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Floating production storage and offloading

January 01, 1970

A floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) unit is a floating vessel used by the offshore oil and gas industry for the production and processing of hydrocarbons, and for the storage of oil. An FPSO vessel is designed to receive hydrocarbons produced by itself or from nearby platforms or subsea template, process them, and store oil until it can be offloaded onto a tanker or, less frequently, transported through a pipeline. FPSOs are preferred in frontier offshore regions as they are easy to install, and do not require a local pipeline infrastructure to export oil. FPSOs can be a conversion of an oil tanker (like Seawise Giant) or can be a vessel built specially for the application. A vessel used only to store oil (without processing it) is referred to as a floating storage and offloading (FSO) vessel.

Diagram of floating production storage and offloading unit
FPSO OSX #1 at Rio de Janeiro Coast
FPSO Mystras at work off the shore of Nigeria
FPSO Crystal Ocean moored at the Port of Melbourne
The circular FPSO Sevan Voyageur moored at Nymo yard at Eydehavn, Norway
FPSO Firenze moored at Hellenic Shipyards, 2007
FPSO (Floating, Production, Storage, Offloading), Welplaathaven, Port of Rotterdam
Hæwene Brim FPSO

The first of a related type, floating liquefied natural gas vessels, went into service in 2016.

Types edit

FPSOs are classified into the following types.

  • Floating storage and offloading (FSO)
  • Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO)
  • Floating drilling production storage and offloading (FDPSO)
  • Floating storage regasification unit (FSRU)

A floating storage and offloading unit (FSO) is essentially a FPSO without the capability for oil or gas processing.[1] Most FSOs are converted single hull supertankers. An example is Knock Nevis, ex Seawise Giant, which for many years was the world's largest ship. It was converted into an FSO for offshore use before being scrapped.[2]

At the other end of the LNG logistics chain, where the natural gas is brought back to ambient temperature and pressure, a specially modified ship may also be used as a floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU). A LNG floating storage and regasification unit receives liquefied natural gas (LNG) from offloading LNG carriers, and the onboard regasification system provides natural gas exported to shore through risers and pipelines. As of 2022, there are 33 FSRUs in the world, of which some relocate to higher-priced areas.[3]

History edit

Oil has been produced from offshore locations since the late 1940s.[4] Originally, all oil platforms sat on the seabed, but as exploration moved to deeper waters and more distant locations in the 1970s, floating production systems came to be used.[5]

The first oil FPSO was built in 1977 on the Shell Castellon field, located in the Spanish Mediterranean.[6] Today, over 270 vessels are deployed worldwide as oil FPSOs.[7]

On July 29, 2009, Shell and Samsung announced an agreement to build up to 10 LNG FPSOs,[8] at the same Samsung Yard. Flex LNG appeared to construct smaller units.[9]

On May 20, 2011, Royal Dutch Shell announced the planned development of a 488 m long and 74 m wide floating liquefied natural gas facility (FLNG), called Prelude, which is to be situated 200 km off the coast of Western Australia and is due for completion in around 2016. It will be the largest vessel ever built.[10] Royal Dutch Shell (2013), LNG FPSO (Liquefied Natural Gas Floating production Storage and Offloading), Samsung Heavy Industries at a cost of $12 Billion.[11]

In June 2012, Petronas made a contract of procurement engineering, construction, installation and commissioning, with the Technip and DSME consortium,[12] for what is expected to be the world's first floating liquefaction unit when completed in 2015. The unit is destined for the Kanowit gas field off Sarawak, Malaysia.[13]

At the opposite (discharge and regasification) end of the LNG chain, the first ever conversion of an LNG carrier, Golar LNG owned Moss type LNG carrier into an LNG floating storage and regasification unit was carried out in 2007 by Keppel shipyard in Singapore.[14]

Mechanisms edit

Oil produced from offshore production platforms can be transported to the mainland either by pipeline or by tanker. When a tanker is chosen to transport the oil, it is necessary to accumulate oil in some form of storage tank, such that the oil tanker is not continuously occupied during oil production, and is only needed once sufficient oil has been produced to fill the tanker.[15]

