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Farmer's Brother

August 28, 2023

Honayawas or Farmer's Brother (c. 1730 – 1814) was a Seneca Chief, active member of the Six Nations, elected War Chief, translator, and noted orator who fought and negotiated with both the United States and British before, during, and after the American Revolution.

He was a signatory of the Treaty of Big Tree in 1797, and the Treaty of Buffalo Creek in 1802 which sold Little Beard's reservation to Oliver Phelps, Isaac Bronson, and Horatio Jones.[1][2]

Career Edit

During the French and Indian War he may have fought in the disastrous Battle of the Monongahela with Braddock in 1755. During Pontiac's Rebellion he participated in the Devil's Hole Massacre in 1763.[3]

When the Six Nations dissolved in 1777 over disagreements on allegiances during the American revolution[4]: 370  Farmer's Brother sided with the British along other Senecas. After the war, however, he maintained friendly relations with the victorious colonials.

While previously very active as a war leader, Farmer's Brother became more heavily involved in the treaty making process with the Americans after the British signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783.[5]: 467  In the treaty the British surrendered to the Americans several territories East of the Mississippi River, however they did this without the knowledge or consent of their Six Nations allies who still considered themselves the rightful owners of this land.[5]: 467  The treaty did not include any mention of the Nations the British had made alliances with[4]: 371  and left the responsibility of negotiating peace with them to the newly formed United States Government.[5]: 467  This, coupled with previous instances of failed negotiations between the United States government and the Six Nations,[6]: 226–227  pressured the Americans[4]: 371  into action to avert more conflicts.[5]: 468  The American statesman Timothy Pickering was appointed to position of commissioner for the Haudenosaunee by George Washington[6]: 228  with the purpose of establishing a lasting peace between both nations.[5]: 467  On October 14, 1794 Pickering met with the first group of representatives of the Six Nations at Buffalo Creek.[6]: 228  A group of 500 Oneidas peoples arrived at the council grounds to voice their concerns and Farmer's Brother was among them.[5]: 480  He acted as both the translator and orator for this group, delivering an opening address on behalf of the Chiefs where he articulated their grievances, requests, and demands.[5]: 480  In the following days as more groups arrived, including delegations from the Seneca Nation led by Chiefs Red Jacket and Cornplanter,[5]: 480, 482  Farmer's Brother continued to take part in the negotiation process while Pickering heard the concerns of other Chiefs before they settled on an agreement.[5]: 482–485  Ultimately Pickering, on behalf of the United States government, offered to restore some territory that had been taken from the Six Nations[7][5] and promised a $4,500 annuity payment would be provided from United States to Six Nations in perpetuity to be spent on "clothing, domestic animals, implements of husbandry, and other utensils suited to their circumstances."[7]: 36  After more deliberation when the Treaty was finally agreed upon on November 11, 1794[7]: 34  Farmer's Brother was one of the 50 Chiefs to sign.[7]: 38  The treaty did more than settle the tensions between the two Nations it also made the American government recognize the sovereignty and jurisdiction of the Haudenosaunee as equally valid as their own.[6]: 229 

In 1792 he was one of a group of chiefs who visited Philadelphia, possibly to be present at the signing of the Agreement with the Five Nations.[8] While in Philadelphia he was presented with a silver medallion by George Washington. from then on he wore it constantly around his neck, and was often heard to say that he would lose it only when he lost his life.[9] In 1794 he participated in a Grand Council at Niagara where he is reported to have given a three-hour speech which unfortunately has not survived.[3] The same year he was a signatory of the Treaty of Canandaigua.

Farmer's Brother delivered what is considered his most famous speech[10]: 413 [11]: 2 [12]: 545  on the 21st of November 1798 at Genesee River in the newly formed New York State.[11]: 2  His speech was presented alongside one from his contemporary, another notable Seneca Chief Red Jacket, before an assembled congregation of Chiefs from the Six Nations as well as other onlookers interested in hearing the esteemed speaker orate.[10]: 413 [11]: 2–3  In his speech, Farmer's Brother spoke on behalf of two American agents, Jasper Parrish and Horatio Jones, who had been captured by, and worked with, the Six Nations closely before eventually being adopted by them.[10]: 413 [11]: 6 [12]: 545  Farmer's Brother requested that the two interpreters be granted a (2 mile/3 kilometer)[12]: 545  plot of land for their contributions to the Nations and their continued loyalty after the war.[10]: 413 [11]: 6–7  The speech was considered remarkable by onlookers for Farmer's Brother's eloquence[11]: 2–3 [10]: 413  and the use of the line "the Great spirit spoke to the whirlwind and it was still"[11]: 6  which had a resounding impact on many present.[11]: 2–3  At this time, however, without the states' approval it was not possible to transfer any land belonging to Nations to private owners.[10]: 413  Because of this the address was transcribed and sent to the New York legislature where the proposition was eventually approved.[11]: 2 [10]: 413 

