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Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl

February 03, 2024

Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl (between 1568 and 1580, died in 1648) was a nobleman of partial Aztec noble descent in the Spanish Viceroyalty of New Spain, modern Mexico; he is known primarily for his works chronicling indigenous Aztec history.[1][2]

Life edit

Born between 1568 and 1580, Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl was a direct descendant of Ixtlilxochitl I and Ixtlilxochitl II, who had been tlatoque (rulers) of Texcoco. He was descended from an indigenous grandparent and three Spanish grandparents.[3] He was also the great-great-grandson of Cuitláhuac (Cuitláhuac was the eleventh son of the ruler Axayacatl and a younger brother of Moctezuma II, the previous ruler of Tenochtitlan.), the penultimate Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan and victor of La Noche Triste. On the death of his eldest brother in 1602, he was declared by a royal decree heir to the titles and possessions of his family. The property, however, does not appear to have been large, as he complained in 1608 of the deplorable state of misery to which the posterity of the kings of Texcoco were reduced.[4]

He was a distinguished student at the Imperial Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, where he was educated in both Nahuatl and Spanish. He lived in San Juan Teotihuacán from 1600 to 1604.

In 1608, he was employed as interpreter by the viceroy, which appointment he owed to his learning and skill in explaining the hieroglyphic pictures of the ancient Mexicans. He had also a profound knowledge of the traditions of his ancestors which were preserved in the national songs, and "was intimate with several old Native Americans famous for their knowledge of Mexican history." He turned his own labors and those of his friends to account in composing works on the history of his country. They remained unknown until their importance was revealed by Clavijero, and afterward by Humboldt. The former says that they were written in Spanish by command of the viceroy, and were deposited in the library of the Jesuits in Mexico. There were copies also in other libraries.[4]

In 1612 he was governor of Texcoco, and in 1613 governor of Tlalmanalco. In spite of his illustrious birth, good education and obvious ability, he lived most of his life in dire poverty. Most of his works were written to relieve his wants. He died in Mexico City in 1648.

Works edit

He was commissioned by the Spanish viceroy of New Spain to write histories of the indigenous peoples of Mexico. His Relación histórica de la nación tulteca (usually called Relación) was written between 1600 and 1608.[5] This was an account of many events in New Spain, and many events of the Toltec people. The Relación and most of his other accounts and compilations contain writing fragments and songs, with much repetition and little organization. He gives a detailed account of the important part played by his great-grandfather Don Fernando Ixtlilxóchitl II in the conquest of the Aztec Empire and the pacification of the Indigenous of New Spain, praising him in every possible way and condemning the ingratitude of the conquerors.

Later (1610 to 1640, according to Chavero), Alva wrote the Spanish work Historia chichimeca, which refers to the same events, but with more organization. Historia chichimeca is not the original title, which is unknown, but was supplied by Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora when the manuscript was in his possession. Lorenzo Boturini Bernaducci, who owned the same manuscript later, called it Historia general de la Nueva España. There are indications it was part of a larger work, the rest of which has been lost, or perhaps was unfinished. It ends with the siege of Mexico. The work gives the Texcoca version of pre-Columbian history and the conquest, in contrast to the work of Fernando Alvarado Tezozómoc, which gives the Mexica version. The Historia chichimeca is considered Alva's best work.

His works contain very important data for the history of Mexico, but except for Historia chichimeca, they are written without order or method, the chronology is very faulty, and there is much repetition.

Alfredo Chavero published his works, annotated, with the title of Obras históricas (Historical Works) in 1891-1892. José Ignacio Dávila Garibi reproduced that edition with a new prologue in 1952.

The Codex Ixtlilxochitl is attributed to him.

