stairs at the south end added 31 ft and at the north end 15 feet for a total bridge length of 320 feet 14 At the bridge site the Tamiami Trail roadway has seven lanes of traffic plus one turn lane 15 The school was on spring break at the time of collapse 4 The canal span access ramps and faux cable stayed tower had not yet been built Pedestrian use was to begin when the entire project was complete The section of the bridge that collapsed weighed 950 short tons 860 metric tons and fell onto several vehicles on the roadway below Bridge design and construction editThe new pedestrian bridge was designed to connect the campus to student housing in a dramatic sculptural way and also to showcase the school s leadership in the ABC method of rapid bridge construction 16 17 The bridge was meant to last more than 100 years and to withstand a Category 5 hurricane according to a statement by the university 18 The full bridge project was styled to look like a cable stayed bridge with a pylon tower and high cables for dramatic effect but functionally and structurally it was actually a mono truss bridge with the spans being fully self supporting 16 19 20 The bridge spans used a novel concrete truss design invented for this project a re invented I beam concept Concrete truss bridges are exceedingly rare and no other designs similar to the FIU bridge have been discovered 1 21 The vertical web of the beam was a series of triangulated concrete diagonal struts along the centerline and the diagonal angles of the struts varied across the bridge so they would align with pipes from the center pylon in the eventual faux cable stayed appearance 22 The concrete walkway deck was to act as the horizontal bottom flange of a wide I beam and the concrete roof canopy was to function as the horizontal top flange of the I beam 16 The walkway was thus nearer to ground level than in a standard design where the walkway is placed on top of the structural support system 16 This reduced the number of steps to climb The bridge was a post tensioned concrete structure 16 Concrete structures are generally ten times heavier than equivalent steel designs 23 The bridge was made using a new formulation for concrete intended to stay cleaner than standard concrete formulations 24 In the main bridge span the concrete floor deck roof and most diagonal struts contained post tensioning PT members whose compressive effect on the concrete was adjusted after the concrete was cured but prior to loading 16 The deck and the canopy had PT cables that were permanently tensioned after the concrete was cured and while the main span was still located in the staging yard Most of the diagonal truss members also known as tendons had two to four PT rods that could be tightened or loosened depending on the engineer s design plan The high strength steel rods are sleeved to allow free movement with only their ends in contact with the concrete to provide a clamping force This applied tension is necessary to keep concrete members in compression All of the adjustable tendon rods were oriented with the nut end on top of the canopy hidden with a blister of extra concrete 2 1 Adjusting the rods generally required a crane and the specialized crew of a subcontractor 2 Two tendons of the main span particularly the ones nearest the support ends had PT rods designed for temporarily prestressing the concrete tendons during the movement of the 950 ton span These four PT rods were tightened explicitly for the day it took to transport the main span over 8th Street and de stressed loosened immediately thereafter The purpose of the temporary prestressing of the two end tendons was due to the different loads during movement The transporter s four point support of the massive span essentially forces the two terminal ends of the bridge span to be cantilevered past the supports unlike its final placement 3 To keep the bridge stable during transport the four PT rods were torqued to each apply a load of 280 000 lbf 1 200 000 N The other PT rods inside the other tendons were tightened just once and considered permanent 2 The transport of the prefabricated 950 ton span see below to its location over 8th Street was performed five days before the subsequent collapse A specification change from the FDOT late in the planning phase required relocating central pier 11 feet 3 4 meters north to allow for future widening of the highway causing some changes in construction 25 Construction of the bridge began in March 2016 and was scheduled to be completed in December 2018 9 26 The bridge s main span was assembled adjacent to the highway using accelerated bridge construction 4 It was lifted into place on the morning of March 10 27 five days before the collapse during a weekend closure of the roadway 28 29 Collapse edit nbsp Schematic of the bridge Green collapsed parts Blue not installed at the time of the collapse The diagonal truss member 11 that was undergoing post tension rod tensioning at the time of the collapse is highlighted in red Reports of cracking edit The main span of the bridge was in place by around 11 30 am on March 10 2 Inspections were performed and the order was given to release the tension on the steel