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Feingold diet

April 15, 2024

The Feingold diet is an elimination diet initially devised by Benjamin Feingold following research in the 1970s that appeared to link food additives with hyperactivity; by eliminating these additives and various foods the diet was supposed to alleviate the condition.

Popular in its day, the diet has since been referred to as an "outmoded treatment"; there is no good evidence that it is effective,[1][2] and it is difficult for people to follow.[3]

Technique edit

The diet was originally based on the elimination of salicylate, artificial food coloring, and artificial flavors;[4] later on in the 1970s, the preservatives BHA, BHT,[5] and (somewhat later) TBHQ[6] were eliminated. Besides foods with the eliminated additives, aspirin- or additive-containing drugs and toiletries were to be avoided. Even today, parents are advised to limit their purchases of mouthwash, toothpaste, cough drops, perfume, and various other nonfood products to those published in the Feingold Association's annual Foodlist and Shopping Guide.[4] Some versions of the diet prohibit only artificial food coloring and additives.[7] According to the Royal College of Psychiatrists as of 2014 the diet prohibited a number of foods that contain salicylic acid including apples, cucumbers and tomatoes.[3]

Feingold stressed that the diet must be followed strictly and for an entire lifetime, and that whole families – not just the subject being "treated" – must observe the diet's rules.[7]

Effectiveness edit

Further information: Diet and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Although the diet had a certain popular appeal, a 1983 meta-analysis found research on it to be of poor quality, and that overall there was no good evidence that it was effective in fulfilling its claims.[2]

In common with other elimination diets, the Feingold diet can be costly and boring, and thus difficult for people to maintain.[3]

In general, as of 2013 there is no evidence to support broad claims that food coloring causes food intolerance and ADHD-like behavior in children.[8] It is possible that certain food coloring may act as a trigger in those who are genetically predisposed, but the evidence is weak.[9][10][11]

Reception edit

For decades, the Feingold Program required a significant change in family lifestyle because families were limited to a narrow selection of foods. Such foods were sometimes expensive or had to be prepared "from scratch," greatly increasing the amount of time and effort a family must put into preparing a meal.[4] As more and more foods without the potentially offending additives are being produced and available in neighborhood supermarkets, this is much less a problem.[5]

While some fruits and a few vegetables are eliminated in the first weeks of the Program, they are replaced by others. Often, some or all of these items can be returned to the diet, once the level of tolerance is determined.[12]

History edit

Feingold was Chief of Pediatrics at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles, CA, until 1951, when he became Chief of Allergy at Kaiser-Permanente Medical Center in San Francisco.[5][13] He continued his work with children and adults with hyperactivity and allergy until his death at the age of 82, in 1982.[5][14]

Since the 1940s, researchers worldwide had discussed cross-reactions of aspirin (a common salicylate) and tartrazine (FD&C Yellow #5).[5][15][16] Dr. Stephen Lockey[17] at the Mayo Clinic and later Feingold at Kaiser, hypothesized that eliminating both salicylates and synthetic food additives from patients' diets not only eliminated allergic-type reactions such as asthma, eczema and hives,[18] but also induced behavioral changes in some of their patients.

Feingold presented his findings at the annual conference of the American Medical Association in June 1973.[19][20] This led to a controlled double-blind crossover study published in the August 1976 issue of Pediatrics.[21]

A two-week-long conference was arranged in January 1975, in Glen Cove, Long Island. There, the Nutrition Foundation attendees created what they called the National Advisory Committee. The committee widely published its preliminary report concluding that "no controlled studies have demonstrated that hyperkinesis is related to the ingestion of food additives."[5]

