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Flexor digitorum profundus muscle

August 31, 2023

The flexor digitorum profundus is a muscle in the forearm of humans that flexes the fingers (also known as digits). It is considered an extrinsic hand muscle because it acts on the hand while its muscle belly is located in the forearm.

Flexor digitorum profundus muscle
Ventral view of the deep muscles of the forearm. FDP is shown in blue.
Details
Originupper 3/4 of the anterior and medial surfaces of the body of the ulna, interosseous membrane and deep fascia of the forearm
Insertionbase of the distal phalanges of the fingers
Arteryanterior interosseous artery
Nervelateral part of the muscle by median (anterior interosseous),medial (ulnar) part of the muscle by muscular branches of ulnar
Actionsflex hand and both interphalangeal joints
AntagonistExtensor digitorum muscle
Identifiers
LatinMusculus flexor digitorum profundus
TA98A04.6.02.036
TA22491
FMA38478
Anatomical terms of muscle
[edit on Wikidata]

Together the flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus, and flexor digitorum profundus form the deep layer of ventral forearm muscles.[1] The muscle is named from Latin 'deep bender of the fingers'.

Structure Edit

Flexor digitorum profundus originates in the upper 3/4 of the anterior and medial surfaces of the ulna, interosseous membrane and deep fascia of the forearm. The muscle fans out into four tendons (one to each of the second to fifth fingers) to the palmar base of the distal phalanx.

Along with the flexor digitorum superficialis, it has long tendons that run down the arm and through the carpal tunnel and attach to the palmar side of the phalanges of the fingers.

Flexor digitorum profundus lies deep to the superficialis, but it attaches more distally. Therefore, profundus's tendons go through the tendons of superficialis, and end up attaching to the distal phalanx. For this reason profundus is also called the perforating muscle.[1]

The lumbricals of the hand arise from the radial side of its tendons.[1]

Nerve supply Edit

Flexor digitorum profundus is a composite muscle innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve and ulnar nerves.

It is one of two flexor muscles that is not exclusively supplied by the median nerve (the other is flexor carpi ulnaris). In the forearm, the median nerve travels distally between the flexor digitorum superficialis and the flexor digitorum profundus.[6][7]

Variation Edit

The tendon of the index finger often has a separate muscle belly.[1]

Function Edit

Flexor digitorum profundus is a flexor of the wrist (midcarpal), metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints.[1] The lumbricals, intrinsic muscles of the hand, attach to the tendon of flexor digitorum profundus. Thus, the flexor muscle is used to aid the lumbrical muscles in their role as extensors of the interphalangeal joints. As the lumbrical muscles originate on the palmar side of the hand and attach on the dorsal aponeurosis, power is transferred from the flexor digitorum profundus muscle to fully extend the fingers as well as flex the metacarpophalangeal joints.

The tension generated by flexor digitorum profundus at the more distal joints is determined by wrist position. Flexion of the wrist causes muscle shortening at that point, reducing tension that can be generated more distally. Fingers cannot be fully flexed if the wrist is fully flexed.[8]

Other animals Edit

In many primates, the FDP is fused with the flexor pollicis longus (FPL). In great apes the belly of the FDP has a separate tendon for the FDP. In lesser apes, both muscles have separate bellies in the forearm, but in Old World monkeys they separate in the carpal tunnel. The lack of differentiation in the FDP musculature in baboons makes it unlikely that this monkey can control individual fingers independently. [9]

Additional images Edit

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    Front of the left forearm. Deep muscles.

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    Cross-section through the middle of the forearm.

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    Posterior surface of the forearm. Deep muscles.

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    Transverse section across distal ends of radius and ulna.

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    Transverse section across the wrist and digits.

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    The mucous sheaths of the tendons on the front of the wrist and digits.

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    Ulnar and radial arteries. Deep view.

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    Tendons of forefinger and vincula tendina. (Flexor digitorum profundus labeled at bottom right.)

