A flame arrester (also spelled arrestor), deflagration arrester,[1] or flame trap[2] is a device or form of construction that will allow free passage of a gas or gaseous mixture but will interrupt or prevent the passage of flame. It prevents the transmission of flame through a flammable gas/air mixture by quenching the flame on the high surface area provided by an array of small passages through which the flame must pass. The emerging gases are cooled enough to prevent ignition on the protected side.[3]
A flame arrester during testingA flame arrester made for a 91 cm (36 inch) pipe weighing 10 tons
Flame arresters are safety devices fitted to openings of enclosures or to pipe work, and are intended to allow flow but prevent flame transmission. A flame arrester functions by absorbing the heat from a flame front thus dropping the burning gas/air mixture below its auto-ignition temperature; consequently, the flame cannot survive. The heat is absorbed through channels (passages) designed into an element. These channels are chosen and measured as the MESG (maximum experimental safe gap) of the gas for a particular installation. These passages can be regular, like crimped metal ribbon or wire mesh or a sheet metal plate with punched holes, or irregular, such as those in random packing.[1]
The required size of the channels needed to stop the flame front can vary significantly, depending on the flammability of the fuel mixture. The large openings on a chain link fence are capable of slowing the spread of a small, slow-burning grass fire, but fast-burning grass fires will penetrate the fence unless the holes are very small.[4] In a coal mine containing highly explosive coal dust or methane, the wire mesh of a Davy lamp must be very tightly spaced.
For flame arresters used as a safety device, the mesh must be protected from damage due to being dropped or struck by another object, and the mesh must be capable of rigidly retaining its shape during the propagation of a flame front. Any shifting of the individual wires that make up the mesh can create an opening large enough to allow the flame to penetrate and spread beyond the barrier.
On a fuel storage vent, flame arresters also serve a secondary purpose of allowing air pressure to equalize inside the tank when fuel is added or removed, while also preventing insects from flying or crawling into the vent piping and fouling the fuel in the tanks and pipes.
Usage and applicationsedit
The uses of a flame arrester include:
Installed in Combuster/Burner air intakes with no pipe or bends before the intake to stop confined and unconfined, low pressure deflagrations, preventing an ignited atmospheric vapor cloud from propagating beyond the Flame Arrestor, outside of a burner/flare intake.
Stop the spread of an already occurred explosion
Preventing potentially explosive mixtures from propagating after ignition by lightning, static electricity or other sources in a vent to atmosphere.
Stopping the propagation of a flame traveling at subsonic velocities
Some common objects that have flame arresters are:
Flame arresters should be used only in the gas group and conditions they have been designed and tested for. Since the depth on an arrester is specified for certain conditions, changes in the temperature, pressure, or composition of the gases entering the arrester can cause the flame spatial velocity to increase, making the design of the arrester insufficient to stop the flame front ("propagation"). The deflagration may continue downstream of the arrester.[1]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flame arresters.
^ abcArpentinier, Philippe; Cavani, Fabrizio; Trifiro, Ferrucio (2001). The Technology of Catalytic Oxidations. Vol. 2. Paris: Editions TECHNIP. p. 748. ISBN2-7108-0777-7. from the original on 2020-09-18. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
^ abMcManus, Neil (1998). Safety and Health in Confined Spaces. CRC Press. p. 147. ISBN1-56670-326-3. from the original on 2020-09-18. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
^Flame Arresters in Piping Systems (PDF) (Report) (3rd ed.). American Petroleum Institute. February 2002. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
^Murphy, James L.; Schimke, Harry E. (1965). (PDF). U.S. Forest Service Research Note PSW-70. Pacific Southwest Forest & Range Experiment Station. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-14.
