Fergana
Fergana (Uzbek: Fargʻona/Фарғона, pronounced [farʁɒna]), or Ferghana, is a district-level city and the capital of Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan.[2] Fergana is about 420 km east of Tashkent, about 75 km west of Andijan, and less than 20 km from the Kyrgyzstan border.
Fergana Fargʻona / Фарғона | |
|---|---|
Fergana Location in Uzbekistan Fergana Fergana (West and Central Asia) | |
| Coordinates: 40°23′11″N 71°47′11″E / 40.38639°N 71.78639°ECoordinates: 40°23′11″N 71°47′11″E / 40.38639°N 71.78639°E | |
| Country | Uzbekistan |
| Region | Fergana Region |
| Established | 1876 |
| Government | |
| • Type | City Administration |
| • Hakim (Mayor) | Vosiljon Nazarov |
| Area | |
| • Total | 95.6 km2 (36.9 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 590 m (1,940 ft) |
| Population (2022)[1] | |
| • Total | 299,200 |
| • Density | 3,100/km2 (8,100/sq mi) |
| Area code | (+998) 73 |
| Website | ferghana |
While the area has been populated for thousands of years, the modern city was founded in 1876.
History
Fergana first appears in written records in the 5th-century. However, archeological evidence demonstrates that the city had been populated since the Chalcolithic period. Like many other Central Asian places in the sixth and seventh-centuries, Fergana was ruled by the Western Turkic Khaganate. Although it was still predominantly inhabited by eastern Iranians, many Turks had also started to settle there.[3] The city of Fergana was refounded in 1876 as a garrison town and colonial appendage to Margilan (22 kilometres or 13+1⁄2 miles to the northwest) by the Russian Empire.[citation needed]
It was initially named New Margelan (Russian: Новый Маргелан), then renamed Skobelov (Скобелев) in 1907 after the first Russian military governor of the Fergana Valley, Mikhail Skobelev. In 1924, after the Soviet Union's reconquest of the region from the Basmachi movement, the name was changed to Fergana, after the province of which it was the centre.[4]
The industrial base of Fergana was developed in the 20th century. Industry in the city included textile manufacturing and a nitric fertiliser plant. Some of the industrial development was a result of Evacuation in the Soviet Union during World War II.[5]
Fergana has been a center for oil production in the Fergana Valley since the region's first oil refinery was built near the city in 1908. Since then, more refineries have been added, and Fergana is one of the most important centers of oil refining in Uzbekistan. Natural gas from western Uzbekistan is transported by pipeline to the valley, where it is used to manufacture fertilizer. The Great Fergana Canal, built almost entirely by hand during the 1930s, passes through the northern part of the city and was completed in 1939. During its construction, the canal and the city were widely photographed by the noted photographer Max Penson. With a western loan Fergana is able to modernize its refinery and also reduce air pollution[6] emissions.
Climate
Fergana has a cool arid climate (Köppen BWk). Winters are cold and short, with a daily average low temperature of −2.8 °C (27.0 °F) and a daily average high of 4.6 °C (40.3 °F) in January; summers are hot, with an average low temperature of 20.3 °C (68.5 °F) and an average high of 34.7 °C (94.5 °F) in July. Annual precipitation is less than 200 millimetres or 8 inches, and most of this falls in winter and spring.
| Climate data for Fergana (1981-2010, extremes 1881-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.3 (61.3) | 23.1 (73.6) | 29.0 (84.2) | 34.4 (93.9) | 39.2 (102.6) | 41.3 (106.3) | 42.2 (108.0) | 41.4 (106.5) | 37.1 (98.8) | 32.6 (90.7) | 29.0 (84.2) | 17.6 (63.7) | 42.2 (108.0) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 4.6 (40.3) | 7.6 (45.7) | 14.7 (58.5) | 22.3 (72.1) | 27.6 (81.7) | 33.1 (91.6) | 34.7 (94.5) | 33.6 (92.5) | 28.8 (83.8) | 21.2 (70.2) | 13.4 (56.1) | 6.2 (43.2) | 20.7 (69.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) | 2.9 (37.2) | 9.3 (48.7) | 16.0 (60.8) | 20.9 (69.6) | 25.7 (78.3) | 27.4 (81.3) | 25.8 (78.4) | 20.7 (69.3) | 13.8 (56.8) | 7.4 (45.3) | 1.7 (35.1) | 14.3 (57.7) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −2.8 (27.0) | −0.6 (30.9) | 4.9 (40.8) | 10.5 (50.9) | 14.6 (58.3) | 18.5 (65.3) | 20.3 (68.5) | 18.7 (65.7) | 13.7 (56.7) | 8.0 (46.4) | 3.2 (37.8) | −1.2 (29.8) | 9.0 (48.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −25.8 (−14.4) | −25.5 (−13.9) | −17.9 (−0.2) | −4.8 (23.4) | 1.2 (34.2) | 7.4 (45.3) | 10.1 (50.2) | 7.8 (46.0) | 0.5 (32.9) | −7.4 (18.7) | −22.8 (−9.0) | −27.0 (−16.6) | −27.0 (−16.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 18.3 (0.72) | 20.7 (0.81) | 25.4 (1.00) | 22.8 (0.90) | 21.7 (0.85) | 11.1 (0.44) | 5.3 (0.21) | 3.1 (0.12) | 6.0 (0.24) | 16.7 (0.66) | 18.0 (0.71) | 24.2 (0.95) | 193.3 (7.61) |
