Fatma Sultan (daughter of Ahmed I)
Fatma Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: فاطمه سلطان, "one who abstains"; 1606/1607,[2] Topkapi Palace, Constantinople, – 1670,[3]: 168 ) Constantinople) was an Ottoman princess. She was the daughter of Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603–1617) and Kösem Sultan,[4][5] sister of Murad IV (r. 1623–1640) and Ibrahim (r. 1640–1648), and the paternal aunt of Mehmed IV (r. 1648–1687). She is known for her many political marriages.
| Fatma Sultan | |
|---|---|
| Born | c. 1606/1607 Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire (present day Istanbul, Turkey) |
| Died | 1670 (aged 63–64) Istanbul, Ottoman Empire |
| Burial | Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Istanbul |
| Spouses | Çatalcalı Hasan Pasha (m. 1629; died 1631)Canbuladzade Mustafa Pasha (m. 1632; executed 1636)Koca Yusuf Pasha (m. 1637; died 1658)Kanbur Mustafa Pasha (m. 1663; died 1666)Közbekçi Yusuf Pasha (m. 1667) |
| Issue | second marriage Sultanzade Hasan Bey third marriage Sultanzade Hüseyin Pasha Sultanzade Süleyman Bey |
| Dynasty | Ottoman |
| Father | Ahmed I |
| Mother | Kösem Sultan |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Life edit
The year of her birth has been suggested as 1606 or 1607.[2][6] She lived in Topkapi Palace until her father's death in 1617, when she had to follow her mother and sisters to Eski Saray. She returned to court in 1623, when her younger brother Murad IV became the new sultan.
Marriages edit
The Ottoman princesses were normally married away, to influential Ottoman officials, by their mothers or paternal grandmothers, who had the right to arrange their marriages and arranged matches which could be of political use. They had privileges in marriage which separated them from other Muslim females: such as the right to be the only wife of their spouse, to refuse to consummate their marriage until they were ready and to contract a divorce when they pleased. Due to many of them marrying as children and being widowed and divorced several times, often for political reasons, remarriages were very common. Fatma Sultan and her sister, Ayşe Sultan, are extreme examples of this: they were married at least seven times each, and entered into their last engagement at the ages of 61 and 50, respectively.
First marriage edit
During the reign of her brother Sultan Murad IV, Fatma Sultan married Kara Mustafa Pasha in 1623.[7][8] She was widowed in 1628, when Kara Mustafa Pasha was executed by her brother, Murad, for some action "contrary to the law of God."[9]
Second, third and fourth marriage edit
Upon the execution of her first husband, she married Sarrac Çatalcalı Hasan Pasha in 1629. He was initially associated with the chief black eunuch's household, had risen through the ranks from the saddlery to become a kitchen attendant and later the head courier (çavuşbaşi) in the sultan's service.[10] In 1631,[8] her brother, Murad took steps to break the familial connection between Kösem and Admiral Hasan Pasha. Disturbed by his mother's extensive support for Hasan Pasha, Murad decided to dissolve the marriage. Murad's action against the otherwise successful admiral might have stemmed from his growing inclination to diminish the influence of his inner palace advisors and establish control over significant government officials. In an attempt to appease her son, Kösem reportedly offered him ornately equipped horses and a banquet worth ten thousand aspers.[10] After the death of her second husband, she married Canbuladzade Mustafa Pasha in 1632. He was executed by the orders of her brother, Murad in 1636.[7] After the death of her third husband, Fatma Sultan married Koca Yusuf Pasha in 1637.[11] she was married to Koca Yusuf Pasha.[3]: 168 [12] She was widowed at Yusuf Pasha's death in 1658.[13] Her daily stipend during this time was 430 aspers.[11] In 1643, early in the reign of her brother Sultan Ibrahim, Fatma is recorded, like her sisters Ayşe Sultan and Hanzade Sultan, as receiving the maximum daily stipend for imperial princesses of the time, namely 400 aspers.[14]