pretensioned PT tendons at the terminal ends of the span Kevin Hanson the supervisor of the de stressing operation of the PT tendons became aware that cracks formed on the north side of the bridge and was concerned He sent a text message to his supervisor Sam Nunez stating that it cracked like hell and included photos of the location near where the detensioned tendons were located 2 Pedro Cortes and other members of the construction contractor reviewed the cracking and took photos 2 These cracks were located in the area where the bridge contacts its supporting pier where the structural diaphragm deck was located Other cracks were observed in the northernmost diagonal truss member Two days before the collapse on March 13 the engineer of record EOR from FIGG became aware of the cracks and began calculating remedial action including the addition of plastic shims under the diaphragm 2 He then reported the cracking by voicemail to an FDOT employee He thought this was not an immediate safety issue merely something that would need to be repaired later 30 The FDOT recipient was away for several days and did not hear this message until the day after the collapse 31 32 FIGG s engineer of record then decided to re tension the temporary PT rods in the northernmost tendon to their state on March 10 This plan was developed by FIGG over the 13th and 14th from the FIGG office in Tallahassee and a meeting was scheduled for March 15 at 9 00 am in a trailer at the construction site Now in Miami two FIGG engineers including the EOR arrived before the meeting to inspect the bridge span along with some of the managers of the consulting engineering firm and the main construction company They used a lift to get a close view of the damage 2 At 9 a m on March 15 a university employee heard a loud whip cracking sound while under the bridge span waiting for a red traffic light 33 At the same time the design build team met for about two hours at the construction site to discuss the cracks discovered on March 10 2 Representatives from both FIU and FDOT were present 2 The FIGG lead engineer s conclusions were that the structural integrity of the bridge was not compromised and that there were no safety concerns raised by the presence of the crack 34 2 FIGG also insisted that no crack repairs should be carried out until the stabilizing of the node and pylon diaphragm with post tensioning was completed 35 An additional measure proposed by FIGG at the meeting to remediate the cracking was telling the contractor that it must expedite the pouring of the intermediate pylon a structure that was designed to mimic the tower of a cable stay bridge 2 This pylon was to be located on the north end of the main span adjacent to the area that failed and affixed to the same substructure that the failing main span diaphragm sat upon The FIGG engineers on site did not know the reason for the cracks but still expressed no safety concerns at the meeting 2 FIGG did not know the reason for the cracks but still expressed no safety concerns However FIGG in its presentation alluded to a lingering concern about the structural inadequacy of the 11 12 node until the intermediate pylon and back truss were completed FIGG mentioned a temporary mechanism to capture the nodal zone FIGG opined that it may be appropriate to transfer some of the load off 11 12 node FIGG was to consider options to capture some of the forces from the node FIGG also stated that prudent action is to share some of the load carried back to 9 10 and construct pylon diaphragm FIGG further proposed to restrain the node FIGG promised to deliver the temporary mechanism to capture the forces and node 11 12 by March 17 2018 to MCM in two days showing a sense of urgency FIGG rightly recognized the structural inadequacy of node 11 12 and presented remedial measures to capture the loads restrain the node and share some of the loads to the node 9 10 But at no time did FIGG recommend the shoring of the bridge at intermediate locations of the span to reduce loads in diagonal 11 and nodal zone 11 12 and closure of SW 8th Street until the proposed remedial actions were evaluated and implemented thus exposing its own employees and employees of other entities to danger That was an error on FIGG s part The street closure was warranted due to the inadequacy of the node to support the loads during Stage 3 until all the remedial measures were designed evaluated peer reviewed and implemented or until the intermediate pylon was constructed FIGG also very well knew that the truss was a non redundant structure and failure of diagonal 11 could result in the collapse of the bridge FIGG knew that the Louis Berger Group the independent consultant assigned to conduct the peer review of the bridge did not perform independent design check of construction stage 3 i e the stage in which the truss collapsed As per the minutes of the meeting recorded by BPA FIU BPA asked if FIGG s analyses were peer reviewed and stated that the more eyes on this the better FIGG agreed The analysis conducted by FIGG from March 12 14 was not in fact peer reviewed FIGG presented the findings without the advantage of another set of eyes of an independent