He wrote two memorials, Sucinta and Sumaria, addressed to Viceroy Luis de Velasco, hijo, and Fray García Guerra. These were attempts to recover some of the property and privileges of his royal ancestors. Partly owing to these appeals, and partly to the favor of Fray García Guerra, who afterwards became archbishop of Mexico and viceroy of New Spain, some land concessions were granted him, and in the last years of his life he was appointed interpreter in the Indian judiciary court. He was still working there when he died in 1648, poor and forgotten. His son, Juan de Alva Cortés, inherited his documents and before his death were given to Don Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora.[6]

See also edit

  • Huematzin, 8th century sage (either real or legendary) mentioned in 'Relaciones Históricas'

Notes edit

  1. ^ Brian, Amber. "Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl". Oxford Bibliographies Online. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
  2. ^ Townsend, Camilla (2014-01-02). "Introduction: The evolution of Alva Ixtlilxochitl's scholarly life". Colonial Latin American Review. 23 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1080/10609164.2013.877248. ISSN 1060-9164.
  3. ^ Lee, Jongsoo; Brokaw, Galen (2016). Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl and His Legacy. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-3368-8.
  4. ^ a b Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alba" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
  5. ^ Okubo, Yukitaka Inoue (2019). "Los tlatoque en la Decimatercia relación de Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl". Dimensión Antropológica (in Spanish). 76: 12–27.
  6. ^ Brian, Amber (2016). Alva Ixtlilxochitl's Native Archive and the Circulation of Knowledge in Colonial Mexico. Vanderbilt University Press. ISBN 978-0-8265-2097-5.

Further reading edit

  • Alva Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de (1975). Obras historicas, 2 vols. (Mexico,). Edmundo O'Gorman, ed. (in Spanish)
  • Alva Ixtlilxóchitl, Fernando de (1996). Enciclopedia de México, v. 1. Mexico City, ISBN 1-56409-016-7. (in Spanish)
  • Boturini, Lorenzo (1749). Idea de una historia general de la América Septentrional. Madrid. (in Spanish)
  • Brian, Amber (2016). Alva Ixtlilxochitl's Native Archive and the Circulation of Knowledge in Colonial Mexico. Vanderbilt University Press. ISBN 978-0826520975.
  • Bustamante, Jesús (1995). "Professional Indian, Professional Criollo. Nahuatl Versions of Classical Spanish Theatre". In Henriette Bugge; Joan Pau Rubiés (eds.). Shifting Cultures: Interaction and Discourse in the Expansion of Europe. Periplus Parerga, Bd. 4. Münster, Germany: LIT Verlag. pp. 71–96. ISBN 3-8258-2614-7. OCLC 36278908.
  • Chavero, Alfredo (ed.) (1891–92). Obras históricas de D. Fernando de Alba Ixtlilxochitl. Mexico. (in Spanish)
  • Danieri, Juan José (2002). "¿Tloque nahuaque o Dios desconocido? El problema de la traducción cultural en la Historia de la nación chichimeca de Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl". Morada de la palabra. Homenaje a Luce y Mercedes López-Baralt. W. Mejías, ed. San Juan: Univ. de Puerto Rico. 515-521.(in Spanish)
  • Danieri, Juan José (2008). "Fernando de Alva Ixtilxochitl" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. 2nd ed. J. Kinsbruner, ed. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1: 127-28.(in English)
  • Hoyo, Eugenio del (1957). "Ensayo historiográfico sobre D. Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl", in Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia, vol. XVI. (in Spanish)
  • Lee, Jongsoo (2008). The Allure of Nezahualcoyotl: Pre-Hispanic History, Religión, and Nahua Poetics. New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. (in English)
  • Ward, Thomas (2001). “From the ‘People’ to the ‘Nation’: an Emerging Notion in Sahagún, Ixtlilxóchitl and Muñoz Camargo.” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl 32: 223-234.(in English)

External links edit

  • Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Fernando de Alba Ixtlilxochitl" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  • (in Spanish) Short biography
  • Relación Geográfica de Texcoco (Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl copy)

