FLNA

For the armed group in northern Mali, see National Liberation Front of Azawad.

Filamin A, alpha (FLNA) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FLNA gene.^[5][6]

FLNA
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 2AAV, 2BP3, 2BRQ, 2J3S, 2JF1, 2K3T, 2K7P, 2MTP, 2W0P, 2WFN, 3CNK, 3HOC, 3HOP, 3HOR, 3ISW, 3RGH, 4M9P, 4P3W
Identifiers
Aliases	FLNA, ABP-280, ABPX, CSBS, CVD1, FLN, FLN-A, FLN1, FMD, MNS, NHBP, OPD, OPD1, OPD2, XLVD, XMVD, filamin A, FGS2
External IDs	OMIM: 300017 MGI: 95556 HomoloGene: 1119 GeneCards: FLNA
Gene location (Human) Chr. X chromosome (human)^[1] Band Xq28 Start 154,348,524 bp^[1] End 154,374,634 bp^[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. X chromosome (mouse)^[2] Band X A7.3|X 37.89 cM Start 73,267,067 bp^[2] End 73,293,426 bp^[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in right coronary artery popliteal artery ascending aorta saphenous vein gastric mucosa left coronary artery left uterine tube stromal cell of endometrium myometrium canal of the cervix Top expressed in ascending aorta uterus cervix belly cord external carotid artery aortic valve internal carotid artery maxillary prominence calvaria left lung lobe More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function protein homodimerization activity protein-containing complex binding transcription factor binding mu-type opioid receptor binding signal transducer activity actin filament binding small GTPase binding kinase binding actin binding SMAD binding Fc-gamma receptor I complex binding G protein-coupled receptor binding GTPase binding RNA binding potassium channel regulator activity transmembrane transporter binding cadherin binding protein binding Cellular component cytoplasm membrane focal adhesion cortical cytoskeleton plasma membrane Myb complex dendritic shaft extracellular region neuronal cell body cell cortex nucleolus actin filament actin cytoskeleton perinuclear region of cytoplasm extracellular exosome cytoskeleton nucleus apical dendrite filamentous actin extracellular matrix cell-cell junction cytosol Z disc Biological process actin cytoskeleton reorganization negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase I negative regulation of protein catabolic process establishment of protein localization protein stabilization platelet degranulation mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of apoptotic process receptor clustering negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity cytoplasmic sequestering of protein platelet activation mitotic spindle assembly positive regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading protein localization to cell surface cell projection organization adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway actin crosslink formation positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling positive regulation of integrin-mediated signaling pathway platelet aggregation cell junction assembly regulation of cell migration wound healing, spreading of cells semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway formation of radial glial scaffolds cerebral cortex development cilium assembly protein localization to plasma membrane positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport regulation of membrane repolarization during atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential regulation of membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation positive regulation of neuron migration Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 2316 192176 Ensembl ENSG00000196924 ENSMUSG00000031328 UniProt P21333 Q8BTM8 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001110556 NM_001456 NM_001290421 NM_010227 RefSeq (protein) NP_001104026 NP_001447 NP_001277350 NP_034357 NP_001390993 Location (UCSC) Chr X: 154.35 – 154.37 Mb Chr X: 73.27 – 73.29 Mb PubMed search ^[3] ^[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Function

Actin-binding protein, or filamin, is a 280-kD protein that crosslinks actin filaments into orthogonal networks in cortical cytoplasm and participates in the anchoring of membrane proteins for the actin cytoskeleton. Remodeling of the cytoskeleton is central to the modulation of cell shape and migration. Filamin A, encoded by the FLNA gene, is a widely expressed filamin that regulates the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton by interacting with integrins, transmembrane receptor complexes, and secondary messengers.^[7] At least 31 disease-causing mutations in this gene have been discovered.^[8]

Structure

The protein structure includes an actin binding N terminal domain, 24 internal repeats and 2 hinge regions.^[9][10]

Interactions

Filamin has been shown to interact with:

• BRCA2,^[11]
• CD29^[12][13]
• CASR,^[14][15]
• FBLIM1,^[16]
• FILIP1,^[17]
• FLNB,^[18]
• NPHP1,^[19]
• RALA,^[20]
• SH2B3,^[21]
• TRIO,^[22] and
• VHL.^[23][24]

RNA editing

The edited residue was previously recorded as a single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) in dbSNP.

Type

A to I RNA editing is catalyzed by a family of adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) that specifically recognize adenosines within double-stranded regions of pre-mRNAs and deaminate them to inosine. Inosines are recognised as guanosine by the cells translational machinery. There are three members of the ADAR family ADARs 1-3 with ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 being the only enzymatically active members.ADAR3 is thought to have a regulatory role in the brain. ADAR1 and ADAR 2 are widely expressed in tissues while ADAR 3 is restricted to the brain. The double stranded regions of RNA are formed by base-pairing between residues in a region complementary to the region of the editing site. This complementary region is usually found in a neighbouring intron but can also be located in an exonic sequence. The region that base pairs with the editing region is known as an Editing Complentary Sequence (ECS).