Advantages edit

Floating production, storage and offloading vessels are particularly effective in remote or deep water locations, where seabed pipelines are not cost effective. FPSOs eliminate the need to lay expensive long-distance pipelines from the processing facility to an onshore terminal. This can provide an economically attractive solution for smaller oil fields, which can be exhausted in a few years and do not justify the expense of installing a pipeline. Once the field is depleted, the FPSO can be moved to a new location.[15]

New build FPSOs have a high initial cost (up to USD1 billion), but require limited maintenance. In addition, the ability to reposition/repurpose them means they can outlast the life of the production facility by decades.[16][17] A cheaper alternative for smaller platforms is to convert an oil tanker or similar vessel at a cost below USD100 million.[18]

Record vessels edit

The FPSO operating in the deepest waters is the FPSO BW Pioneer, built and operated by BW Offshore on behalf of Petrobras Americas INC. The FPSO is moored at a depth of 2,600 m in Block 249 Walker Ridge in the US Gulf of Mexico and is rated for 80,000 bbl/d (13,000 m3/d). The EPCI contract was awarded in October 2007 and production started in early 2012. The FPSO conversion was carried out at MMHE Shipyard Pasir Gudang in Malaysia, while the topsides were fabricated in modules at various international vendor locations. The FPSO has a disconnectable turret (APL) The vessel can disconnect in advance of hurricanes and reconnect with minimal down time.[19] A contract for an FPSO to operate in even deeper waters (2,900 m) for Shell's Stones field in the US Gulf of Mexico was awarded to SBM Offshore in July 2013.[20]

One of the world's largest FPSO is the Kizomba A, with a storage capacity of 2.2 million barrels (350,000 m3). Built at a cost of over US$ 800 million by Hyundai Heavy Industries in Ulsan, Korea, it is operated by Esso Exploration Angola (ExxonMobil). Located in 1200 meters (3,940 ft) of water at Deep water block 200 statute miles (320 km) offshore from Angola, Central Africa in the Atlantic Ocean, it weighs 81,000 tonnes and is 285 meters long, 63 meters wide, and 32 meters high (935 ft by 207 ft by 105 ft).[21]

The first FSO in the Gulf of Mexico, The FSO Ta'Kuntah, has been in operation since August 1998. The FSO, owned and operated by MODEC, is under a service agreement with PEMEX Exploration and Production. The vessel was installed as part of the Cantarell Field Development. The field is located in the Bay of Campeche, offshore Mexico's Yucatán peninsula. It is a converted ULCC tanker with a SOFEC external turret mooring system, two flexible risers connected in a lazy-S configuration between the turret and a pipeline end manifold (PLEM) on the seabed, and an offloading system that allows up to two tankers at a time to moor and load, in tandem or side by side. The FSO is designed to handle 800,000 bbl/d (130,000 m3/d) with no allowance for downtime.[22]

The Skarv FPSO, developed and engineered by Aker Solutions for BP Norge, is one of the most advanced and largest FPSO deployed in the Norwegian Sea, offshore Mid Norway. Skarv is a gas condensate and oil field development. The development ties in five sub-sea templates, and the FPSO has capacity to include several smaller wells nearby in the future. The process plant on the vessel can handle about 19,000,000 cubic metres per day (670,000,000 cu ft/d) of gas and 13,500 cubic metres per day (480,000 cu ft/d) of oil.[23] An 80 km gas export pipe ties into Åsgard transport system. Aker Solutions (formerly Aker Kvaerner) developed the front-end design for the floating production facility as well as the overall system design for the field and preparation for procurement and project management of the total field development.[24] The hull is an Aker Solutions proprietary "Tentech975" design.[25] BP also selected Aker Solutions to perform the detail engineering, procurement and construction management assistance (EPcma) for the Skarv field development. The EPcma contract covers detail engineering and procurement work for the FPSO topsides as well as construction management assistance to BP including hull and topside facilities. The production started in field in August 2011.[26] BP awarded the contract for fabrication of the Skarv FPSO hull to Samsung Heavy Industries in South Korea and the Turret contract to SBM. The FPSO has a length of 292 m, beam of 50.6 m and is 29 m deep, accommodates about 100 people in single cabins. The hull is delivered in January 2010.[24]