References edit

  1. ^ Turka LA, Caplan A (July 2011). "What is the evidence for our standards of care?". J. Clin. Invest. 121 (7): 2530. doi:10.1172/JCI59185. PMC 3127439. PMID 21737884.
  2. ^ a b Kavale KA, Forness SR (1983). "Hyperactivity and Diet Treatment: A Meta-Analysis of the Feingold Hypothesis". Journal of Learning Disabilities. 16 (6): 324–30. doi:10.1177/002221948301600604. ISSN 0022-2194. PMID 6886553. S2CID 41744679.
  3. ^ a b c "Eating well and mental health". Royal College of Psychiatrists. January 2014.
  4. ^ a b c Barrett S (March 11, 2002). "The Feingold Diet". Quackwatch. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Smith, Matthew (2011). An alternative history of hyperactivity: Food additives and the' Feingold Diet. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813550169.
  6. ^ Stevens LJ, Kuczek T, Burgess JR, Hurt E, Arnold LE (April 2011). "Dietary Sensitivities and ADHD Symptoms: Thirty-five Years of Research". Clinical Pediatrics. 50 (4): 279–93. doi:10.1177/0009922810384728. PMID 21127082. S2CID 17503227.
  7. ^ a b Kanarek RB (July 2011). "Artificial food dyes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". Nutr. Rev. 69 (7): 385–91. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00385.x. PMID 21729092.
  8. ^ Tomaska LD and Brooke-Taylor, S. Food Additives – General pp. 449–54 in Encyclopedia of Food Safety, Vol 2: Hazards and Diseases. Eds, Motarjemi Y et al. Academic Press, 2013. p. 452. ISBN 978-0123786135
  9. ^ Millichap JG, Yee MM (February 2012). "The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Pediatrics. 129 (2): 330–37. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2199. PMID 22232312. S2CID 14925322.
  10. ^ FDA. Background Document for the Food Advisory Committee: Certified Color Additives in Food and Possible Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: March 30–31, 2011
  11. ^ "Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Sunset Yellow FCF (E 110) as a food additive". EFSA Journal. 7 (11): 1330. 2009. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1330.
  12. ^ Dumbrell, S.; Woodhill, J.M.; Mackie, L. & Leelarthaepin, B. (December 1978). "Is the Australian version of the Feingold diet safe?". The Medical Journal of Australia. 2 (12): 569–70. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1978.tb131717.x. PMID 364258. S2CID 34426994.
  13. ^ Feingold, B.F. (1975). Why Your Child is Hyperactive. Random House. ISBN 0-394-73426-2.
  14. ^ Bourne, A (1982). "Obituary: Ben F. Feingold, MD" (PDF). Ecology of Disease. 1 (2/3): 199.
  15. ^ Feingold, B.F. (1973). Introduction to clinical allergy. Charles C. Thomas. p. 157. ISBN 0-398-02797-8.
  16. ^ Settipane GA, Pudupakkam RK. (1975). "Aspirin intolerance. III. Subtypes, familial occurrence, and cross-reactivity with tartarazine". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 56 (3): 215–21. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(75)90092-5. PMID 1151014.
  17. ^ Lockey, SD (September–October 1959). "Allergic reactions due to F D and C Yellow No. 5, tartrazine, an aniline dye used as a coloring and identifying agent in various steroids". Annals of Allergy. 17: 719–21. PMID 14417794.
  18. ^ Lockey, SD Sr. (1977). "Hypersensitivity to tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 5) and other dyes and additives present in foods and pharmaceutical products". Annals of Allergy. 38 (3): 206–10. PMID 842907.
  19. ^ J.G. Beall, Jr. (October 30, 1973). "Food Additives and Hyperactivity in Children" (PDF). Congressional Record - Senate: 35401–07.
  20. ^ Feingold, Ben F. (1982). "The Role of Diet in Behaviour" (PDF). Ecology of Disease. 2 (2/3): 153–65. PMID 6090095.
  21. ^ [non-primary source needed]Conners CK, Goyette CH, Southwick DA, Lees JM, Andrulonis PA (August 1976). "Food additives and hyperkinesis: a controlled double-blind experiment". Pediatrics. 58 (2): 154–66. PMID 781610.