Site

The one editing site of FLNA pre-mRNA is located within amino acid 2341 of the final protein. The Glutamine (Q) codon is altered due to a site specific deamination of an adenosine at the editing site to an Arginine (R) codon. The editing region is predicted to form a double stranded region of 32 base pairs in length with a complementary sequence about 200 nucleotides downstream of the editing site. This ECS is found in an intronic sequence.^[25] Editing at the Q/R site is likely to involve both ADAR1 and ADAR2.Mice ADAR2 knockouts show a decrease in editing at the Q/R site.ADAR1 double knockouts have no effect on editing.^[26]

Structure

The edited adenosine is located in the 22 immunogloulin^{[check spelling]} like repeat of the protein. This region is an integrin β binding domain^[27] and a RAC1 binding domain.^[20] The amino acid change is likely to effect the electrostatic potential of the binding domains.^[25] FLNA editing site is 2 nucleotides from a splice site like the R/G site of GluR-2. Both transcripts have 7/8 identical nucleotides around their editing sites. Since it is widely thought that editing at the GLUR-2 Q/R site influences splicing, the sequence and editing site similarity could mean that editing at the FLNA site could also regulate splicing. In vitro experiments of gluR-2 have shown that presence of ADAR2 results in inhibition of splicing.^[28] Analysis of EST data for FLNA show that there is a link between editing of the last exon codon and retention of the following intron.^[25]

Function

The change in electrostatic potential is likely to effect the binding of FLNA to the many proteins it interacts with.^[29]