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    Flexor digitorum profundus muscle

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    Flexor digitorum profundus muscle

  •  

    Flexor digitorum profundus muscle

  •  

    Flexor digitorum profundus muscle

  •  

    Flexor digitorum profundus muscle

  •  

    Flexor digitorum profundus muscle

  •  

    Flexor digitorum profundus muscle

  •  

    Flexor digitorum profundus muscle

  •  

    Flexor digitorum profundus muscle

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Platzer 2004, p 162
  2. ^ a b Lutsky KF, Giang EL, Matzon JL (January 2015). "Flexor tendon injury, repair and rehabilitation". Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 46 (1): 67–76. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2014.09.004. PMID 25435036.
  3. ^ Lobo, Errol P.; Pellegrini, Francesca; Pusceddu, Elisabetta (2009-01-01), Eisele, David W.; Smith, Richard V. (eds.), "CHAPTER 1 - Anesthesia Complications in Head and Neck Surgery", Complications in Head and Neck Surgery (Second Edition), Philadelphia: Mosby, pp. 3–27, doi:10.1016/b978-141604220-4.50005-5, ISBN 978-1-4160-4220-4, retrieved 2020-10-22
  4. ^ a b Fernández de las Peñas, César; Ge, Hong-You; Arendt-Nielsen, Lars; Dommerholt, Jan; Simons, David G. (2011-01-01), Fernández de las Peñas, César; Cleland, Joshua A.; Huijbregts, Peter A. (eds.), "Chapter 32 - Referred pain from muscle/myofascial trigger points", Neck and Arm Pain Syndromes, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 404–418, doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3528-9.00032-7, ISBN 978-0-7020-3528-9, retrieved 2020-10-22
  5. ^ Moscony, ANNE M. B. (2007-01-01), Cooper, Cynthia (ed.), "Chapter 12 - Common Peripheral Nerve Problems", Fundamentals of Hand Therapy, Saint Louis: Mosby, pp. 201–250, doi:10.1016/b0-32-303386-5/50015-1, ISBN 978-0-323-03386-2, retrieved 2020-10-22
  6. ^ a b Tubbs, R. Shane; Goodrich, Dylan; Watanabe, Koichi; Loukas, Marios (2015-01-01), Tubbs, R. Shane; Rizk, Elias; Shoja, Mohammadali M.; Loukas, Marios (eds.), "Chapter 43 - Anatomic Landmarks for Selected Nerves of the Head, Neck, and Upper and Lower Limbs", Nerves and Nerve Injuries, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 575–588, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410390-0.00045-7, ISBN 978-0-12-410390-0, retrieved 2020-10-22
  7. ^ Ross, Allison Kinder; Bryskin, Robert B. (2011-01-01), Davis, Peter J.; Cladis, Franklyn P.; Motoyama, Etsuro K. (eds.), "CHAPTER 16 - Regional Anesthesia", Smith's Anesthesia for Infants and Children (Eighth Edition), Philadelphia: Mosby, pp. 452–510, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-06612-9.00016-x, ISBN 978-0-323-06612-9, retrieved 2020-10-22
  8. ^ Levangie, Pamela K; Norkin, Cynthia C (2011). Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis (5 ed.). F.A. Davis. p. 326. ISBN 978-0803626348.
  9. ^ Tocheri et al. 2008, pp 556-7

References Edit

  • Platzer, Werner (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System (5th ed.). Thieme. ISBN 3-13-533305-1.
  • Tocheri, MW; Orr, CM; Jacofsky, MC; Marzke, MW. (April 2008). "The evolutionary history of the hominin hand since the last common ancestor of Pan and Homo". J. Anat. 212 (4): 544–62. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00865.x. PMC 2409097. PMID 18380869. (Abstract, PubMed) (PDF 2013-12-09 at the Wayback Machine, Smithsonian)

External links Edit

  • Illustration: upper-body/flexor-digitorum-profundus from The Department of Radiology at the University of Washington