In 1643, early in the reign of her brother Sultan Ibrahim, Fatma is recorded, like her sisters Ayşe Sultan and Hanzade Sultan, as receiving the maximum daily stipend for imperial princesses of the time, namely 400 aspers.[14] In 1647,[15] the three of them as well as their niece, Murad's daughter Kaya Sultan, were subjected, on what was another assault of the protocol on Ibrahim's part, to the indignity of subordination to his concubines. He took away their lands and jewels (presumably to award them to his Hasekis), and made them serve Hümaşah Sultan, the concubine he married, by standing at attention like servants while she ate and fetching and holding the soap, basin and pitcher of water with which she washed her hands.[2] Because of what he believed was failure to serve his beloved Hümaşah properly, the Sultan then banished them to Edirne Palace.[15][2][16]
Fifth marriage edit
One of the most noted of the seven marriages of Fatma was her marriage to Melek Ahmed Pasha, previously married to her niece, Kaya Sultan, in 1662. By that time, she was in her late fifties. The marriage was forcibly arranged against the wishes of both parties, and unhappy, and Melek Ahmed Pasha accused the Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha of having arranged it to punish him. The Grand Vizier himself joked that he had given Melek Ahmed Pasha an elephant to feed.[17]
On the wedding night, Fatma presented Melek Ahmed Pasha her demand of what allowance she wished for herself and her court. He replied that the amount was impossible, upon which she replied that divorce was the only alternative, and demanded he return her dowry to her, which amounted to one year of taxes of Egypt (this was possibly related to the fact that one of her previous husbands, the late Kara Mustafa Pasha, had formerly been a governor of the Egypt province of the Ottoman Empire and was reported to have been forced to pay back the tax proceeds that he had embezzled during his term).[18][19]
When she was widowed in 1662 shortly thereafter, she sealed his residence and claimed the right to his property, which caused a conflict with the Grand Vizier, who was forced to give in to her demands.[20]
Sixth and seventh marriage edit
In June 1663, Fatma Sultan married Vezir Kanbur Mustafa Pasha, the Beylerbeyi of Baghdad. After his death in 1666, she married the Beylerbeyi of Silistre Vezir Közbekçi Yusuf Pasha on 5 September 1667.[21][3]: 168 [22]
Issue edit
Fatma had a son by her second marriage:
- Sultanzade Hasan Bey. He died in infancy.
Fatma Sultan had two sons by her third marriage:
- Sultanzade Canbuladzade Hüseyn Pasha (1633 - 16 February 1680). Governor of Buda and Cairo. He married his cousin Ayşe Sultan, a daughter of Sultan Ibrahim I.
- Sultanzade Canbuladzade Süleyman Bey (1635 - After 1665).
Death edit
Fatma Sultan died in 1670. She is buried in the mausoleum of her father Ahmed, in the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Istanbul.[3]
Charity edit
Fatma Sultan built a fountain on the road around the Ahmed Paşa Mosque in Topkapı. [23]
In popular culture edit
In the 2016 TV series Muhteşem Yüzyıl: Kösem, Fatma is portrayed by Turkish actress Balim Gaye Bayrak.[24]
References edit
- ^ Uluçay 1992, p. 50.
- ^ a b c d Peirce 1993, p. 246.
- ^ a b c d Miović, Vesna (2018-05-02). "Per favore della Soltana: moćne osmanske žene i dubrovački diplomati". Anali Zavoda Za Povijesne Znanosti Hrvatske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti U Dubrovniku (in Croatian). 56 (56/1): 147–197. doi:10.21857/mwo1vczp2y. ISSN 1330-0598.
- ^ Singh, Nagendra Kr (2000). International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties (reproduction of the article by M. Cavid Baysun "Kösem Walide or Kösem Sultan" in The Encyclopaedia of Islam vol V). Anmol Publications PVT. pp. 423–424. ISBN 81-261-0403-1.
Through her beauty and intelligence, Kösem Walide was especially attractive to Ahmed I, and drew ahead of more senior wives in the palace. She bore the sultan four sons – Murad, Süleyman, Ibrahim and Kasim – and three daughters – 'Ayşe, Fatma and Djawharkhan. These daughters she subsequently used to consolidate her political influence by strategic marriages to different viziers.