February 03, 2024
fernando, alva, cortés, ixtlilxóchitl, between, 1568, 1580, died, 1648, nobleman, partial, aztec, noble, descent, spanish, viceroyalty, spain, modern, mexico, known, primarily, works, chronicling, indigenous, aztec, history, contents, life, works, also, notes,. Fernando de Alva Cortes Ixtlilxochitl between 1568 and 1580 died in 1648 was a nobleman of partial Aztec noble descent in the Spanish Viceroyalty of New Spain modern Mexico he is known primarily for his works chronicling indigenous Aztec history 1 2 Contents 1 Life 2 Works 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Further reading 6 External linksLife editBorn between 1568 and 1580 Alva Cortes Ixtlilxochitl was a direct descendant of Ixtlilxochitl I and Ixtlilxochitl II who had been tlatoque rulers of Texcoco He was descended from an indigenous grandparent and three Spanish grandparents 3 He was also the great great grandson of Cuitlahuac Cuitlahuac was the eleventh son of the ruler Axayacatl and a younger brother of Moctezuma II the previous ruler of Tenochtitlan the penultimate Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan and victor of La Noche Triste On the death of his eldest brother in 1602 he was declared by a royal decree heir to the titles and possessions of his family The property however does not appear to have been large as he complained in 1608 of the deplorable state of misery to which the posterity of the kings of Texcoco were reduced 4 He was a distinguished student at the Imperial Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco where he was educated in both Nahuatl and Spanish He lived in San Juan Teotihuacan from 1600 to 1604 In 1608 he was employed as interpreter by the viceroy which appointment he owed to his learning and skill in explaining the hieroglyphic pictures of the ancient Mexicans He had also a profound knowledge of the traditions of his ancestors which were preserved in the national songs and was intimate with several old Native Americans famous for their knowledge of Mexican history He turned his own labors and those of his friends to account in composing works on the history of his country They remained unknown until their importance was revealed by Clavijero and afterward by Humboldt The former says that they were written in Spanish by command of the viceroy and were deposited in the library of the Jesuits in Mexico There were copies also in other libraries 4 In 1612 he was governor of Texcoco and in 1613 governor of Tlalmanalco In spite of his illustrious birth good education and obvious ability he lived most of his life in dire poverty Most of his works were written to relieve his wants He died in Mexico City in 1648 Works editHe was commissioned by the Spanish viceroy of New Spain to write histories of the indigenous peoples of Mexico His Relacion historica de la nacion tulteca usually called Relacion was written between 1600 and 1608 5 This was an account of many events in New Spain and many events of the Toltec people The Relacion and most of his other accounts and compilations contain writing fragments and songs with much repetition and little organization He gives a detailed account of the important part played by his great grandfather Don Fernando Ixtlilxochitl II in the conquest of the Aztec Empire and the pacification of the Indigenous of New Spain praising him in every possible way and condemning the ingratitude of the conquerors Later 1610 to 1640 according to Chavero Alva wrote the Spanish work Historia chichimeca which refers to the same events but with more organization Historia chichimeca is not the original title which is unknown but was supplied by Carlos de Siguenza y Gongora when the manuscript was in his possession Lorenzo Boturini Bernaducci who owned the same manuscript later called it Historia general de la Nueva Espana There are indications it was part of a larger work the rest of which has been lost or perhaps was unfinished It ends with the siege of Mexico The work gives the Texcoca version of pre Columbian history and the conquest in contrast to the work of Fernando Alvarado Tezozomoc which gives the Mexica version The Historia chichimeca is considered Alva s best work His works contain very important data for the history of Mexico but except for Historia chichimeca they are written without order or method the chronology is very faulty and there is much