Further reading edit

  • ”Psychopharmacological and Other Treatments in Preschool Children with ADHD: Current Evidence and Practice“ J.K. Ghuman et al., J of Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology, Vol. 18, No. 5, 2008

April 15, 2024
feingold, diet, elimination, diet, initially, devised, benjamin, feingold, following, research, 1970s, that, appeared, link, food, additives, with, hyperactivity, eliminating, these, additives, various, foods, diet, supposed, alleviate, condition, popular, die. The Feingold diet is an elimination diet initially devised by Benjamin Feingold following research in the 1970s that appeared to link food additives with hyperactivity by eliminating these additives and various foods the diet was supposed to alleviate the condition Popular in its day the diet has since been referred to as an outmoded treatment there is no good evidence that it is effective 1 2 and it is difficult for people to follow 3 Contents 1 Technique 2 Effectiveness 3 Reception 4 History 5 References 6 Further readingTechnique editThe diet was originally based on the elimination of salicylate artificial food coloring and artificial flavors 4 later on in the 1970s the preservatives BHA BHT 5 and somewhat later TBHQ 6 were eliminated Besides foods with the eliminated additives aspirin or additive containing drugs and toiletries were to be avoided Even today parents are advised to limit their purchases of mouthwash toothpaste cough drops perfume and various other nonfood products to those published in the Feingold Association s annual Foodlist and Shopping Guide 4 Some versions of the diet prohibit only artificial food coloring and additives 7 According to the Royal College of Psychiatrists as of 2014 update the diet prohibited a number of foods that contain salicylic acid including apples cucumbers and tomatoes 3 Feingold stressed that the diet must be followed strictly and for an entire lifetime and that whole families not just the subject being treated must observe the diet s rules 7 Effectiveness editFurther information Diet and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Although the diet had a certain popular appeal a 1983 meta analysis found research on it to be of poor quality and that overall there was no good evidence that it was effective in fulfilling its claims 2 In common with other elimination diets the Feingold diet can be costly and boring and thus difficult for people to maintain 3 In general as of 2013 update there is no evidence to support broad claims that food coloring causes food intolerance and ADHD like behavior in children 8 It is possible that certain food coloring may act as a trigger in those who are genetically predisposed but the evidence is weak 9 10 11 Reception editFor decades the Feingold Program required a significant change in family lifestyle because families were limited to a narrow selection of foods Such foods were sometimes expensive or had to be prepared from scratch greatly increasing the amount of time and effort a family must put into preparing a meal 4 As more and more foods without the potentially offending additives are being produced and available in neighborhood supermarkets this is much less a problem 5 While some fruits and a few vegetables are eliminated in the first weeks of the Program they are replaced by others Often some or all of these items can be returned to the diet once the level of tolerance is determined 12 History editFeingold was Chief of Pediatrics at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles CA until 1951 when he became Chief of Allergy at Kaiser Permanente Medical Center in San Francisco 5 13 He continued his work with children and adults with hyperactivity and allergy until his death at the age of 82 in 1982 5 14 Since the 1940s researchers worldwide had discussed cross reactions of aspirin a common salicylate and tartrazine FD amp C Yellow 5 5 15 16 Dr Stephen Lockey 17 at the Mayo Clinic and later Feingold at Kaiser hypothesized that eliminating both salicylates and synthetic food additives from patients diets not only eliminated allergic type reactions such as asthma eczema and hives 18 but also induced behavioral changes in some of their patients Feingold presented his