References edit

  1. ^ Center, Petrogav International Oil & Gas Training (2020-06-30). 273 technical questions and answers for job interview Offshore Oil & Gas Rigs. Petrogav International.
  2. ^ "World's largest FSO to retire from Qatar waters". Oil & Gas Middle East. 16 August 2009. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  3. ^ Kurmayer, Nikolaus J. (31 March 2022). "EU countries bet on floating LNG terminals to raise import capacity". www.euractiv.com. euractiv.
  4. ^ "Offshore Location - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  5. ^ International, Petrogav. Production Course for Hiring on Offshore Oil and Gas Rigs. Petrogav International.
  6. ^ "The Dominance of FPSO". 28 August 2008.
  7. ^ . Fluenta. 18 March 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-05-11. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  8. ^ src=Oilrssheadlines1 www.platts.cim June 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ "Flex Lng". Flex Lng. 2015-08-28. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
  10. ^ Article at ft.com May 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ "Record-breaking gas ship launched, bigger one planned". Reuters. 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
  12. ^ Chee Yew Cheang (2013-06-26). "NEWS | Petronas Cuts First Steel for FLNG Facility | Rigzone". Rigzone.com. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
  13. ^ "Petronas' Kanowit field FLNG facility under construction". OE Digital. 2013-08-19. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
  14. ^ . Skipsrevyen. Archived from the original on 2009-04-21. Retrieved 2008-08-02.
  15. ^ a b "FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading) Definition". Investopedia. 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
  16. ^ "Exploring the growth of the FPSO industry".
  17. ^ "SBM Offshore secures $1.05bn financing for FPSO Prosperity". 28 June 2021.
  18. ^ "Keppel wins $74.7 million FPSO conversion deal". 26 November 2020.
  19. ^ . Pipelineandgasjournal.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
  20. ^ "Awarded Contracts to Provide World's Deepest Disconnectable FPSO for Shell Stones in Gulf of Mexico". SBM Offshore. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
  21. ^ TheLamp_3_2005/story2[dead link]
  22. ^ "FSO Ta'Kuntah - MODEC FPSO/FSO Projects - FPSOs & FSOs - Floating Production Solutions". MODEC. 9 October 2008. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
  23. ^ "Eon Ruhrgas Norge". Eon Ruhrgas Norge. Archived from the original on 2013-01-22. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
  24. ^ a b "Skarv and Idun Offshore Fields, North Sea". Offshore Technology. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
  25. ^ FieldDevelopment/default May 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ "NEWS | Aker Kvaerner Wins More Skarv Work | Rigzone". Rigzone.com. Retrieved 2015-09-21.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Floating Production Storage and Offloading.
  • VIDEO: Maersk Oil Gryphon FPSO – The Recovery Story
  • FPSO Seillean 2014-12-18 at the Wayback Machine FPSO Seillean - the World's first DP production vessel - BP SWOPS
  • FPSO Services - Auld Alliance FPSO production services
  • . 2004. Archived from the original on 2012-01-22. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  • Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) Installations at the United Kingdom Offshore Operators Association
    • at the United Kingdom Offshore Operators Association
  • FPSO pages at Offshore-Technology
    • "Skarv FPSO
    • Kizomba
    • Petrojarl 1
    • Terra Nova
    • White Rose
  • FPSO pages at Ship-Technology
    • Anasuria
    • Bonga
    • Ramform Banff
    • Searose
  • by Mustang Engineering for Offshore Magazine