repetition Alfredo Chavero published his works annotated with the title of Obras historicas Historical Works in 1891 1892 Jose Ignacio Davila Garibi reproduced that edition with a new prologue in 1952 The Codex Ixtlilxochitl is attributed to him He wrote two memorials Sucinta and Sumaria addressed to Viceroy Luis de Velasco hijo and Fray Garcia Guerra These were attempts to recover some of the property and privileges of his royal ancestors Partly owing to these appeals and partly to the favor of Fray Garcia Guerra who afterwards became archbishop of Mexico and viceroy of New Spain some land concessions were granted him and in the last years of his life he was appointed interpreter in the Indian judiciary court He was still working there when he died in 1648 poor and forgotten His son Juan de Alva Cortes inherited his documents and before his death were given to Don Carlos de Siguenza y Gongora 6 See also editHuematzin 8th century sage either real or legendary mentioned in Relaciones Historicas Notes editThis article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations April 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message Brian Amber Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl Oxford Bibliographies Online Retrieved 2023 10 15 Townsend Camilla 2014 01 02 Introduction The evolution of Alva Ixtlilxochitl s scholarly life Colonial Latin American Review 23 1 1 17 doi 10 1080 10609164 2013 877248 ISSN 1060 9164 Lee Jongsoo Brokaw Galen 2016 Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl and His Legacy Tucson University of Arizona Press ISBN 978 0 8165 3368 8 a b Wilson J G Fiske J eds 1900 Ixtlilxochitl Fernando de Alba Appletons Cyclopaedia of American Biography New York D Appleton Okubo Yukitaka Inoue 2019 Los tlatoque en la Decimatercia relacion de Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl Dimension Antropologica in Spanish 76 12 27 Brian Amber 2016 Alva Ixtlilxochitl s Native Archive and the Circulation of Knowledge in Colonial Mexico Vanderbilt University Press ISBN 978 0 8265 2097 5 Further reading editAlva Ixtlilxochitl Fernando de 1975 Obras historicas 2 vols Mexico Edmundo O Gorman ed in Spanish Alva Ixtlilxochitl Fernando de 1996 Enciclopedia de Mexico v 1 Mexico City ISBN 1 56409 016 7 in Spanish Boturini Lorenzo 1749 Idea de una historia general de la America Septentrional Madrid in Spanish Brian Amber 2016 Alva Ixtlilxochitl s Native Archive and the Circulation of Knowledge in Colonial Mexico Vanderbilt University Press ISBN 978 0826520975 Bustamante Jesus 1995 Professional Indian Professional Criollo Nahuatl Versions of Classical Spanish Theatre In Henriette Bugge Joan Pau Rubies eds Shifting Cultures Interaction and Discourse in the Expansion of Europe Periplus Parerga Bd 4 Munster Germany LIT Verlag pp 71 96 ISBN 3 8258 2614 7 OCLC 36278908 Chavero Alfredo ed 1891 92 Obras historicas de D Fernando de Alba Ixtlilxochitl Mexico in Spanish Danieri Juan Jose 2002 Tloque nahuaque o Dios desconocido El problema de la traduccion cultural en la Historia de la nacion chichimeca de Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl Morada de la palabra Homenaje a Luce y Mercedes Lopez Baralt W Mejias ed San Juan Univ de Puerto Rico 515 521 in Spanish Danieri Juan Jose 2008 Fernando de Alva Ixtilxochitl in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 2nd ed J Kinsbruner ed Detroit Charles Scribner s Sons 1 127 28 in English Hoyo Eugenio del 1957 Ensayo historiografico sobre D Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl in Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia vol XVI in Spanish Lee Jongsoo 2008 The Allure of Nezahualcoyotl Pre Hispanic History Religion and Nahua Poetics New Mexico University of New Mexico Press in English Ward Thomas 2001 From the People to the Nation an Emerging Notion in Sahagun Ixtlilxochitl and Munoz Camargo Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl 32 223 234 in English External links editHerbermann Charles ed 1913 Fernando de Alba Ixtlilxochitl Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company in Spanish Short biography Relacion Geografica de Texcoco Alva Cortes Ixtlilxochitl copy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fernando de Alva Cortes Ixtlilxochitl amp oldid 1180841113, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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