DNA repair

Interaction of FLNA with the BRCA1 protein is required for efficient regulation of early stages of DNA repair processes.^[30] FLNA is implicated in the control of the DNA repair process of homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining.^[30]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000196924 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000031328 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Gorlin JB, Henske E, Warren ST, Kunst CB, D'Urso M, Palmieri G, Hartwig JH, Bruns G, Kwiatkowski DJ (October 1993). "Actin-binding protein (ABP-280) filamin gene (FLN) maps telomeric to the color vision locus (R/GCP) and centromeric to G6PD in Xq28". Genomics. 17 (2): 496–8. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1354. PMID 8406501.
6. Robertson SP, Twigg SR, Sutherland-Smith AJ, Biancalana V, Gorlin RJ, Horn D, Kenwrick SJ, Kim CA, Morava E, Newbury-Ecob R, Orstavik KH, Quarrell OW, Schwartz CE, Shears DJ, Suri M, Kendrick-Jones J, Wilkie AO (March 2003). "Localized mutations in the gene encoding the cytoskeletal protein filamin A cause diverse malformations in humans". Nat Genet. 33 (4): 487–91. doi:10.1038/ng1119. PMID 12612583.
7. "Entrez Gene: FLNA filamin A, alpha (actin binding protein 280)".
8. Šimčíková D, Heneberg P (December 2019). "Refinement of evolutionary medicine predictions based on clinical evidence for the manifestations of Mendelian diseases". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 18577. Bibcode:2019NatSR...918577S. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54976-4. PMC 6901466. PMID 31819097.
9. Gräber P, Witt HT (February 1976). "Relations between the electrical potential, pH gradient, proton flux and phosphorylation in the photosynthetic membrane". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 423 (2): 141–63. doi:10.1016/0005-2728(76)90174-2. PMID 2316.
10. "P21333 (FLNA_HUMAN): Filamin-A". UniProt.
11. Yuan Y, Shen Z (December 2001). "Interaction with BRCA2 suggests a role for filamin-1 (hsFLNa) in DNA damage response". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (51): 48318–24. doi:10.1074/jbc.M102557200. PMID 11602572.
12. van der Flier A, Kuikman I, Kramer D, Geerts D, Kreft M, Takafuta T, Shapiro SS, Sonnenberg A (January 2002). "Different splice variants of filamin-B affect myogenesis, subcellular distribution, and determine binding to integrin [beta] subunits". J. Cell Biol. 156 (2): 361–76. doi:10.1083/jcb.200103037. PMC 2199218. PMID 11807098.
13. Loo DT, Kanner SB, Aruffo A (September 1998). "Filamin binds to the cytoplasmic domain of the beta1-integrin. Identification of amino acids responsible for this interaction". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (36): 23304–12. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.36.23304. PMID 9722563.
14. Hjälm G, MacLeod RJ, Kifor O, Chattopadhyay N, Brown EM (September 2001). "Filamin-A binds to the carboxyl-terminal tail of the calcium-sensing receptor, an interaction that participates in CaR-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (37): 34880–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M100784200. PMID 11390380.
15. Awata H, Huang C, Handlogten ME, Miller RT (September 2001). "Interaction of the calcium-sensing receptor and filamin, a potential scaffolding protein". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (37): 34871–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M100775200. PMID 11390379.
16. Tu Y, Wu S, Shi X, Chen K, Wu C (April 2003). "Migfilin and Mig-2 link focal adhesions to filamin and the actin cytoskeleton and function in cell shape modulation". Cell. 113 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00163-6. PMID 12679033.
17. Nagano T, Yoneda T, Hatanaka Y, Kubota C, Murakami F, Sato M (July 2002). "Filamin A-interacting protein (FILIP) regulates cortical cell migration out of the ventricular zone". Nat. Cell Biol. 4 (7): 495–501. doi:10.1038/ncb808. PMID 12055638. S2CID 4795393.
18. Sheen VL, Feng Y, Graham D, Takafuta T, Shapiro SS, Walsh CA (November 2002). "Filamin A and Filamin B are co-expressed within neurons during periods of neuronal migration and can physically interact". Hum. Mol. Genet. 11 (23): 2845–54. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.23.2845. PMID 12393796.
19. Donaldson JC, Dise RS, Ritchie MD, Hanks SK (August 2002). "Nephrocystin-conserved domains involved in targeting to epithelial cell-cell junctions, interaction with filamins, and establishing cell polarity". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (32): 29028–35. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111697200. PMID 12006559.
20. Ohta Y, Suzuki N, Nakamura S, Hartwig JH, Stossel TP (March 1999). "The small GTPase RalA targets filamin to induce filopodia". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (5): 2122–8. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.2122O. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.5.2122. PMC 26747. PMID 10051605.
21. He X, Li Y, Schembri-King J, Jakes S, Hayashi J (August 2000). "Identification of actin binding protein, ABP-280, as a binding partner of human Lnk adaptor protein". Mol. Immunol. 37 (10): 603–12. doi:10.1016/s0161-5890(00)00070-5. PMID 11163396.
22. Bellanger JM, Astier C, Sardet C, Ohta Y, Stossel TP, Debant A (December 2000). "The Rac1- and RhoG-specific GEF domain of Trio targets filamin to remodel cytoskeletal actin". Nat. Cell Biol. 2 (12): 888–92. doi:10.1038/35046533. PMID 11146652. S2CID 10182923.
23. Tsuchiya H, Iseda T, Hino O (July 1996). "Identification of a novel protein (VBP-1) binding to the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene product". Cancer Res. 56 (13): 2881–5. PMID 8674032.
24. Zhou MI, Wang H, Ross JJ, Kuzmin I, Xu C, Cohen HT (October 2002). "The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor stabilizes novel plant homeodomain protein Jade-1". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (42): 39887–98. doi:10.1074/jbc.M205040200. PMID 12169691.
25. Levanon EY, Hallegger M, Kinar Y, Shemesh R, Djinovic-Carugo K, Rechavi G, Jantsch MF, Eisenberg E (2005). "Evolutionarily conserved human targets of adenosine to inosine RNA editing". Nucleic Acids Res. 33 (4): 1162–8. arXiv:q-bio/0502045. Bibcode:2005q.bio.....2045L. doi:10.1093/nar/gki239. PMC 549564. PMID 15731336.
26. Riedmann EM, Schopoff S, Hartner JC, Jantsch MF (June 2008). "Specificity of ADAR-mediated RNA editing in newly identified targets". RNA. 14 (6): 1110–8. doi:10.1261/rna.923308. PMC 2390793. PMID 18430892.
27. Travis MA, van der Flier A, Kammerer RA, Mould AP, Sonnenberg A, Humphries MJ (July 2004). "Interaction of filamin A with the integrin beta 7 cytoplasmic domain: role of alternative splicing and phosphorylation". FEBS Lett. 569 (1–3): 185–90. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.04.099. PMID 15225631.
28. Bratt E, Ohman M (March 2003). "Coordination of editing and splicing of glutamate receptor pre-mRNA". RNA. 9 (3): 309–18. doi:10.1261/rna.2750803. PMC 1370398. PMID 12592005.
29. Popowicz GM, Müller R, Noegel AA, Schleicher M, Huber R, Holak TA (October 2004). "Molecular structure of the rod domain of dictyostelium filamin". J. Mol. Biol. 342 (5): 1637–46. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.08.017. PMID 15364587.
30. Velkova A, Carvalho MA, Johnson JO, Tavtigian SV, Monteiro AN. Identification of Filamin A as a BRCA1-interacting protein required for efficient DNA repair. Cell Cycle. 2010 Apr 1;9(7):1421-33. doi: 10.4161/cc.9.7.11256. Epub 2010 Apr 1. PMID: 20305393; PMCID: PMC3040726

Further reading

• Light S, Sagit R, Ithychanda SS, Qin J, Elofsson A (Sep 2012). "The evolution of filamin - a protein domain repeat perspective". Journal of Structural Biology. 179 (3): 289–98. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2012.02.010. PMC 3728663. PMID 22414427.
• Stossel TP, Condeelis J, Cooley L, Hartwig JH, Noegel A, Schleicher M, Shapiro SS (2001). "Filamins as integrators of cell mechanics and signalling". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 (2): 138–45. doi:10.1038/35052082. PMID 11252955. S2CID 5203942.
• van der Flier A, Sonnenberg A (2001). "Structural and functional aspects of filamins". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1538 (2–3): 99–117. doi:10.1016/S0167-4889(01)00072-6. PMID 11336782.

External links

• GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Otopalatodigital Spectrum Disorders
• GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on X-Linked Periventricular Heterotopia or Bilateral Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia