Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden
Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden (September 7, 1829 – December 22, 1887) was an American geologist noted for his pioneering surveying expeditions of the Rocky Mountains in the late 19th century. He was also a physician who served with the Union Army during the Civil War.
Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden | |
|---|---|
Hayden in 1870 | |
| Born | September 7, 1829 Westfield, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | December 22, 1887 (aged 58) |
| Other names | "Man Who Picks Up Stones Running"[1] |
| Known for | Survey expeditions of the Rocky Mountains |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Geology |
Early life edit
Ferdinand Hayden was born in Westfield, Massachusetts.[2] As a young boy he was fascinated with all nature and wildlife, which led him into the field of medicine. He worked in Cleveland under Jared Potter Kirtland and thereafter in Albany, NY, where he worked under James Hall, of the Geological Survey of New York.[3]
He graduated from Oberlin College in 1850 and from the Albany Medical College in 1853, where he attracted the notice of Professor James Hall, state geologist of New York, through whose influence he was induced to join in an exploration of Nebraska Territory,[2] with Fielding B. Meek to study geology and collect fossils.[4]
Hall sent him on his first geological venture in the summer of 1853. Being of independent mind Hayden ended his commission with Hall, and with the encouragement of S. F. Baird, and a partial sponsorship from the Smithsonian Institution, he spent the remainder of the 1850s on various exploring and collecting expeditions in the northern Missouri River areas.[3]
In 1856 and 1857, Hayden accompanied exploration expeditions led by Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren and in 1859, the Raynolds Expedition of 1860 led by Captain William F. Raynolds, both of the Topographical Engineers. One result of the expedition was his Geological Report of the Exploration of the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers in 1859–1860 (1869).[5]
During the Civil War he served as an army surgeon.[2] He rose to be chief medical officer of the Army of the Shenandoah and received a brevet to lieutenant colonel.
Geological surveys edit
After the American Civil War Hayden led geographic and geologic surveys of the Nebraska and Western Territories for the United States Government. In 1867 he was appointed geologist-in-charge of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories.[6]
In 1869, Hayden led an expedition along the Front Range to Denver and Santa Fe. In 1870 he received a $25,000 governmental grant to lead a 20-man expedition to South Pass, Fort Bridger, Henry's Fork, and back to Cheyenne.
About this time, he also became identified with the Megatherium Club at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. To measure distances during their journeys into the western frontier Hayden employed the use of an odometer, a device used by mappers to estimate distances traveled. The device was mounted on a mule-drawn cart that measured distances as the cart wheels rolled along. Because of rough terrain the device was accurate to within about 3%.[7]
Yellowstone edit
In 1871, Hayden led America's first federally funded geological survey into the Yellowstone region of northwestern Wyoming, given directions by President Ulysses S. Grant's Secretary of Interior Columbus Delano.[8] The survey consisted of some 50 men which included notables such as painter Thomas Moran and famous frontier/Civil War photographer William Henry Jackson. The following year, Hayden and his work, Preliminary Report of the United States Geological Survey of Montana and Portions of Adjacent Territories; Being a Fifth Annual Report of Progress[9] was instrumental in convincing Congress to establish Yellowstone as the first U.S. National Park, aided by Jackson's stunning large-format photographs and Moran's dramatic paintings. These publications also encouraged the westward expansion of the United States.
Later life edit
Hayden was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1860.[10] He was made professor of geology at the University of Pennsylvania in 1865 with the help of Leidy.[5][11] Hayden was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1873.[12] He was elected a Foreign Member of the Geological Society of London in 1879.[13] Upon the reorganization and establishment of the United States Geological Survey in 1879 he acted for seven years as one of the geologists. He died in Philadelphia on December 22, 1887, and is interred at The Woodlands Cemetery.
Legacy edit
From his twelve years of labor and annual survey journeys there resulted a most valuable series of volumes in all branches of natural history and economic science; and he issued in 1877 his Geological and Geographical Atlas of Colorado.[2] The last of the annual survey journeys was in 1878. As a result of Hayden's extensive geological work, he uncovered numerous dinosaur fossils which he brought back east with him for further scientific study. Much of what he brought back is still housed in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution. American paleontologist Joseph Leidy obtained most of his fossil specimens from Hayden.[5]
Hayden Valley in Yellowstone is named after him.[14] In 2018, Native American leaders have called for it to be renamed, because he "advocated for the extermination of tribal people who refused to comply with federal dictates".[15][16] The town of Hayden, Colorado, located in the Yampa River valley, is named for him. Many mountain peaks bear his name as well.[7] The sedge Carex haydeniana was named for him by Stephen Thayer Olney, in 1871. A subspecies of garter snake, Thamnophis radix haydenii, was named for him by Robert Kennicott in 1860.[17][18] A land snail, Oreohelix haydeni, was named for him by William Gabb in 1869.[19] Hayden Hall at the University of Pennsylvania which formerly housed the dental school now houses the bioengineering and earth sciences departments.[20] Hayden was eulogized by United States Geological Survey Director John Wesley Powell in an annual report to the United States Secretary of the Interior in 1889.[21]
Other publications edit
With FB Meek, he wrote (Smithsonian Institution Contributions, v. 14. Art. 4) "Palaeontology of the Upper Missouri, Pt. 1, Invertebrate." His valuable notes on Native American dialects are in The Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (1862) in The American Journal of Science (1862) and in The Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1869). With ARC Selwyn he wrote North America (1883) for Stanford's Compendium.[2]
- Sun Pictures of Rocky Mountain Scenery (1870)
- "Artworks Collection: Sun Pictures of Rocky Mountain Scenery". Amon Carter Museum of American Art.