consultant Please see Peer review earlier in the report FIGG knew that the engineer who performed the peer review did not check the bridge design during different stages of construction in violation of the FDOT requirements This made it all the more critical to conduct a peer review of FIGG s latest analyses and recommendations Even FIGG s recommendation of re tensioning the PT bars of diagonal 11 was not peer reviewed FIU FDOT and MCM did not insist that all computations performed by FIGG including FIGG s recommendation to re tension the PT bars be peer reviewed They deferred to FIGG s conclusions and failed to apply their own judgement and judiciousness even though FDOT BPA and MCM have extensive experience in bridge and concrete construction June 2019 OSHA Investigation of March 15 2018 Pedestrian Bridge Collapse at Florida International University Miami FL 2 Immediately after the meeting between FIGG employees and FIU FDOT BPA Bolton Perez and Associates Inc the construction engineering and inspection firm and MCM the main construction contractor the pretensioning crew from Structural Technologies US licensee of VSL tensioned concrete technology began to re stress the two PT rods in diagonal truss member 11 to 280 000 pounds each Due to the urgency and short notice demanded by the EOR the post tensioning inspection subcontractor the Corradino Group was unavailable to monitor this process FIGG employees including the EOR had gone back to Tallahassee VSL had just completed the procedure and still had some of their equipment attached and a crane in the air when the bridge collapsed 1 Collapse edit At 1 47 p m on March 15 the north end of the installed bridge span had a blow out as the northernmost tendon 11 sheared the remaining rebar in adjacent vertical truss member 12 at the cold joint node where truss members 11 and 12 join the deck 2 The span sagged deeply as the diagonal fractured folded and immediately dropped the heavy full span onto the roadway below A dashcam video shows that the blowout collapse and impact sequence took only a few video frames 2 36 United States Senator and FIU adjunct professor Marco Rubio tweeted that engineers were tightening loosened cables on March 15 37 Workers were adding more tension to the steel rod tendon inside a concrete diagonal strut at the north end 31 Aftermath edit Six people were killed and ten were injured 1 38 Five of the victims were killed immediately when the bridge fell one died at the hospital Navaro Brown aged 37 who worked for VSL 2 the company contracted to apply post tensioning died in the collapse Two other employees of VSL were hospitalized The other people killed were Alberto Arias 53 Brandon Brownfield 39 FIU student Alexa Duran 18 Rolando Fraga 60 and Oswaldo Gonzalez 57 39 40 41 At the time of the collapse the roadway was open and multiple eastbound cars were stopped at a traffic light under the span 42 43 Eight cars were crushed 44 36 A driver who survived the collapse reported that small rocks fell onto her car just before the front of her car was crushed 45 1 A worker saved himself when he heard cracking and locked his safety harness just before the collapse 46 Southwest 8th Street between Southwest 107th and 117th Avenues was closed until March 24 while the debris was cleared 47 Inquiry edit nbsp Members of the NTSB s Go Team for the investigation boarding an FAA plane to travel to Miami On March 15 2018 the NTSB launched a Go team of 15 people to investigate the bridge collapse The accident number assigned was HWY18MH009 48 On March 16 2018 the NTSB Investigators held their first press conference to discuss the inquiry into the bridge collapse Noteworthy points from the meeting included a statement that the inquiry was in the very early stages that cracks in the bridge superstructure did not necessarily make the bridge unsafe that on site investigations would take about a week that preserving perishable evidence was crucial and that bridge workers were applying a post tensioning force on the bridge before the failure 49 Also on March 16 2018 the FDOT released a letter to the public with information about the bridge collapse According to standard procedures FDOT issued a permit at the request of FIU s design build team to close SW 8th Street during the installation of the FIU pedestrian bridge on Saturday March 10 While FDOT has issued following a request from the FIU design build team a blanket permit allowing for two lane closures effective from January through April at no time from installation until the collapse of the bridge did FDOT receive a request to close the entire road The department was also not made aware by the FIU design build team of any scheduled stress testing of the bridge following installation and has no knowledge or confirmation from FIU s design build team of stress testing occurring since installation Per standard safety procedure FDOT would issue a permit for partial or full road closure if deemed necessary and requested by the FIU design build team or FIU contracted construction inspector for structural testing Additional in the interest of full transparency FDOT is today releasing the transcript of a voicemail left on a