January 01, 1970
floating, production, storage, offloading, floating, production, storage, offloading, fpso, unit, floating, vessel, used, offshore, industry, production, processing, hydrocarbons, storage, fpso, vessel, designed, receive, hydrocarbons, produced, itself, from, . A floating production storage and offloading FPSO unit is a floating vessel used by the offshore oil and gas industry for the production and processing of hydrocarbons and for the storage of oil An FPSO vessel is designed to receive hydrocarbons produced by itself or from nearby platforms or subsea template process them and store oil until it can be offloaded onto a tanker or less frequently transported through a pipeline FPSOs are preferred in frontier offshore regions as they are easy to install and do not require a local pipeline infrastructure to export oil FPSOs can be a conversion of an oil tanker like Seawise Giant or can be a vessel built specially for the application A vessel used only to store oil without processing it is referred to as a floating storage and offloading FSO vessel Diagram of floating production storage and offloading unit FPSO OSX 1 at Rio de Janeiro Coast FPSO Mystras at work off the shore of Nigeria FPSO Crystal Ocean moored at the Port of Melbourne The circular FPSO Sevan Voyageur moored at Nymo yard at Eydehavn Norway FPSO Firenze moored at Hellenic Shipyards 2007 FPSO Floating Production Storage Offloading Welplaathaven Port of Rotterdam Haewene Brim FPSO The first of a related type floating liquefied natural gas vessels went into service in 2016 Contents 1 Types 2 History 3 Mechanisms 4 Advantages 5 Record vessels 6 References 7 External linksTypes editFPSOs are classified into the following types Floating storage and offloading FSO Floating production storage and offloading FPSO Floating drilling production storage and offloading FDPSO Floating storage regasification unit FSRU A floating storage and offloading unit FSO is essentially a FPSO without the capability for oil or gas processing 1 Most FSOs are converted single hull supertankers An example is Knock Nevis ex Seawise Giant which for many years was the world s largest ship It was converted into an FSO for offshore use before being scrapped 2 At the other end of the LNG logistics chain where the natural gas is brought back to ambient temperature and pressure a specially modified ship may also be used as a floating storage and regasification unit FSRU A LNG floating storage and regasification unit receives liquefied natural gas LNG from offloading LNG carriers and the onboard regasification system provides natural gas exported to shore through risers and pipelines As of 2022 update there are 33 FSRUs in the world of which some relocate to higher priced areas 3 History editOil has been produced from offshore locations since the late 1940s 4 Originally all oil platforms sat on the seabed but as exploration moved to deeper waters and more distant locations in the 1970s floating production systems came to be used 5 The first oil FPSO was built in 1977 on the Shell Castellon field located in the Spanish Mediterranean 6 Today over 270 vessels are deployed worldwide as oil FPSOs 7 On July 29 2009 Shell and Samsung announced an agreement to build up to 10 LNG FPSOs 8 at the same Samsung Yard Flex LNG appeared to construct smaller units 9 On May 20 2011 Royal Dutch Shell announced the planned development of a 488 m long and 74 m wide floating liquefied natural gas facility FLNG called Prelude which is to be situated 200 km off the coast of Western Australia and is due for completion in around 2016 It will be the largest vessel ever built 10 Royal Dutch Shell 2013 LNG FPSO Liquefied Natural Gas Floating production Storage and Offloading Samsung Heavy Industries at a cost of 12 Billion 11 In June 2012 Petronas made a contract of procurement engineering construction installation and commissioning with the Technip and DSME consortium 12 for what is expected to be the world s first floating liquefaction unit when completed in 2015 The unit is destined for the Kanowit gas field off Sarawak Malaysia 13 At the opposite discharge and regasification end of the LNG chain the first ever conversion of an LNG carrier Golar LNG owned Moss type LNG carrier into an LNG floating storage and regasification