During the War of 1812 he fought on the side of the United States despite his advanced age. He participated in the Battle of Fort George in 1813, and in the Battle of Lundy's Lane in 1814.[1] Following that battle a story is related that an Indian allied with the British (variously Chippewa or Mohawk) came to the Seneca saying he was deserting. He was identified as a spy, and Farmer's Brother said to him "here are my rifle, my tomahawk, and my scalping knife: take your choice by which you will die." The spy chose the rifle and indicated he wanted to be shot through the heart (or head), so Farmer's Brother immediately pointed his rifle there and killed him.[13]: pp.279–281 

Personal Edit

Farmer's Brother has been described as

A strong, stalwart warrior, of gigantic frame and magnificent proportions, straight as an arrow ... with eagle eye, frank, open countenance, commanding port, and dignified demeanor.[14]

His exact birthdate is unknown, 1716, 1718, or 1732 have also been suggested.[1]

Farmer's Brother was a cousin (or half-brother) of Hiokatoo, who married Mary Jemison. According to Jemison "it was through the influence of Farmer's Brother that I became Hiokatoo's wife."[15]: p.186  In the negotiations preliminary to the Treaty of Big Tree Farmer's Brother supported Jemison's request that a section of land which had been promised to her be set aside as a reservation. Although opposed by Red Jacket, Farmer's Brother won the day and the 17,927-acre (7,255 ha) Gardeau Reservation was set aside for her following her description.[15]: pp.131–133 

It has been recounted that despite his name, Farmer's Brother was generally opposed to the practice of farming along with other conventions that settlers attempted to impress on his people.[10]: 409  He alongside Red Jacket resisted the encroachment of European missionaries into their territory and stood firmly against the missionaries attempts to indoctrinate the Seneca people into their faith.[12]: 545  Farmer's Brother is also said to have died never having tried alcohol, showing disdain for it and abstaining from it out of principle.[10]: 417 

Death Edit

Farmer's Brother died of natural causes on an unspecified date in the autumn of 1814.[10]: 418  Out of respect for his character and contributions the 5th Infantry Regiment buried him with full military honors in Buffalo, New York.[10]: 419  In March 1915 to make way for the expanding city his body and grave, alongside others, were moved to Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo).[16]: iv  During the process of exhuming his grave a brass tablet was discovered with his initials on it but it was lost in the moving process.[16]: iv 

Name Edit

The name Honayawas is said to have a "vulgar meaning".[1] It has been variously spelled Honanyawus,[1] Onayawos,[17] Ouayawos, Honayewus,[3] etc.

He is said to have been given the name "Farmer's Brother" by George Washington. Washington wanted to make agriculture respectable among the Native Americans and in conversation with Honayawas indicated that he himself was a farmer, and called him a brother. Honayawas was proud of meeting Washington and adopted the name.[14]

References Edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Hodge, Frederick Webb, ed. (1907). Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico (part I). Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 453. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  2. ^ "TREATY WITH THE SENECA, 1802". INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  3. ^ a b c Stone, William Leete (1841). Life and times of Red-Jacket, or Sa-go-ye-wat-ha. New York: Wiley and Putnam. p. 409. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  4. ^ a b c Crawford, Neta C. (1994). "A security regime among democracies: cooperation among Iroquois nations". International Organization. 48 (3): 345–385. doi:10.1017/s002081830002823x. ISSN 0020-8183. S2CID 154534808.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Campisi, Jack; Starna, William A. (1995). "On the Road to Canandaigua: The Treaty of 1794". American Indian Quarterly. 19 (4): 467–490. doi:10.2307/1185560. JSTOR 1185560.
  6. ^ a b c d Wright, Ronald (2015-08-25). Stolen Continents: Conquest and Resistance in the Americas. Penguin Canada. ISBN 9780143192084.
  7. ^ a b c d United States Bureau of Indian Affairs (1826). "TREATY WITH THE SIX NATIONS 1794". Way & Gideon. p. 36. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  8. ^ "AGREEMENT WITH THE FIVE NATIONS OF INDIANS, 1792". INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  9. ^ Thatcher, Benjamin Bussey (1836). Indian Biography (vol 2). Harper & Brothers. p. 277. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Leete Sr., William Stone (1841). Life and times of Red-Jacket, or Sa-go-ye-wat-ha : being the sequel to the history of the Six Nations. New York: New York : Wiley and Putnam. pp. 413.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Brother, Farmer's (1810). Wood, Samuel (ed.). dd=0&af=RN&locID=sfu_z39&srchtp=a&c=1&ste=11&stp=Author&dc=flc&d4=0.33&docNum=CY102612015&ae=CY102612015&tiPG=1&an=SABCP03269600 "Speeches delivered by several Indian chiefs : also, an extract of a letter from an Indian chief". Sabin Americana. Ontario Repository. p. 2. Retrieved 28 October 2018. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  12. ^ a b c d Eisenstadt, Peter R. (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 545. ISBN 9780815608080.
  13. ^ Johnson, Crisfield (1876). Centennial History of Erie County, New York. Heritage Books, Incorporated. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  14. ^ a b Smith, Henry Perry (1884). History of the City of Buffalo and Erie County. Buffalo, NY: D. Mason & Company. p. 64. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  15. ^ a b Seaver, James Everett; Letchworth, William Pryor (1910). A narrative of the life of Mary Jemison. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 185. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  16. ^ a b Hodge, William (1879). Buffalo cemeteries: an account of the burial-places of Buffalo, from the earliest times: read before the Buffalo Historical Society, February 4, 1879. The Library of Congress. Buffalo: Printed and published by Bigelow Brothers for the Society. pp. iv.
  17. ^ . INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2017.