landline on Tuesday March 13 by W Denney Pate FIGG s lead engineer responsible for the FIU pedestrian bridge project The transcription is below Hey Tom this is Denney Pate with FIGG bridge engineers Calling to uh share with you some information about the FIU pedestrian bridge and some cracking that s been observed on the north end of the span the pylon end of that span we moved this weekend Um so uh we ve taken a look at it and uh obviously some repairs or whatever will have to be done but from a safety perspective we don t see that there s any issue there so we re not concerned about it from that perspective although obviously the cracking is not good and something s going to have to be ya know done to repair that At any rate I wanted to chat with you about that because I suspect at some point that s gonna get to your desk So uh at any rate call me back when you can Thank you Bye This voicemail was left on a landline and not heard by an FDOT employee until Friday March 16 as the employee was out of the office on assignment On Wednesday March 14 Alfredo Reyna the Assistant LAP Coordinator and an FDOT consultant received a phone call from Rafeal Urdaneta a Bolton Perez amp Associates employee notifying him of a midday meeting scheduled for Thursday March 15 with W Denney Pate and other members of the FIU design build team that are responsible for the project FDOT is routinely included in meetings during LAP project construction Reyna attended the meeting which occurred shortly before the bridge failure and collapse and was not notified of any life safety issues need for additional road closures or requests for any other assistance from FDOT The responsibility to identify and address life safety issues and properly communicate them is the sole responsibility of the FIU design build team At no point during any of the communications above did FIGG or any member of the FIU design build team ever communicate a life safety issue Again FIGG and the FIU design build team never alerted FDOT of any life safety issue regarding the FIU pedestrian bridge prior to collapse bold in original The failure and collapse of the pedestrian bridge at FIU is the subject of an active and ongoing investigation led by the National Transportation Safety Board NTSB as well as local and state law enforcement investigations As FDOT assists in these investigations we will continue our internal review and release all pertinent information as quickly as possible while ensuring its accuracy 50 51 On March 21 2018 the NTSB sent out a press release detailing the items from the collapse that required further examination at the Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center in McLean Virginia They also confirmed workers were adjusting rod tension when the collapse occurred 52 On May 23 2018 the NTSB released a preliminary report titled Highway Collapse of Pedestrian Bridge Under Construction Miami Florida HWY18MH009 which summarized the accident They said they are evaluating the emergence of cracks in the region of diagonal members 2 south end of the bridge and 11 north end of bridge and the propagation of cracks in the region of diagonal member 11 Pictures of the cracks from February 24 before the walkway had been moved into place were also given 15 Consulting engineers Bolton Perez and Associates had taken several pictures of severe cracks in diagonal member 11 and adjacent to vertical member 12 which had appeared when the bridge was moved into place on March 10 44 53 The Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center at the request of the NTSB tested samples of steel and concrete from the collapsed bridge and found that the materials met the project requirements The NTSB similarly asked the FHWA to examine the design of the bridge The FHWA examination discovered that the bridge designers had overestimated the strength of one section of the bridge at the point where the diagonal member 11 and vertical member 12 met the bridge deck and underestimated the load that that same section would carry 54 In June 2019 OSHA released its final report on the FIU bridge collapse 2 and concluded FIGG Bridge Engineers failed to recognize collapse was imminent when they inspected the bridge hours earlier They also concluded the bridge had structural design deficiencies severe cracks were wrongly ignored by the Engineer of Record and warranted street closure and contract bridge design experts violated basic FDOT construction requirements The NTSB quickly disapproved of this release by OSHA citing a breach of party participation rules and contrary to party agreement obligations OSHA released a report to the public that contained large portions of nonpublic draft NTSB material and failed to provide investigative photographs to the NTSB as required by its status as a party to the investigation 1 On October 8 2019 the NTSB released over 6 000 pages relating to its investigation of the collapse including letters submitted to the NTSB by the various companies associated with the bridge construction 55 A final NTSB public hearing on the bridge accident was held October 22 2019 in Washington D C and concluded that load and capacity calculation errors made