The ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca), also known as ferruginous pochard, common white-eye or white-eyed pochard, is a medium-sized diving duck from Eurosiberia. The scientific name is derived from Greek aithuia an unidentified seabird mentioned by authors including Hesychius and Aristotle, and nyrok, the Russian name for a duck.[2]
The breeding male is a rich, dark chestnut on the head, breast and flanks with contrasting pure white undertail coverts. In flight the white belly and underwing patch are visible. The females are duller and browner than the males. The male has a yellow eye and the females have a dark eye.[3]
Habitatedit
The ferruginous duck prefers quite shallow fresh waterbodies with rich submerged and floating vegetation with dense stands of emergent vegetation on the margins. In some areas it will use saline or brackish pools or wetlands. On passage and wintering will also frequent coastal waters, inland seas and large, open lagoons.[4]
Distributionedit
The breeding range of the ferruginous duck is from Iberia and the Maghreb east to western Mongolia, south to Arabia, although in the west is now scarce and localised and locally extirpated in some countries. The duck winters throughout the Mediterranean Basin and the Black Sea, smaller number migrate into sub-Saharan Africa via the Nile Valley.[4] Eastern birds winter in south and south-east Asia.[5]
Habitsedit
These are gregarious birds, but less social than other Aythya species but where common it can form large flocks in winter, often mixed with other diving ducks, such as tufted ducks and common pochards. Form pairs from January onwards and during courtship the male often curls his tail so that it dips into the water forming a triangular white patch of the undertail coverts. In areas where it is common it will form colonies at protected sites such as islands, often in association with gulls. Where scarce it nests singly, in dispersed and concealed sites.[4]
Eggs are laid from the end of April or early May in a nest which is sited on the ground close to water, or sometimes a floating nest is built among emergent vegetation. The eggs are incubated for 25–27 days and the fledging period is 55–60 days.[4]
These birds feed mainly by diving or dabbling. They eat aquatic plants with some molluscs, aquatic insects and small fish. They often feed at night, and will upend (dabble) for food as well as the more characteristic diving.[4]
Conservationedit
The species is threatened by the degradation and destruction of its favoured habitats by anthropogenic causes which are very wide and varied including impoundment, drainage, pollution and mismanagement. The introduction of non-native species has also caused habitat degradation, e.g. the stocking of lakes with and accidental introduction of grass carpCtenopharyngodon idella has caused reductions in plant and animal biomass available for the ducks to feed on. In addition, the increased threat of drought due to climate change may pose a threat to the species in the drier parts of its range. Increased disturbance by fishing boats and anglers among marginal vegetation could cause abandonment of the breeding sites or disrupt the timing of breeding particularly in populated areas, e.g. Western Europe. Ferruginous ducks are also threatened by hunting and large numbers are shot on passage in the autumn and in the wintering areas. Although protected in most European countries illegal and accidental hunting persists. It is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.[5] Among recent local initiatives it should be mentioned inclusion of the breeding habitats of the species in Armenia into network of Emerald Sites protected by the Bern Convention.[6]
Aythya nyroca (male), referred to as Anas pullata, in Nederlandsche Vogelen, c. 1800
Referencesedit
^BirdLife International (2019). "Aythya nyroca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22680373A152620862. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22680373A152620862.en. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
^Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 64, 277. ISBN978-1-4081-2501-4.
^Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1988). Wildfowl An identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world. Christopher Helm. pp. 252–253. ISBN0-7470-2201-1.
^ abcdeSnow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic Concise Edition Volume 1 Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press. pp. 242–244. ISBN0-19-850187-0.
^Ferruginous Pochard (Aythya nyroca) in Armenia. 11 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine In online publication: "The State of Breeding Birds of Armenia". TSE NGO, Armenian Bird Census Council. Retrieved 27 May 2017
Further readingedit
Showler, D.A.; Davidson, P. (1999). "Observations of Jerdon's Babbler Chrysomma altirostre and Rufous-vented Prinia Prinia burnesii in Punjab and North-West Frontier Provinces, Pakistan" (PDF). Forktail. 15: 66–76.
Singh, A.P. (2002). (PDF). Forktail. 18: 151–153. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
Vinicombe, K.E. (2000). (PDF). British Birds. 93 (1): 4–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
Ferruginous pochard photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
Interactive range map of Aythya nyroca at IUCN Red List maps
Audio recordings of Ferruginous duck on Xeno-canto.
