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Five Black Categories

October 22, 2023

The "Five Black Categories" (Chinese: 黑五类; pinyin: Hēiwǔlèi) were classifications of political identity defined during the period of the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) in the People's Republic of China by Mao Zedong, who ordained that people in these groups should be considered enemies of the Revolution.

The groups were:[1][2][3]

Conversely, Mao categorized groups of people, such as members of the Chinese Communist Party, poor farmers and low class workers, as Five Red Categories.[1][2] This new Red/Black class distinction was used to create a status society.

Cultural Revolution Edit

See also: Guangxi Massacre
 
Bian Zhongyun, the first teacher or "education worker" killed by the Red Guards in Beijing ("Red August" of 1966).

Starting from the "Red August" of 1966, people in the Five Black Categories were separated out for struggle sessions, humiliation, re-education, beating, and persecution.[2][4][5] Many of them were killed by the Red Guards and others.[3][4][6] Mao believed that victimizing these people, as well as other groups of citizens – such as teachers, educated intellectuals, and enemies of the Communist Party (cadres) – was a necessary component to initiate the changes in the Chinese culture that he desired. He believed that those who were victimized either deserved it or became better citizens as a result of it. In general, intellectuals were called the "Stinking Old Ninth". Effectively, within a few years, the education and medical infrastructure of China was completely destroyed.[7][8]

According to a speech by Jiang Qing, who was his wife and Party's senior leader, "If good people beat bad people, it serves them right; if bad people beat good people, the good people achieve glory; if good people beat good people, it is a misunderstanding; without beatings, you do not get acquainted and then no longer need to beat them" (Walder 149).

Members of the Black Classes were systematically discriminated against, as one's classification could affect employment opportunities and career prospects and even marriage opportunities. This could also be passed onto their children. Over time this resulted in a victimized underclass that was treated as if it were still composed of powerful and dominant people.[2][3][4][5][9]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b Sorace, Christian; Franceschini, Ivan; Loubere, Nicholas (2019-05-21). Afterlives of Chinese Communism. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-78873-476-9.
  2. ^ a b c d Jian, Guo; Song, Yongyi; Zhou, Yuan (2006-07-17). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6491-7.
  3. ^ a b c Song, Yongyi (2011-08-25). "Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)". Sciences Po. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
  4. ^ a b c Wang, Youqin (2001). "Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966" (PDF). The University of Chicago. (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-17.
  5. ^ a b Gaskell, Ivan; Carter, Sarah Anne (2020-03-12). The Oxford Handbook of History and Material Culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-934176-4.
  6. ^ "A Massacre in Daxing County During the Cultural Revolution". Chinese Law & Government. 14 (3): 70–71. 2014-12-07. doi:10.2753/CLG0009-4609140370.
  7. ^ Issues & Studies. Institute of International Relations, Republic of China. 1988.
  8. ^ Bonavia, David (1989). Deng. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-99952-7.
  9. ^ Margolin, Jean-Louis. "Mao’s China: The Worst Non-Genocidal Regime?." In The historiography of genocide, pp. 438-467. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2008, p.448

Further reading Edit

  • MacFarquhar, Roderick, John K. Fairbank, and Denis C. Twitchett, eds. "Mass Mobilization." The Cambridge History of China, Volume 15, The People's Republic Part 2. Revolutions within the Chinese Revolution, 1966–1982. 545. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Print.
  • WALDER, Andrew G. Fractured Rebellions: The Beijing Red Guard Movement. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009. Print.
  • Yongyi, Song. "Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)." Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence. 25 August 2011. Web. 31 March 2014.

October 22, 2023
five, black, categories, chinese, 黑五类, pinyin, hēiwǔlèi, were, classifications, political, identity, defined, during, period, chinese, cultural, revolution, 1966, 1976, people, republic, china, zedong, ordained, that, people, these, groups, should, considered,. The Five Black Categories Chinese 黑五类 pinyin Heiwǔlei were classifications of political identity defined during the period of the Chinese Cultural Revolution 1966 1976 in the People s Republic of China by Mao Zedong who ordained that people in these groups should be considered enemies of the Revolution The groups were 1 2 3 Landlords 地主 dizhǔ Rich farmers 富农 funong Counter revolutionaries 反革命 fǎngeming Bad influencers bad elements 坏分子 huaifenzǐ Right wingers 右派 youpai Conversely Mao categorized groups of people such as members of the Chinese Communist Party poor farmers and low class workers as Five Red Categories 1 2 This new Red Black class distinction was used to create a status society Contents 1 Cultural Revolution 2 See also 3 References 4 Further readingCultural Revolution EditSee also Guangxi Massacre nbsp Bian Zhongyun the first teacher or education worker killed by the Red Guards in Beijing Red August of 1966 Starting from the Red August of 1966 people in the Five Black Categories were separated out for struggle sessions humiliation re education beating and persecution 2 4 5 Many of them were killed by the Red Guards and others 3 4 6 Mao believed that victimizing these people as well as other groups of citizens such as teachers educated intellectuals and enemies of the Communist Party cadres was a necessary component to initiate the changes in the Chinese culture that he desired He believed that those who were victimized either deserved it or became better citizens as a result of it In general intellectuals were called the Stinking Old Ninth Effectively within a few years the education and medical infrastructure of China was completely destroyed 7 8 According to a speech by Jiang Qing who was his wife and Party s senior leader If good people beat bad people it serves them right if bad people beat good people the good people achieve glory if good people beat good people it is a misunderstanding without beatings you do not get acquainted and then no longer need to beat them Walder 149 Members of the Black Classes were systematically discriminated against as one s classification could affect employment opportunities and career prospects and even marriage opportunities This could also be passed onto their children Over time this resulted in a victimized underclass that was treated as if it were still composed of powerful and dominant people 2 3 4 5 9 See also EditStinking Old Ninth Five Red Categories Four Olds Red TerrorReferences Edit a b Sorace Christian Franceschini Ivan Loubere Nicholas 2019 05 21 Afterlives of Chinese Communism Verso Books ISBN 978 1 78873 476 9 a b c d Jian Guo Song Yongyi Zhou Yuan 2006 07 17 Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 0 8108 6491 7 a b c Song Yongyi 2011 08 25 Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution 1966 1976 Sciences Po Retrieved 2019 11 30 a b c Wang Youqin 2001 Student Attacks Against Teachers The Revolution of 1966 PDF The University of Chicago Archived PDF from the original on 2020 04 17 a b Gaskell Ivan Carter Sarah Anne 2020 03 12 The Oxford Handbook of History and Material Culture Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 934176 4 A Massacre in Daxing County During the Cultural Revolution Chinese Law amp Government 14 3 70 71 2014 12 07 doi 10 2753 CLG0009 4609140370 Issues amp Studies Institute of International Relations Republic of China 1988 Bonavia David 1989 Deng Longman ISBN 978 0 582 99952 7 Margolin Jean Louis Mao s China The Worst Non Genocidal Regime In The historiography of genocide pp 438 467 Palgrave Macmillan London 2008 p 448Further reading EditMacFarquhar Roderick John K Fairbank and Denis C Twitchett eds Mass Mobilization The Cambridge History of China Volume 15 The People s Republic Part 2 Revolutions within the Chinese Revolution 1966 1982 545 New York Cambridge University Press 1991 Print WALDER Andrew G Fractured Rebellions The Beijing Red Guard Movement Cambridge Harvard University Press 2009 Print Yongyi Song Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution 1966 1976 Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence 25 August 2011 Web 31 March 2014 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Five Black Categories amp oldid 1177321397, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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