findings at the annual conference of the American Medical Association in June 1973 19 20 This led to a controlled double blind crossover study published in the August 1976 issue of Pediatrics 21 A two week long conference was arranged in January 1975 in Glen Cove Long Island There the Nutrition Foundation attendees created what they called the National Advisory Committee The committee widely published its preliminary report concluding that no controlled studies have demonstrated that hyperkinesis is related to the ingestion of food additives 5 References edit Turka LA Caplan A July 2011 What is the evidence for our standards of care J Clin Invest 121 7 2530 doi 10 1172 JCI59185 PMC 3127439 PMID 21737884 a b Kavale KA Forness SR 1983 Hyperactivity and Diet Treatment A Meta Analysis of the Feingold Hypothesis Journal of Learning Disabilities 16 6 324 30 doi 10 1177 002221948301600604 ISSN 0022 2194 PMID 6886553 S2CID 41744679 a b c Eating well and mental health Royal College of Psychiatrists January 2014 a b c Barrett S March 11 2002 The Feingold Diet Quackwatch Retrieved 15 April 2021 a b c d e f Smith Matthew 2011 An alternative history of hyperactivity Food additives and the Feingold Diet Rutgers University Press ISBN 978 0813550169 Stevens LJ Kuczek T Burgess JR Hurt E Arnold LE April 2011 Dietary Sensitivities and ADHD Symptoms Thirty five Years of Research Clinical Pediatrics 50 4 279 93 doi 10 1177 0009922810384728 PMID 21127082 S2CID 17503227 a b Kanarek RB July 2011 Artificial food dyes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Nutr Rev 69 7 385 91 doi 10 1111 j 1753 4887 2011 00385 x PMID 21729092 Tomaska LD and Brooke Taylor S Food Additives General pp 449 54 in Encyclopedia of Food Safety Vol 2 Hazards and Diseases Eds Motarjemi Y et al Academic Press 2013 p 452 ISBN 978 0123786135 Millichap JG Yee MM February 2012 The diet factor in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Pediatrics 129 2 330 37 doi 10 1542 peds 2011 2199 PMID 22232312 S2CID 14925322 FDA Background Document for the Food Advisory Committee Certified Color Additives in Food and Possible Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children March 30 31 2011 Scientific Opinion on the re evaluation of Sunset Yellow FCF E 110 as a food additive EFSA Journal 7 11 1330 2009 doi 10 2903 j efsa 2009 1330 Dumbrell S Woodhill J M Mackie L amp Leelarthaepin B December 1978 Is the Australian version of the Feingold diet safe The Medical Journal of Australia 2 12 569 70 doi 10 5694 j 1326 5377 1978 tb131717 x PMID 364258 S2CID 34426994 Feingold B F 1975 Why Your Child is Hyperactive Random House ISBN 0 394 73426 2 Bourne A 1982 Obituary Ben F Feingold MD PDF Ecology of Disease 1 2 3 199 Feingold B F 1973 Introduction to clinical allergy Charles C Thomas p 157 ISBN 0 398 02797 8 Settipane GA Pudupakkam RK 1975 Aspirin intolerance III Subtypes familial occurrence and cross reactivity with tartarazine Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 56 3 215 21 doi 10 1016 0091 6749 75 90092 5 PMID 1151014 Lockey SD September October 1959 Allergic reactions due to F D and C Yellow No 5 tartrazine an aniline dye used as a coloring and identifying agent in various steroids Annals of Allergy 17 719 21 PMID 14417794 Lockey SD Sr 1977 Hypersensitivity to tartrazine FD amp C Yellow No 5 and other dyes and additives present in foods and pharmaceutical products Annals of Allergy 38 3 206 10 PMID 842907 J G Beall Jr October 30 1973 Food Additives and Hyperactivity in Children PDF Congressional Record Senate 35401 07 Feingold Ben F 1982 The Role of Diet in Behaviour PDF Ecology of Disease 2 2 3 153 65 PMID 6090095 non primary source needed Conners CK Goyette CH Southwick DA Lees JM Andrulonis PA August 1976 Food additives and hyperkinesis a controlled double blind experiment Pediatrics 58 2 154 66 PMID 781610 Further reading edit Psychopharmacological and Other Treatments in Preschool Children with ADHD Current Evidence and Practice J K Ghuman et al J of Child amp Adolescent Psychopharmacology Vol 18 No 5 2008 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Feingold diet amp oldid 1177377497, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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