| Average precipitation days | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 102 |
| Average rainy days | 4 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 90 |
| Average snowy days | 7 | 5 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 1 | 5 | 19 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 81 | 76 | 67 | 61 | 56 | 48 | 48 | 52 | 56 | 66 | 74 | 82 | 64 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 106 | 109 | 153 | 205 | 276 | 337 | 362 | 345 | 292 | 218 | 150 | 95 | 2,648 |
| Source 1: Centre of Hydrometeorological Service of Uzbekistan[7] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Pogoda.ru.net (mean temperatures/humidity/rainy and snow days 1981–2010, record low and record high temperatures),[8] NOAA (sun only, 1961–1990)[9] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
The population of Fergana city was approximately 299,200 as of 2022.[1] Tajiks and Uzbeks are the largest ethnic groups, with Russian-speakers comprising about 25% of the city's population.[5]
Culture
Architecture
Fergana has a high proportion of Russian, Soviet Koreans and Tatar inhabitants compared to other Fergana Valley cities. With its wide, tree-lined boulevards and Tsarist-era buildings, and Russian spoken frequently on the streets, the city has a distinctly different feel from the rest of the region.[10]
Temple
Chapel
City center
River
Main sights
- Museum of Local Studies – with displays of natural history, photographs, and local handicrafts
- Regional Theatre – in 1877 the house of General Mikhail “Old Bloody Eyes” Skobelev
- Fergana State University - built in 1902
Notable people
- Shamshad Abdullaev – author, poet
- Anastasiya Miroshnichenko – artistic gymnast
- Xudoyberdi To'xtaboyev – author
- Ziroatkhon Hoshimova, First Lady of Uzbekistan
- Peter Mikhailovich Kulakov, television evangelist
- Ida Mayrin (born 1997), Israeli Olympic rhythmic gymnast
- Yodgor Nasriddinova, Uzbek-Soviet engineer and communist party official
- Abdulla Qahhor, Uzbek writer
- Hamza Hakimzade Niyazi, Uzbek poet and playwright
- Saida Mirziyoyeva, Uzbek politician, eldest daughter of the President of Uzbekistan
- Furqat, Uzbek poet
Sports clubs
See also
References
- Hill, John E. (2009) Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. John E. Hill. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
- Watson, Burton. Trans. 1993. Records of the Grand Historian of China: Han Dynasty II. Translated from the Shiji of Sima Qian. Chapter 123: "The Account of Dayuan," Columbia University Press. Revised Edition. ISBN 0-231-08166-9; ISBN 0-231-08167-7 (pbk.)
- Jean-Marie Thiébaud, Personnages marquants d'Asie centrale, du Turkestan et de l'Ouzbékistan, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2004. ISBN 2-7475-7017-7.
References
- ^ a b "Hududlar bo'yicha shahar va qishloq aholisi soni" [Urban and rural population by district] (PDF) (in Uzbek). Fergana regional department of statistics.
- ^ "Classification system of territorial units of the Republic of Uzbekistan" (in Uzbek and Russian). The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics. July 2020.
- ^ Bosworth 1999.
- ^ Dates of renaming taken from Adrian Room, Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historical Sites, McFarland, 1997, ISBN 0-7864-1814-1 (pbk) p.124
- ^ a b Flynn, Moya; Kosmarskaya, Natalya; Sabirova, Guzel (November 2014). "The Place of Memory in Understanding Urban Change in Central Asia: The Cities of Bishkek and Ferghana". Europe-Asia Studies. 66 (9): 1501–1524. doi:10.1080/09668136.2014.957926. S2CID 153602375.
- ^ Uzbekistan's Fergana Refinery is upgraded with EBRD finance 1997 2007-12-13 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ . Centre of Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzhydromet). Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
- ^ (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from the original on 6 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
- ^ "Climate Normals for Fergana". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
- ^ "Fergana travel guide". Caravanistan. Retrieved 2019-09-26.
Sources
- Bosworth, C. Edmund (1999). "Farḡāna". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. New York.
External links
- Official website (in Tajik)