unit was carried out in 2007 by Keppel shipyard in Singapore 14 Mechanisms editOil produced from offshore production platforms can be transported to the mainland either by pipeline or by tanker When a tanker is chosen to transport the oil it is necessary to accumulate oil in some form of storage tank such that the oil tanker is not continuously occupied during oil production and is only needed once sufficient oil has been produced to fill the tanker 15 Advantages editFloating production storage and offloading vessels are particularly effective in remote or deep water locations where seabed pipelines are not cost effective FPSOs eliminate the need to lay expensive long distance pipelines from the processing facility to an onshore terminal This can provide an economically attractive solution for smaller oil fields which can be exhausted in a few years and do not justify the expense of installing a pipeline Once the field is depleted the FPSO can be moved to a new location 15 New build FPSOs have a high initial cost up to USD1 billion but require limited maintenance In addition the ability to reposition repurpose them means they can outlast the life of the production facility by decades 16 17 A cheaper alternative for smaller platforms is to convert an oil tanker or similar vessel at a cost below USD100 million 18 Record vessels editThe FPSO operating in the deepest waters is the FPSO BW Pioneer built and operated by BW Offshore on behalf of Petrobras Americas INC The FPSO is moored at a depth of 2 600 m in Block 249 Walker Ridge in the US Gulf of Mexico and is rated for 80 000 bbl d 13 000 m3 d The EPCI contract was awarded in October 2007 and production started in early 2012 The FPSO conversion was carried out at MMHE Shipyard Pasir Gudang in Malaysia while the topsides were fabricated in modules at various international vendor locations The FPSO has a disconnectable turret APL The vessel can disconnect in advance of hurricanes and reconnect with minimal down time 19 A contract for an FPSO to operate in even deeper waters 2 900 m for Shell s Stones field in the US Gulf of Mexico was awarded to SBM Offshore in July 2013 20 One of the world s largest FPSO is the Kizomba A with a storage capacity of 2 2 million barrels 350 000 m3 Built at a cost of over US 800 million by Hyundai Heavy Industries in Ulsan Korea it is operated by Esso Exploration Angola ExxonMobil Located in 1200 meters 3 940 ft of water at Deep water block 200 statute miles 320 km offshore from Angola Central Africa in the Atlantic Ocean it weighs 81 000 tonnes and is 285 meters long 63 meters wide and 32 meters high 935 ft by 207 ft by 105 ft 21 The first FSO in the Gulf of Mexico The FSO Ta Kuntah has been in operation since August 1998 The FSO owned and operated by MODEC is under a service agreement with PEMEX Exploration and Production The vessel was installed as part of the Cantarell Field Development The field is located in the Bay of Campeche offshore Mexico s Yucatan peninsula It is a converted ULCC tanker with a SOFEC external turret mooring system two flexible risers connected in a lazy S configuration between the turret and a pipeline end manifold PLEM on the seabed and an offloading system that allows up to two tankers at a time to moor and load in tandem or side by side The FSO is designed to handle 800 000 bbl d 130 000 m3 d with no allowance for downtime 22 The Skarv FPSO developed and engineered by Aker Solutions for BP Norge is one of the most advanced and largest FPSO deployed in the Norwegian Sea offshore Mid Norway Skarv is a gas condensate and oil field development The development ties in five sub sea templates and the FPSO has capacity to include several smaller wells nearby in the future The process plant on the vessel can handle about 19 000 000 cubic metres per day 670 000 000 cu ft d of gas and 13 500 cubic metres per day 480 000 cu ft d of oil 23 An 80 km gas export pipe ties into Asgard transport system Aker Solutions formerly Aker Kvaerner developed the front end design for the floating production facility as well as the overall system design for the field and preparation for procurement and project management of the total field development 24 The hull is an Aker Solutions proprietary Tentech975 design 25 BP also selected Aker Solutions to perform the