by FIGG Bridge Engineers Inc are the probable cause of the fatal March 15 2018 Florida International University pedestrian bridge collapse in Miami 56 The final Highway Accident Report by the NTSB was finalized the same day and released as NTSB HAR 19 02 1 Legal action editOn March 19 2018 the first civil lawsuit was filed against FIGG Bridge Engineers MCM Bolton Perez amp Associates the project s consulting engineer Louis Berger and Network Engineering Services for reckless negligence 57 On March 21 2018 U S Transportation Secretary Elaine Chao asked the department s inspector general to probe whether the federally funded pedestrian bridge complied with all rules 58 A subsequent internal memorandum from the Inspector General of the U S Department of Transportation dated March 22 2018 expressed concerns the project complied with Federal specifications and that the objective of an audit would be to assess whether the Florida International University pedestrian bridge met Federal and DOT requirements for the TIGER application approval and grant agreement processes 59 On March 28 2018 the Miami Herald reported they were denied access to FIU documents related to the bridge construction citing federal regulations that prevent release of non public information related to the bridge construction and design project when an NTSB investigation is in progress A lawyer for Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press indicated more information should be released under the Florida Sunshine Law citing intense public interest in the collapse 60 On May 2 2018 the Miami Herald filed a lawsuit against FDOT in Florida s Leon County Circuit Court to compel the FDOT to release emails meeting minutes and other records relating to the bridge s design and construction 61 On May 3 2018 a lawyer for the NTSB wrote a letter to Judge Cooper of the 2nd Judicial Circuit of Florida in Tallahassee urging the court to deny a ruling that would favor the Miami Herald plaintiff for the release of any bridge information generated after a February 19 2018 cutoff date 62 63 64 65 66 On May 7 2018 the Miami Herald reported they had received a copy of a memo with photographs from FIU dated February 28 2018 that had been sent to the Munilla Construction Management company the bridge project s builder The memo which has since been withdrawn from public view purportedly urged the bridge engineer to respond to their concerns about significant cracks in the concrete joint at connection between the No 11 truss and the bridge deck 67 On August 21 2018 Leon County Circuit Judge Kevin Carroll ruled the FDOT shall produce to The Herald the requested records but that production shall be limited to records from February 20th to March 15th prior to the collapse 68 However two days later and just as the FDOT was about to release documents the Florida State ruling was temporarily blocked by U S District Court Judge William Stafford on a request from the U S Attorney s Office for the Northern District of Florida on behalf of the NTSB who is seeking to move the case to a Federal Court 69 On October 5 Federal Judge Stafford made a final ruling to block the requested documents 70 On June 27 2018 the Travelers Indemnity Company and The Phoenix Insurance Company submitted an 18 page complaint for declaratory relief in U S District Court for Florida Southern District Miami Division The lawsuit filing seeks to avoid financial liability to the claimants and included the following statement There is no coverage under Travelers and Phoenix s policies issued to Figg for any damages caused by the joint venture and or partnership between Figg and MCM as such joint venture and or partnership was never disclosed to Travelers and Phoenix and does not qualify as an insured under either of the Policies issued to Figg 71 The following is from a September 18 2018 OSHA News Release Region 4 The U S Department of Labor s Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA on Friday September 14 cited multiple contractors for safety violations after one employee suffered fatal injuries and five other employees sustained serious injuries when a pedestrian bridge at the Florida International University campus in Miami collapsed The five companies collectively received seven violations totaling 86 658 in proposed penalties OSHA cited Figg Bridge Engineers Inc a civil and structural engineering company Network Engineering Services Inc doing business as Bolton Perez amp Assoc a construction engineering and inspection firm Structural Technologies LLC doing business as Structural Technologies VSL specializing in post tensioning in bridges and buildings Munilla Construction Management LLC a bridge and building construction company and The Structural Group of South Florida Inc a contractor specializing in concrete formwork 72 A total of 18 civil lawsuits were filed against 25 businesses connected to the failed FIU bridge project Miami Dade Circuit Judge Jennifer Bailey is overseeing the on going case 73 On March 1 2019 Munilla Construction Management the main Miami based contractor behind the pedestrian bridge construction announced a restructuring and recapitalization of the company through a Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition plan of reorganization 74 The company reached a settlement deal with the victims and their families on May 2 2019 that would pay up to 42 million 75 Replacement bridge editOn May 6 2020 FDOT announced plans to design and rebuild the bridge with guidance from the NTSB The design stage is scheduled to begin in 2021 and last for two years with a further two years estimated to construct the bridge 76 Demolition of the remnants of the old bridge began in September 2021 after which the land will be surveyed in preparation for the new bridge 77 FDOT announced on May 5 2022 the new design a cable stayed steel box girder bridge built using a conventional six step construction process with full closure and detour of the roadway beneath 78 The design of the 280 foot bridge contracted to Miami based BCC Engineering is more than halfway finished as of the announcement with construction of the bridge itself scheduled to begin sometime in 2024 79 FDOT now directly manages the project with a budget of 14 6 million and has relegated Sweetwater and FIU as local partners 80 See also editList of bridge failures List of structural failures and collapsesNotes editReferences edit a b c d e f g h i j k NTSB Highway Accident Report Archived February 1 2021 at the Wayback Machine NTSB HAR 19 02 October 22 2019 Pedestrian Bridge Collapse Over SW 8th Street Miami Florida March 15 2018 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Investigation of March 15 2018 Pedestrian Bridge Collapse at Florida International University Miami FL PDF Occupational Safety and Health Administration July 2019 Archived PDF from the original on June 25 2019 Retrieved June 13 2019 a b Pedestrian Bridge Collapse Over SW 8th Street HWY18MH009 Archived December 27 2020 at the Wayback Machine October 22 2019 NTSB a b c Viglucci Andres Madan Monique O Hanks Douglas Chang Daniel March 15 2018 At least 4 dead in catastrophic FIU pedestrian bridge collapse 9 rescued from rubble Miami Herald Archived from the original on March 15 2018 Retrieved March 15 2018 FIU Bridge Collapse Four Dead 8 Cars Trapped Underneath CBS Miami March 15 2018 Archived from the original on March 17 2018 Retrieved March 17 2018 Ashaboglu Selin March 15 2018 Miami Pedestrian Bridge Collapses ARCHITECT Archived from the original on March 16 2018 Retrieved March 15 2018 Rodriguez Marybel August 22 2017 Pedestrian Bridge In The Works For FIU Students To Cross Busy 8th Street CBS 4 Miami Archived from the original on March 16 2018 Retrieved March 15 2018 FIU Pedestrian Bridge Construction Using Innovative Approach By Swinging Into Place CBSLocal WFOR TV March 10 2018 Archived from the original on March 15 2018 Retrieved March 15 2018 a b Harris Alex August 24 2017 A walking bridge for FIU students is coming soon But it s too late for one student Miami Herald Archived from the original on June 29 2021 Retrieved March 15 2018 Gomez Licon Adriana Replogle Josh March 16 2018 Tearful families wait as bodies remain under failed bridge Associated Press Archived from the original on March 17 2018 Retrieved March 17 2018 Mazzei Patricia Saul Stephanie March 17 2018 Bridge Collapse Saps Spirits and Research Efforts at Florida International University The New York Times Archived from the original on June 29 2021 Retrieved March 18 2018 Home Accelerated Bridge Construction Accelerated Bridge Construction Archived from the original on March 18 2018 Retrieved March 19 2018 Flawed Design Lax Oversight Led to Astounding Miami Bridge Collapse The New York Times October 22 2019 Archived from the original on October 23 2019 Retrieved October 28 2019 General Plan and Elevation PDF Florida International University Archived PDF from the original on March 26 2018 Retrieved March 23 2018 a b Preliminary Report Highway Collapse of Pedestrian Bridge Under Construction Miami Florida HWY18MH009 NTSB Archived from the original on May 24 2018 Retrieved May 27 2018 a b c d e f MCM MCM design build proposal PDF Archived PDF from the original on March 18 2018 Retrieved March 18 2018 Tylin International May 6 2015 Design Criteria FIU UniversityCity Prosperity Project Pedestrian Bridge PDF Archived PDF from the original on March 18 2018 Collapsed bridge meant to last 100 years March 16 2018 Archived from the original on March 19 2018 Retrieved March 19 2018 Jansen Bart March 16 2018 Miami bridge that collapsed was a truss design despite the cosmetic tower support cables USA Today Archived from the original on March 16 2018 Retrieved March 17 2018 FIU Bridge Collapse NTSB Update Robert Accetta press briefing speaker WSVN TV March 16 2018 Retrieved March 19 2018 via YouTube a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint others in cite AV media notes link Bridgehunter concrete truss bridges Archived from the original on March 22 2018 Retrieved March 21 2018 Miami bridge that collapsed was a truss design despite the cosmetic tower support cables Retrieved April 27 2018 Staletovich Jenny Rodriguez Rene Flechas Joey Stress test may have contributed to collapse of FIU pedestrian bridge Archived from the original on March 17 2018 Retrieved March 18 2018 News F I U March 10 2018 DidYouKnow the new pedestrian bridge that will connect our FIU and the CitySweetwater is the first in the world to be constructed entirely of self cleaning concrete WorldsAheadpic twitter com lQVJh09Pv2 FIUnews Archived from the original on June 29 2021 Retrieved March 17 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a last has generic name help Jason Dearen and Jennifer Kay Key design change stymied bridge cost schedule Archived from the original on March 23 2018 Retrieved March 22 2018 Kiah Clara Meretan March 30 2016 FIU Sweetwater break ground for bridge to the future Florida International University Archived from the original on March 16 2018 Retrieved March 15 2018 Clara Meretan Kiah March 14 2018 Community gathers to watch 950 ton bridge move across Southwest 8th Street FIU News Florida International University Archived from the original on July 25 2019 Retrieved October 2 2019 Viglucci Andres March 10 2018 Instant bridge aims to make a dangerous crossing safer for thousands of students Miami Herald Archived from the original on March 15 2018 Retrieved March 15 2018 Madan Monique O March 8 2018 If you plan to drive on SW Eighth Street this weekend you ll be rerouted here Miami Herald Archived from the original on March 16 2018 Retrieved March 15 2018 Judy Scott Korman Richard May 24 2018 Investigators Explain Focus On Pre Collapse Cracking In Florida Bridge ENRSoutheast BNP Media Archived from the original on November 16 2018 Retrieved May 25 2018 a b Madison Park Jason Hanna Joe Sutton Steve Almasy Engineer advised of cracking on bridge two days before collapse CNN Archived from the original on March 17 2018 Retrieved March 17 2018 Bridge collapse victim s uncle rages at incompetence FIU employee heard a loud crack crossing under the bridge Hours later it collapsed miamiherald Archived from the original on March 16 2018 Retrieved March 17 2018 Mier Alyse March 17 2018 FIU statement Press release FIU Archived from the original on June 29 2021 Retrieved March 17 2018 FIGG Structural Analysis Presentation PDF FDOT March 15 2018 p 3 Archived PDF from the original on May 24 2019 Retrieved May 25 2019 a b FIU Bridge Collapse Caught on Dash Cam YouTube Archived from the original on February 13 2021 Retrieved January 26 2021 Rubio says engineers were tightening loose cables when the FIU bridge collapsed miamiherald Archived from the original on March 16 2018 Retrieved March 17 2018 Bridge victim s grieving uncle lashes out at incompetence AP News Archived from the original on June 29 2021 Retrieved March 18 2018 Bridge worker Navaro Brown died in collapse of FIU span company says Archived from the original on March 19 2018 Retrieved March 20 2018 Mazzei Patricia Robles Frances Dickerson Caitlin March 16 2018 They Were Heading Home to Lunch to Work Then a Bridge Came Crashing Down The New York Times Archived from the original on March 18 2018 Retrieved March 18 2018 New video surfaces of FIU bridge collapse from view of driver who witnessed it Miami Herald Archived from the original on March 18 2018 Retrieved March 18 2018 Svrluga Susan Siddiqui Faiz March 15 2018 New pedestrian bridge collapses at Florida International University crushing eight cars driving underneath The Washington Post Archived from the original on March 15 2018 Retrieved March 15 2018 Batchelor Amanda Suarez Carlos March 15 2018 Several dead after newly installed portion of FIU pedestrian bridge collapses Local 10 News Archived from the original on March 15 2018 Retrieved March 15 2018 a b NTSB News Release 8 9 2018 NTSB August 9 2018 Archived from the original on August 10 2018 Retrieved January 20 2019 At least 4 dead in catastrophic FIU pedestrian bridge collapse 9 rescued from rubble miamiherald Archived from the original on March 15 2018 Retrieved March 21 2018 Worker hurt in bridge collapse thinks locking in harness saved his life Cousin ABC News March 16 2018 Archived from the original on March 22 2018 Retrieved March 22 2018 SW 8th Street Reopens To Traffic After Bridge Collapse CBS Miami March 24 2018 Archived from the original on April 1 2018 Retrieved March 31 2018 NTSB March 15 2018 Pedestrian bridge collapse Archived from the original on March 20 2018 Retrieved March 19 2018 Jennifer Kay and Allen G Breed March 17 2018 Authorities are investigating whether reported cracking contributed to the collapse of a Florida bridge that killed 6 people Business Insider Archived from the original on March 16 2018 Retrieved March 17 2018 News Releases Archived from the original on May 6 2018 Retrieved May 5 2018 March 24 2018 https web archive org web 20180324022507 http www fdot gov info CO news newsreleases 031618 FDOT Releases Additional Information Regarding FIU Bridge Collapse pdf Archived from the original PDF on March 24 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help NTSB Investigation of Bridge Collapse Continues Archived from the original on March 30 2018 Retrieved May 23 2018 INVESTIGATIVE UPDATE PDF NTSB August 9 2018 Archived PDF from the original on January 10 2019 Retrieved March 21 2019 NTSB Issues 2nd Investigative Update in FIU Bridge Collapse Investigation NTSB November 15 2018 Archived from