August 31, 2023
flexor, digitorum, profundus, muscle, flexor, digitorum, profundus, muscle, forearm, humans, that, flexes, fingers, also, known, digits, considered, extrinsic, hand, muscle, because, acts, hand, while, muscle, belly, located, forearm, ventral, view, deep, musc. The flexor digitorum profundus is a muscle in the forearm of humans that flexes the fingers also known as digits It is considered an extrinsic hand muscle because it acts on the hand while its muscle belly is located in the forearm Flexor digitorum profundus muscleVentral view of the deep muscles of the forearm FDP is shown in blue DetailsOriginupper 3 4 of the anterior and medial surfaces of the body of the ulna interosseous membrane and deep fascia of the forearmInsertionbase of the distal phalanges of the fingersArteryanterior interosseous arteryNervelateral part of the muscle by median anterior interosseous medial ulnar part of the muscle by muscular branches of ulnarActionsflex hand and both interphalangeal jointsAntagonistExtensor digitorum muscleIdentifiersLatinMusculus flexor digitorum profundusTA98A04 6 02 036TA22491FMA38478Anatomical terms of muscle edit on Wikidata Together the flexor pollicis longus pronator quadratus and flexor digitorum profundus form the deep layer of ventral forearm muscles 1 The muscle is named from Latin deep bender of the fingers Contents 1 Structure 1 1 Nerve supply 1 2 Variation 2 Function 3 Other animals 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksStructure EditFlexor digitorum profundus originates in the upper 3 4 of the anterior and medial surfaces of the ulna interosseous membrane and deep fascia of the forearm The muscle fans out into four tendons one to each of the second to fifth fingers to the palmar base of the distal phalanx Along with the flexor digitorum superficialis it has long tendons that run down the arm and through the carpal tunnel and attach to the palmar side of the phalanges of the fingers Flexor digitorum profundus lies deep to the superficialis but it attaches more distally Therefore profundus s tendons go through the tendons of superficialis and end up attaching to the distal phalanx For this reason profundus is also called the perforating muscle 1 The lumbricals of the hand arise from the radial side of its tendons 1 Nerve supply Edit Flexor digitorum profundus is a composite muscle innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve and ulnar nerves The medial aspect of the muscle which flexes the 4th and 5th digit is supplied by the ulnar nerve C8 T1 2 3 4 The lateral aspect which flexes the 2nd and 3rd digit is innervated by the median nerve 2 4 5 specifically the anterior interosseous branch C8 T1 6 It is one of two flexor muscles that is not exclusively supplied by the median nerve the other is flexor carpi ulnaris In the forearm the median nerve travels distally between the flexor digitorum superficialis and the flexor digitorum profundus 6 7 Variation Edit The tendon of the index finger often has a separate muscle belly 1 Function EditFlexor digitorum profundus is a flexor of the wrist midcarpal metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints 1 The lumbricals intrinsic muscles of the hand attach to the tendon of flexor digitorum profundus Thus the flexor muscle is used to aid the lumbrical muscles in their role as extensors of the interphalangeal joints As the lumbrical muscles originate on the palmar side of the hand and attach on the dorsal aponeurosis power is transferred from the flexor digitorum profundus muscle to fully extend the fingers as well as flex the metacarpophalangeal joints The tension generated by flexor digitorum profundus at the more distal joints is determined by wrist position Flexion of the wrist causes muscle shortening at that point reducing tension that can be generated more distally Fingers cannot be fully flexed if the wrist is fully flexed 8 Other animals EditIn many primates the FDP is fused with the flexor pollicis