August 28, 2023
farmer, brother, honayawas, 1730, 1814, seneca, chief, active, member, nations, elected, chief, translator, noted, orator, fought, negotiated, with, both, united, states, british, before, during, after, american, revolution, signatory, treaty, tree, 1797, trea. Honayawas or Farmer s Brother c 1730 1814 was a Seneca Chief active member of the Six Nations elected War Chief translator and noted orator who fought and negotiated with both the United States and British before during and after the American Revolution He was a signatory of the Treaty of Big Tree in 1797 and the Treaty of Buffalo Creek in 1802 which sold Little Beard s reservation to Oliver Phelps Isaac Bronson and Horatio Jones 1 2 Contents 1 Career 2 Personal 2 1 Death 3 Name 4 ReferencesCareer EditDuring the French and Indian War he may have fought in the disastrous Battle of the Monongahela with Braddock in 1755 During Pontiac s Rebellion he participated in the Devil s Hole Massacre in 1763 3 When the Six Nations dissolved in 1777 over disagreements on allegiances during the American revolution 4 370 Farmer s Brother sided with the British along other Senecas After the war however he maintained friendly relations with the victorious colonials While previously very active as a war leader Farmer s Brother became more heavily involved in the treaty making process with the Americans after the British signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783 5 467 In the treaty the British surrendered to the Americans several territories East of the Mississippi River however they did this without the knowledge or consent of their Six Nations allies who still considered themselves the rightful owners of this land 5 467 The treaty did not include any mention of the Nations the British had made alliances with 4 371 and left the responsibility of negotiating peace with them to the newly formed United States Government 5 467 This coupled with previous instances of failed negotiations between the United States government and the Six Nations 6 226 227 pressured the Americans 4 371 into action to avert more conflicts 5 468 The American statesman Timothy Pickering was appointed to position of commissioner for the Haudenosaunee by George Washington 6 228 with the purpose of establishing a lasting peace between both nations 5 467 On October 14 1794 Pickering met with the first group of representatives of the Six Nations at Buffalo Creek 6 228 A group of 500 Oneidas peoples arrived at the council grounds to voice their concerns and Farmer s Brother was among them 5 480 He acted as both the translator and orator for this group delivering an opening address on behalf of the Chiefs where he articulated their grievances requests and demands 5 480 In the following days as more groups arrived including delegations from the Seneca Nation led by Chiefs Red Jacket and Cornplanter 5 480 482 Farmer s Brother continued to take part in the negotiation process while Pickering heard the concerns of other Chiefs before they settled on an agreement 5 482 485 Ultimately Pickering on behalf of the United States government offered to restore some territory that had been taken from the Six Nations 7 5 and promised a 4 500 annuity payment would be provided from United States to Six Nations in perpetuity to be spent on clothing domestic animals implements of husbandry and other utensils suited to their circumstances 7 36 After more deliberation when the Treaty was finally agreed upon on November 11 1794 7 34 Farmer s Brother was one of the 50 Chiefs to sign 7 38 The treaty did more than settle the tensions between the two Nations it also made the American government recognize the sovereignty and jurisdiction of the Haudenosaunee as equally valid as their own 6 229 In 1792 he was one of a group of chiefs who visited Philadelphia possibly to be present at the signing of the Agreement with the Five Nations 8 While in Philadelphia he was presented with a silver medallion by George Washington from then on he wore it constantly around his neck and was often heard to say that he would lose it only when he lost his life 9 In 1794 he participated in a Grand Council at Niagara where he is reported to have given a three hour speech which unfortunately has not survived 3 The same year he was a signatory of the Treaty of Canandaigua Farmer s Brother delivered what is considered his most famous speech 10 413 11 2 12 545 on the 21st of November 1798 at Genesee River in the newly formed New York State 11 2 His speech was presented alongside one from his contemporary another notable Seneca Chief Red Jacket before an assembled