January 01, 1970
ferruginous, duck, ferruginous, duck, aythya, nyroca, also, known, ferruginous, pochard, common, white, white, eyed, pochard, medium, sized, diving, duck, from, eurosiberia, scientific, name, derived, from, greek, aithuia, unidentified, seabird, mentioned, aut. The ferruginous duck Aythya nyroca also known as ferruginous pochard common white eye or white eyed pochard is a medium sized diving duck from Eurosiberia The scientific name is derived from Greek aithuia an unidentified seabird mentioned by authors including Hesychius and Aristotle and nyrok the Russian name for a duck 2 Ferruginous duck Male Female Conservation status Near Threatened IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Anseriformes Family Anatidae Genus Aythya Species A nyroca Binomial name Aythya nyroca Guldenstadt 1770 Range of A nyroca Breeding Resident Passage Non breeding Contents 1 Description 2 Habitat 3 Distribution 4 Habits 5 Conservation 6 Gallery 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksDescription editThe breeding male is a rich dark chestnut on the head breast and flanks with contrasting pure white undertail coverts In flight the white belly and underwing patch are visible The females are duller and browner than the males The male has a yellow eye and the females have a dark eye 3 Habitat editThe ferruginous duck prefers quite shallow fresh waterbodies with rich submerged and floating vegetation with dense stands of emergent vegetation on the margins In some areas it will use saline or brackish pools or wetlands On passage and wintering will also frequent coastal waters inland seas and large open lagoons 4 Distribution editThe breeding range of the ferruginous duck is from Iberia and the Maghreb east to western Mongolia south to Arabia although in the west is now scarce and localised and locally extirpated in some countries The duck winters throughout the Mediterranean Basin and the Black Sea smaller number migrate into sub Saharan Africa via the Nile Valley 4 Eastern birds winter in south and south east Asia 5 Habits editThese are gregarious birds but less social than other Aythya species but where common it can form large flocks in winter often mixed with other diving ducks such as tufted ducks and common pochards Form pairs from January onwards and during courtship the male often curls his tail so that it dips into the water forming a triangular white patch of the undertail coverts In areas where it is common it will form colonies at protected sites such as islands often in association with gulls Where scarce it nests singly in dispersed and concealed sites 4 Eggs are laid from the end of April or early May in a nest which is sited on the ground close to water or sometimes a floating nest is built among emergent vegetation The eggs are incubated for 25 27 days and the fledging period is 55 60 days 4 These birds feed mainly by diving or dabbling They eat aquatic plants with some molluscs aquatic insects and small fish They often feed at night and will upend dabble for food as well as the more characteristic diving 4 Conservation editThe species is threatened by the degradation and destruction of its favoured habitats by anthropogenic causes which are very wide and varied including impoundment drainage pollution and mismanagement The introduction of non native species has also caused habitat degradation e g the stocking of lakes with and accidental introduction of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella has caused reductions in plant and animal biomass available for the ducks to feed on In addition the increased threat of drought due to climate change may pose a threat to the species in the drier parts of its range Increased disturbance by fishing boats and anglers among marginal vegetation could cause abandonment of the breeding sites or disrupt the timing of breeding particularly in populated areas e g Western Europe Ferruginous ducks are also threatened by hunting and large numbers are shot on passage in the autumn and in the wintering areas Although protected in most European countries illegal and accidental hunting persists It is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds AEWA applies 5 Among recent local initiatives it should be mentioned inclusion of the breeding habitats of the species in Armenia into network of Emerald Sites protected by the Bern Convention 6 Gallery edit nbsp Male nbsp Ferruginous ducks nbsp ID composite nbsp Egg Collection Museum Wiesbaden nbsp Aythya nyroca male referred to as Anas pullata in Nederlandsche Vogelen c 1800References edit BirdLife International 2019 Aythya nyroca IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T22680373A152620862 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T22680373A152620862 en Retrieved 21 March 2022 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm pp 64 277 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Madge Steve Burn Hilary 1988 Wildfowl An identification guide to the ducks geese and swans of the world Christopher Helm pp 252 253 ISBN 0 7470 2201 1 a b c d e Snow D W Perrins C M 1998 The Birds of the Western Palearctic Concise Edition Volume 1 Non Passerines Oxford University Press pp 242 244 ISBN 0 19 850187 0 a b Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca Birdlife International Retrieved 15 October 2016 Ferruginous Pochard Aythya nyroca in Armenia Archived 11 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine In online publication The State of Breeding Birds of Armenia TSE NGO Armenian Bird Census Council Retrieved 27 May 2017Further reading editShowler D A Davidson P 1999 Observations of Jerdon s Babbler Chrysomma altirostre and Rufous vented Prinia Prinia burnesii in Punjab and North West Frontier Provinces Pakistan PDF Forktail 15 66 76 Singh A P 2002 New and significant records from Dehra Dun valley lower Garhwal Himalayas India PDF Forktail 18 151 153 Archived from the original PDF on 8 August 2017 Retrieved 7 March 2015 Vinicombe K E 2000 Identification of Ferruginous Duck and its status in Britain and Ireland PDF British Birds 93 1 4 21 Archived from the original PDF on 23 September 2015 Retrieved 7 March 2015 Vinicombe K E 2007 ID in depth Ferruginous Duck Birdwatch 176 24 26 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aythya nyroca nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Aythya nyroca BirdLife species factsheet for Aythya nyroca Aythya nyroca Avibase nbsp Ferruginous duck media Internet Bird Collection Ferruginous pochard photo gallery at VIREO Drexel University Interactive range map of Aythya nyroca at IUCN Red List maps Audio recordings of Ferruginous duck on Xeno canto Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ferruginous duck amp oldid 1218101416, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