the original on November 17 2018 Retrieved November 17 2018 Accident ID HWY18MH009 Mode Highway occurred on March 15 2018 in Miami FL United States Last Modified on November 22 2019 15 11 Public Released on October 08 2019 11 10 Total 120 document items Archived from the original on June 29 2021 Retrieved October 9 2019 Load Capacity Calculation Errors Inadequate Peer Review Led to Pedestrian Bridge Collapse Archived from the original on October 23 2019 Retrieved October 23 2019 Martin Vassolo Survivor of FIU bridge collapse sues design construction firms miamiherald Archived from the original on March 19 2018 Retrieved March 19 2018 Shepardson David March 20 2018 U S Transportation Secretary seeks probe of fatal Florida bridge collapse Reuters Archived from the original on March 23 2018 Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on March 26 2018 Retrieved March 26 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Viglucci Andres Staletovich Jenny March 30 2018 Two weeks ago FIU s bridge abruptly collapsed Here s what we know so far Miami Herald Archived from the original on April 29 2018 Retrieved April 27 2018 Miami Herald files lawsuit as FDOT won t release FIU bridge records Miami Herald Miami Herald Archived from the original on May 3 2018 Retrieved May 3 2018 Cloudup cloudup com Archived from the original on June 29 2021 Retrieved May 5 2018 Florida officials ask judge to block release of records on collapsed FIU bridge Orlando Weekly The News Service of Florida Archived from the original on June 21 2018 Retrieved September 15 2019 Rosica Jim June 19 2018 Feds weigh entering lawsuit over FIU bridge records Archived from the original on July 8 2019 Retrieved September 15 2019 Feds now MIA in FIU bridge records case July 27 2018 Archived from the original on July 28 2018 Retrieved July 27 2018 Judge hears arguments in FIU bridge collapse records case Miami Herald Miami Herald Archived from the original on August 1 2018 Retrieved August 1 2018 Collapsed FIU bridge cracked days before deadly accident Miami Herald Miami Herald Archived from the original on May 7 2018 Retrieved May 7 2018 Nehamas Nick Judge s order on FIU bridge www documentcloud org Miami Herald Archived from the original on August 22 2018 Retrieved September 15 2019 FIU bridge collapse Feds block release of records Bradenton Herald Archived from the original on August 24 2018 Retrieved August 23 2018 Federal judge FIU bridge records cannot be released Bradenton Herald Archived from the original on October 6 2018 Retrieved October 6 2018 Insurers ask federal court to drop them from covering engineering firm in pedestrian bridge collapse Florida Record Archived from the original on November 16 2018 Retrieved July 11 2018 U S Department of Labor Cites Five Contractors for Safety Violations Following Florida Pedestrian Bridge Collapse Occupational Safety and Health Administration www osha gov Archived from the original on September 19 2018 Retrieved September 15 2019 Pipitone Tony February 21 2019 Victim s Father Frustrated As FIU Bridge Litigation Drags On NBC 6 South Florida Archived from the original on March 24 2019 Retrieved September 15 2019 MCM Reorganizing Under Chapter 11 MCM US www mcm us com Archived from the original on March 6 2019 Retrieved September 15 2019 Deal will pay victims families in bridge failure up to 42M Bradenton Herald Archived from the original on May 3 2019 Retrieved May 3 2019 FDOT Planning on New Pedestrian Bridge at FIU After 2018 Collapse Killed 6 NBC 6 South Florida May 6 2020 Archived from the original on May 14 2020 Retrieved May 6 2020 Branton Parker September 27 2021 Demolition of FIU bridge s remaining structure begins WPLG Retrieved December 17 2021 Ceballos Joshua April 8 2022 Lessons Learned How the Construction Process for the New FIU Bridge Will Differ From Last Time Miami New Times Retrieved October 4 2022 Gregg Elise FIU s New Pedestrian Bridge Set to Start Construction in 2024 PantherNOW Retrieved October 3 2022 Hanks Douglas May 5 2022 Four years after fatal collapse Florida unveils design for a new FIU pedestrian bridge Miami Herald External links editTSB Chairman Robert Sumwalt briefs media on the Miami FL bridge collapse investigation on YouTube NTSB OMarch 16 2018 Computer animation showing the assembly of the FIU pedestrian bridge MCM Munilla Construction Management FIU Pedestrian Bridge on YouTube Munilla Construction Management November 18 2015 timelapse bridge square on YouTube Florida International University March 14 2018 An initial rendering of the bridge Actual location is an opposite side of Southwest 109th Avenue Florida International University Accelerated Bridge Construction University Transportation Center Florida International University Pedestrian Bridge Collapse Over SW 8th Street HWY18MH009 on YouTube NTSB October 22 2019 NTSB Board Meeting Pedestrian Bridge Collapse Over SW 8th Street Miami Florida on YouTube NTSB October 23 2019 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Florida International University pedestrian bridge collapse amp oldid 1191343209, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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