- ^ Peirce, Leslie P. (1993), The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire, Oxford University Press, p. 365, ISBN 0195086775
- ^ Singh, Nagendra Kr (2000). International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties (reproduction of the article by M. Cavid Baysun "Kösem Walide or Kösem Sultan" in The Encyclopaedia of Islam vol V). Anmol Publications PVT. pp. 423–424. ISBN 81-261-0403-1. "Through her beauty and intelligence, Kösem Walide was especially attractive to Ahmed I, and drew ahead of more senior wives in the palace. She bore the sultan four sons – Murad, Süleyman, Ibrahim and Kasim – and three daughters – 'Ayşe, Fatma and Djawharkhan. These daughters she subsequently used to consolidate her political influence by strategic marriages to different viziers."
- ^ a b Tezcan, Baki (November 2001). Searching for Osman: A reassessment of the deposition of the Ottoman Sultan Osman II (1618-1622). pp. 334 n. 58.
- ^ a b Armağan, M. (1995). İstanbul armağanı. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür İşleri Daire Başkanlığı yayınları. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür İşleri Daire Başkanlığı. p. 117. ISBN 978-975-7580-33-1.
- ^ Accounts and Extracts of the Manuscripts in the Library of the King of France. Vol. 2. R. Faulder. 1789. p. 51.
The sultan Morad put him to death in the year 1037 [AH], for some action which was contrary to the law of God.
- ^ a b Peirce 1993, p. 245.
- ^ a b Dumas, Juliette (2013). Les perles de nacre du sultanat: Les princesses ottomanes (mi-XVe – mi-XVIIIe siècle). p. 464.
- ^ Çelebi, Evliya; Temelkuran, Tevfik; Aktaş, Necati; Çevik, Münim (1978). Evliya Çelebi seyahatnamesi, Volumes 5-6. Üçdal Neşriyat. p. 1739.
- ^ Cikar, J. (2011). Türkischer Biographischer Index. De Gruyter. p. 1080. ISBN 978-3-11-096577-3.
- ^ a b Peirce 1993, p. 128.
- ^ a b Sakaoğlu 2008, p. 235.
- ^ Mustafa Naima Efendi (1968). Naîmâ Târihi - Cilt 4. Zuhuri Danişman Yayinevi. p. 1781.
- ^ Çelebi, E.; Dankoff, R.; Murphy, R. (1991). The Intimate Life of an Ottoman Statesman, Melek Ahmed Pasha (1588-1662): As Portrayed in Evliya Çelebi's Book of Travels (Seyahâtnâme). SUNY series in medieval Middle East history. State University of New York Press. p. 255.
- ^ Accounts and Extracts of the Manuscripts in the Library of the King of France. Vol. 2. R. Faulder. 1789. p. 46.
- ^ Peirce 1993, p. 146.
- ^ Evliya Çelebi (1 January 1991). The Intimate Life of an Ottoman Statesman, Melek Ahmed Pasha (1588-1662): As Portrayed in Evliya Celebi's Book of Travels (Seyahat-name). SUNY Press. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-7914-0640-3.
- ^ Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha (2012). ZEYL-İ FEZLEKE (1065-22 Ca.1106 / 1654-7 Şubat 1695). pp. 287, 494.
- ^ Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha (2012). ZEYL-İ FEZLEKE (1065-22 Ca.1106 / 1654-7 Şubat 1695). pp. 287, 494.
- ^ Uluçay 1992, p. 84.
- ^ "The Magnificent Century: Kosem (TV Series 2015–2017)". IMDb. 2024-02-24. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
Bibliography edit
- Sakaoğlu, Necdet (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.
- Uluçay, M. Çağatay (1992). Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevı. ISBN 978-9-751-60461-3.
External links edit
- Gendered Domains: Rethinking Public and Private in Women's History : Essays ...Dorothy O. Helly, Susan Reverby
- The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Leslie P. Peirce
- Evliya Çelebi: The Intimate Life of an Ottoman Statesman, Melek Ahmed Pasha (1588-1662)