longus FPL In great apes the belly of the FDP has a separate tendon for the FDP In lesser apes both muscles have separate bellies in the forearm but in Old World monkeys they separate in the carpal tunnel The lack of differentiation in the FDP musculature in baboons makes it unlikely that this monkey can control individual fingers independently 9 Additional images Edit Front of the left forearm Deep muscles Cross section through the middle of the forearm Posterior surface of the forearm Deep muscles Transverse section across distal ends of radius and ulna Transverse section across the wrist and digits The mucous sheaths of the tendons on the front of the wrist and digits Ulnar and radial arteries Deep view Tendons of forefinger and vincula tendina Flexor digitorum profundus labeled at bottom right Flexor digitorum profundus muscle Flexor digitorum profundus muscle Flexor digitorum profundus muscle Flexor digitorum profundus muscle Flexor digitorum profundus muscle Flexor digitorum profundus muscle Flexor digitorum profundus muscle Flexor digitorum profundus muscle Flexor digitorum profundus muscleSee also EditJersey finger a rupture of the tendon connecting to the muscleNotes Edit a b c d e Platzer 2004 p 162 a b Lutsky KF Giang EL Matzon JL January 2015 Flexor tendon injury repair and rehabilitation Orthopedic Clinics of North America 46 1 67 76 doi 10 1016 j ocl 2014 09 004 PMID 25435036 Lobo Errol P Pellegrini Francesca Pusceddu Elisabetta 2009 01 01 Eisele David W Smith Richard V eds CHAPTER 1 Anesthesia Complications in Head and Neck Surgery Complications in Head and Neck Surgery Second Edition Philadelphia Mosby pp 3 27 doi 10 1016 b978 141604220 4 50005 5 ISBN 978 1 4160 4220 4 retrieved 2020 10 22 a b Fernandez de las Penas Cesar Ge Hong You Arendt Nielsen Lars Dommerholt Jan Simons David G 2011 01 01 Fernandez de las Penas Cesar Cleland Joshua A Huijbregts Peter A eds Chapter 32 Referred pain from muscle myofascial trigger points Neck and Arm Pain Syndromes Edinburgh Churchill Livingstone pp 404 418 doi 10 1016 b978 0 7020 3528 9 00032 7 ISBN 978 0 7020 3528 9 retrieved 2020 10 22 Moscony ANNE M B 2007 01 01 Cooper Cynthia ed Chapter 12 Common Peripheral Nerve Problems Fundamentals of Hand Therapy Saint Louis Mosby pp 201 250 doi 10 1016 b0 32 303386 5 50015 1 ISBN 978 0 323 03386 2 retrieved 2020 10 22 a b Tubbs R Shane Goodrich Dylan Watanabe Koichi Loukas Marios 2015 01 01 Tubbs R Shane Rizk Elias Shoja Mohammadali M Loukas Marios eds Chapter 43 Anatomic Landmarks for Selected Nerves of the Head Neck and Upper and Lower Limbs Nerves and Nerve Injuries San Diego Academic Press pp 575 588 doi 10 1016 b978 0 12 410390 0 00045 7 ISBN 978 0 12 410390 0 retrieved 2020 10 22 Ross Allison Kinder Bryskin Robert B 2011 01 01 Davis Peter J Cladis Franklyn P Motoyama Etsuro K eds CHAPTER 16 Regional Anesthesia Smith s Anesthesia for Infants and Children Eighth Edition Philadelphia Mosby pp 452 510 doi 10 1016 b978 0 323 06612 9 00016 x ISBN 978 0 323 06612 9 retrieved 2020 10 22 Levangie Pamela K Norkin Cynthia C 2011 Joint Structure and Function A Comprehensive Analysis 5 ed F A Davis p 326 ISBN 978 0803626348 Tocheri et al 2008 pp 556 7References EditPlatzer Werner 2004 Color Atlas of Human Anatomy Vol 1 Locomotor System 5th ed Thieme ISBN 3 13 533305 1 Tocheri MW Orr CM Jacofsky MC Marzke MW April 2008 The evolutionary history of the hominin hand since the last common ancestor of Pan and Homo J Anat 212 4 544 62 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7580 2008 00865 x PMC 2409097 PMID 18380869 Abstract PubMed PDF Archived 2013 12 09 at the Wayback Machine Smithsonian External links EditIllustration upper body flexor digitorum profundus from The Department of Radiology at the University of Washington Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Flexor digitorum profundus muscle amp oldid 1160588828, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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