- The Yellowstone National Park, illustrated by chromolithographic reproductions of water-colour sketches by Thomas Moran (1876)
- The Great West: its Attractions and Resources (1880)[2]
See also edit
- Exploration of North America
- Hayden Geological Survey of 1871
- A.D. Wilson a member of several of Hayden's surveys.
- Joseph Leidy, paleontologist
References edit
- ^ Black, George (2012). Empire of Shadows - The Epic Story of Yellowstone. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 70–74. ISBN 9780312383190. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
[The famous tale of Hayden:] On a fossil-hunting trip to the Black Hills, the young geologist-paleontologist was intercepted by some suspicious Sioux. He was carrying a bag. The Sioux told him to empty it. Rocks tumbled to the ground. Culturally disposed to pity and respect for the insane, they gave one another looks and sent him on his way. Thereafter they called him Man Who Picks Up Stones Running.
- ^ a b c d e f One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hayden, Ferdinand Vandeveer". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 109.
- ^ a b Foster, Mike. "Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden as Naturalist". Oxford Journals, Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2010.
- ^ . National Atlas of the United States. 2010. Archived from the original on October 1, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
- ^ a b c . The Academy of Natural Sciences. 2010. Archived from the original on November 21, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2010.
- ^ Foster, Mike (1986). "Ferdinand V. Hayden as naturalist". American Zoologist. 26 (2): 343–349. doi:10.1093/icb/26.2.343. JSTOR 3883135.
- ^ a b Ege, Carl (2010). "Utah Geological Survey". Retrieved September 26, 2010.
- ^ Nelson, Megan Kate (November 22, 2022). "Kevin Costner's Yellowstone Doc for Fox Has a Lot of Wrong Ideas About History". Slate Magazine. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
- ^ Hayden, Ferdinand (1872). "Preliminary Report of the United States Geological Survey of Montana and Portions of Adjacent Territories; Being a Fifth Annual Report of Progress" (PDF). United States Printing Office.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
- ^ Warren, Leonard (1998). Joseph Leidy: The last man who knew everything. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 82. ISBN 0-300-07359-3.
- ^ American Antiquarian Society Members Directory
- ^ Judd JW (1888). "Obituary. Dr. Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 44: 52–53. doi:10.1144/gsl.jgs.1888.044.01-04.02. S2CID 219227534.
- ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 153.
- ^ Begay, Jason (July 5, 2018). "Native Americans seek to rename Yellowstone peak honoring massacre perpetrator". The Guardian.
- ^ Messa, Cole (November 2, 2023). "The complicated history of Ferdinand Hayden and the founding of Yellowstone National Park". Alaska Beacon. Retrieved January 10, 2024.
Among several shameful statements he made, Hayden advocated that Indigenous people be made into farmers, and if they did not comply with federal dictates, they should be exterminated. And the creation of Yellowstone National Park itself was an act of exclusion, as Indigenous people of the region were relocated from their home areas.
- ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Hayden", p. 118).
- ^ Beltz, Ellin (2006). Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America – Explained. http://ebeltz.net/herps/biogappx.html#Hayden
- ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Oreohelix haydeni".
- ^ . Archived from the original on April 10, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
- ^ Powell, John Wesley. "Ninth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior 1887-88". GovInfo. Government Printing Office. pp. 31–38. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
Further reading edit
- Fryxell, Fritiof M. (2010). Ferdinand Hayden - A Young Scientist in the Great West 1853-1855. Augustana Historical Society. ISBN 978-0910184472.
External links edit
- Biographies of people honored in herpetological nomenclature
- The Four Great Surveys of the West from the US Geological Survey
- Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden at Find a Grave
- Yellowstone National Park:
Its Exploration and Establishment - National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
- Ferdinand Vandiveer Hayden and the Founding of the Yellowstone National Park at Project Gutenberg
- Works by Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)