^Stevick, Glen (2011). "Failure Analysis and Prevention of Fires and Explosions with Plastic Gasoline Containers". Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention. 75 (11): 455–465. doi:10.1007/s11668-011-9462-z. S2CID 56269455. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
^ASTM F3326 Standard Specification for Flame Mitigation Devices on Portable Fuel Containers (PDF) (Report). doi:10.1520/F3326-21. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
^The United States Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (2007), Investigation Report: Methanol Tank Explosion and Fire, Bethune Point Wastewater Treatment Plant, City of Daytona Beach, Florida, January 11, 2006(PDF), The United States Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, p. 29, (PDF) from the original on 2014-01-09, retrieved 2014-04-10
April 10, 2024
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A flame arrester also spelled arrestor deflagration arrester 1 or flame trap 2 is a device or form of construction that will allow free passage of a gas or gaseous mixture but will interrupt or prevent the passage of flame It prevents the transmission of flame through a flammable gas air mixture by quenching the flame on the high surface area provided by an array of small passages through which the flame must pass The emerging gases are cooled enough to prevent ignition on the protected side 3 A flame arrester during testingA flame arrester made for a 91 cm 36 inch pipe weighing 10 tons Contents 1 Principles 2 Usage and applications 3 Safety 4 See also 5 ReferencesPrinciples editFlame arresters are safety devices fitted to openings of enclosures or to pipe work and are intended to allow flow but prevent flame transmission A flame arrester functions by absorbing the heat from a flame front thus dropping the burning gas air mixture below its auto ignition temperature consequently the flame cannot survive The heat is absorbed through channels passages designed into an element These channels are chosen and measured as the MESG maximum experimental safe gap of the gas for a particular installation These passages can be regular like crimped metal ribbon or wire mesh or a sheet metal plate with punched holes or irregular such as those in random packing 1 The required size of the channels needed to stop the flame front can vary significantly depending on the flammability of the fuel mixture The large openings on a chain link fence are capable of slowing the spread of a small slow burning grass fire but fast burning grass fires will penetrate the fence unless the holes are very small 4 In a coal mine containing highly explosive coal dust or methane the wire mesh of a Davy lamp must be very tightly spaced For flame arresters used as a safety device the mesh must be protected from damage due to being dropped or struck by another object and the mesh must be capable of rigidly retaining its shape during the propagation of a flame front Any shifting of the individual wires that make up the mesh can create an opening large enough to allow the flame to penetrate and spread beyond the barrier On a fuel storage vent flame arresters also serve a secondary purpose of allowing air pressure to equalize inside the tank when fuel is added or removed while also preventing insects from flying or crawling into the vent piping and fouling the fuel in the tanks and pipes Usage and applications editThe uses of a flame arrester include Installed in Combuster Burner air intakes with no pipe or bends before the intake to stop confined and unconfined low pressure deflagrations preventing an ignited atmospheric vapor cloud from propagating beyond the Flame Arrestor outside of a burner flare intake Stop the spread of an already occurred explosion Preventing potentially explosive mixtures from propagating after ignition by lightning static electricity or other sources in a vent to atmosphere Stopping the propagation of a flame traveling at subsonic velocitiesSome common objects that have flame arresters are Fuel storage tank vents Fuel gas pipelines Safety storage cabinets for paint aerosol cans and other flammable mixtures The exhaust system of internal combustion engines The air intake of combusters marine gasoline inboard engines and short flare stacks Davy lamps in coal mining Overproof rum and other flammable liquors 2 Portable plastic gasoline containers 5 6 Safety editFlame arresters should be used only in the gas group and conditions they have been designed and tested for Since the depth on an arrester is specified for certain conditions changes in the temperature pressure or composition of the gases entering the arrester can cause the flame spatial velocity to increase making the design of the arrester insufficient to stop the flame front propagation The deflagration may continue downstream of the arrester 1 Flame arresters should be periodically inspected to make sure they are free of dirt insects using it as a nest or corrosion The U S Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board concluded that an uninspected and badly corroded flame arrester failed to prevent a 2006 explosion at a wastewater treatment plant in Daytona Beach Florida 7 See also editFlashback arrestor Welding equipment Detonation arrester Spark arrestor Catcher of flammable debrisReferences edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flame arresters a b c Arpentinier Philippe Cavani Fabrizio Trifiro Ferrucio 2001 The Technology of Catalytic Oxidations Vol 2 Paris Editions TECHNIP p 748 ISBN 2 7108 0777 7 Archived from the original on 2020 09 18 Retrieved 2020 09 18 a b McManus Neil 1998 Safety and Health in Confined Spaces CRC Press p 147 ISBN 1 56670 326 3 Archived from the original on 2020 09 18 Retrieved 2020 09 18 Flame Arresters in Piping Systems PDF Report 3rd ed American Petroleum Institute February 2002 Retrieved 2023 11 17 Murphy James L Schimke Harry E 1965 Do Wire Fences Stop Ground Fires PDF U S Forest Service Research Note PSW 70 Pacific Southwest Forest amp Range Experiment Station Archived from the original PDF on 2010 12 14 Stevick Glen 2011 Failure Analysis and Prevention of Fires and Explosions with Plastic Gasoline Containers Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 75 11 455 465 doi 10 1007 s11668 011 9462 z S2CID 56269455 Retrieved 2023 11 17 ASTM F3326 Standard Specification for Flame Mitigation Devices on Portable Fuel Containers PDF Report doi 10 1520 F3326 21 Retrieved 2023 11 17 The United States Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board 2007 Investigation Report Methanol Tank Explosion and Fire Bethune Point Wastewater Treatment Plant City of Daytona Beach Florida January 11 2006 PDF The United States Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board p 29 archived PDF from the original on 2014 01 09 retrieved 2014 04 10 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Flame arrester amp oldid 1209469717, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