detail engineering procurement and construction management assistance EPcma for the Skarv field development The EPcma contract covers detail engineering and procurement work for the FPSO topsides as well as construction management assistance to BP including hull and topside facilities The production started in field in August 2011 26 BP awarded the contract for fabrication of the Skarv FPSO hull to Samsung Heavy Industries in South Korea and the Turret contract to SBM The FPSO has a length of 292 m beam of 50 6 m and is 29 m deep accommodates about 100 people in single cabins The hull is delivered in January 2010 24 References edit Center Petrogav International Oil amp Gas Training 2020 06 30 273 technical questions and answers for job interview Offshore Oil amp Gas Rigs Petrogav International World s largest FSO to retire from Qatar waters Oil amp Gas Middle East 16 August 2009 Retrieved 2020 10 16 Kurmayer Nikolaus J 31 March 2022 EU countries bet on floating LNG terminals to raise import capacity www euractiv com euractiv Offshore Location an overview ScienceDirect Topics www sciencedirect com Retrieved 2020 10 09 International Petrogav Production Course for Hiring on Offshore Oil and Gas Rigs Petrogav International The Dominance of FPSO 28 August 2008 FPSOs mobile processing Fluenta 18 March 2019 Archived from the original on 2021 05 11 Retrieved 2020 10 09 src Oilrssheadlines1 www platts cim Archived June 4 2011 at the Wayback Machine Flex Lng Flex Lng 2015 08 28 Retrieved 2015 09 21 Article at ft com Archived May 23 2011 at the Wayback Machine Record breaking gas ship launched bigger one planned Reuters 2013 12 03 Retrieved 2015 09 21 Chee Yew Cheang 2013 06 26 NEWS Petronas Cuts First Steel for FLNG Facility Rigzone Rigzone com Retrieved 2015 09 21 Petronas Kanowit field FLNG facility under construction OE Digital 2013 08 19 Retrieved 2015 09 21 The world s first LNG Floating Storage and Regasification conversion Skipsrevyen Archived from the original on 2009 04 21 Retrieved 2008 08 02 a b FPSO Floating Production Storage and Offloading Definition Investopedia 2015 06 10 Retrieved 2015 09 21 Exploring the growth of the FPSO industry SBM Offshore secures 1 05bn financing for FPSO Prosperity 28 June 2021 Keppel wins 74 7 million FPSO conversion deal 26 November 2020 BW Pioneer FPSO Begins Producing Oil And Gas In Gulf Pipeline amp Gas Journal Pipelineandgasjournal com Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2015 09 21 Awarded Contracts to Provide World s Deepest Disconnectable FPSO for Shell Stones in Gulf of Mexico SBM Offshore Retrieved 2015 09 21 TheLamp 3 2005 story2 dead link FSO Ta Kuntah MODEC FPSO FSO Projects FPSOs amp FSOs Floating Production Solutions MODEC 9 October 2008 Retrieved 2015 09 21 Eon Ruhrgas Norge Eon Ruhrgas Norge Archived from the original on 2013 01 22 Retrieved 2015 09 21 a b Skarv and Idun Offshore Fields North Sea Offshore Technology Retrieved 2015 09 21 FieldDevelopment default Archived May 9 2009 at the Wayback Machine NEWS Aker Kvaerner Wins More Skarv Work Rigzone Rigzone com Retrieved 2015 09 21 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Floating Production Storage and Offloading VIDEO Maersk Oil Gryphon FPSO The Recovery Story FPSO Seillean Archived 2014 12 18 at the Wayback Machine FPSO Seillean the World s first DP production vessel BP SWOPS Auld Alliance Trading FPSO Services FPSO Services Auld Alliance FPSO production services FPSO World Fleet 2004 Archived from the original on 2012 01 22 Retrieved 2008 05 20 Floating Production Storage and Offloading FPSO Installations at the United Kingdom Offshore Operators Association FPSO s FAQ s at the United Kingdom Offshore Operators Association FPSOs at the U S Department of the Interior s Minerals Management Service Gulf of Mexico OCS Region FPSO pages at Offshore Technology Skarv FPSO Kizomba Petrojarl 1 Terra Nova White Rose FPSO pages at Ship Technology Anasuria Bonga Ramform Banff Searose 2010 Worldwide Survey of FPSO Vessels by Mustang Engineering for Offshore Magazine Portals nbsp Transport nbsp Technology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Floating production storage and offloading amp oldid 1221140656, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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