congregation of Chiefs from the Six Nations as well as other onlookers interested in hearing the esteemed speaker orate 10 413 11 2 3 In his speech Farmer s Brother spoke on behalf of two American agents Jasper Parrish and Horatio Jones who had been captured by and worked with the Six Nations closely before eventually being adopted by them 10 413 11 6 12 545 Farmer s Brother requested that the two interpreters be granted a 2 mile 3 kilometer 12 545 plot of land for their contributions to the Nations and their continued loyalty after the war 10 413 11 6 7 The speech was considered remarkable by onlookers for Farmer s Brother s eloquence 11 2 3 10 413 and the use of the line the Great spirit spoke to the whirlwind and it was still 11 6 which had a resounding impact on many present 11 2 3 At this time however without the states approval it was not possible to transfer any land belonging to Nations to private owners 10 413 Because of this the address was transcribed and sent to the New York legislature where the proposition was eventually approved 11 2 10 413 During the War of 1812 he fought on the side of the United States despite his advanced age He participated in the Battle of Fort George in 1813 and in the Battle of Lundy s Lane in 1814 1 Following that battle a story is related that an Indian allied with the British variously Chippewa or Mohawk came to the Seneca saying he was deserting He was identified as a spy and Farmer s Brother said to him here are my rifle my tomahawk and my scalping knife take your choice by which you will die The spy chose the rifle and indicated he wanted to be shot through the heart or head so Farmer s Brother immediately pointed his rifle there and killed him 13 pp 279 281 Personal EditFarmer s Brother has been described asA strong stalwart warrior of gigantic frame and magnificent proportions straight as an arrow with eagle eye frank open countenance commanding port and dignified demeanor 14 His exact birthdate is unknown 1716 1718 or 1732 have also been suggested 1 Farmer s Brother was a cousin or half brother of Hiokatoo who married Mary Jemison According to Jemison it was through the influence of Farmer s Brother that I became Hiokatoo s wife 15 p 186 In the negotiations preliminary to the Treaty of Big Tree Farmer s Brother supported Jemison s request that a section of land which had been promised to her be set aside as a reservation Although opposed by Red Jacket Farmer s Brother won the day and the 17 927 acre 7 255 ha Gardeau Reservation was set aside for her following her description 15 pp 131 133 It has been recounted that despite his name Farmer s Brother was generally opposed to the practice of farming along with other conventions that settlers attempted to impress on his people 10 409 He alongside Red Jacket resisted the encroachment of European missionaries into their territory and stood firmly against the missionaries attempts to indoctrinate the Seneca people into their faith 12 545 Farmer s Brother is also said to have died never having tried alcohol showing disdain for it and abstaining from it out of principle 10 417 Death Edit Farmer s Brother died of natural causes on an unspecified date in the autumn of 1814 10 418 Out of respect for his character and contributions the 5th Infantry Regiment buried him with full military honors in Buffalo New York 10 419 In March 1915 to make way for the expanding city his body and grave alongside others were moved to Forest Lawn Cemetery Buffalo 16 iv During the process of exhuming his grave a brass tablet was discovered with his initials on it but it was lost in the moving process 16 iv Name EditThe name Honayawas is said to have a vulgar meaning 1 It has been variously spelled Honanyawus 1 Onayawos 17 Ouayawos Honayewus 3 etc He is said to have been given the name Farmer s Brother by George Washington Washington wanted to make agriculture respectable among the Native Americans and in conversation with Honayawas indicated that he himself was a farmer and called him a brother Honayawas was proud of meeting Washington and adopted the name 14 References Edit a b c d e Hodge Frederick Webb ed 1907 Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico part I Washington U S Government Printing Office p 453 Retrieved July 31 2017 TREATY WITH THE SENECA 1802 INDIAN AFFAIRS LAWS AND TREATIES Retrieved July 31 2017 a b c Stone William Leete 1841 Life and times of Red Jacket or Sa go ye wat ha New York Wiley and Putnam p 409 Retrieved July 31 2017 a b c Crawford Neta C 1994 A security regime among democracies cooperation among Iroquois nations International Organization 48 3 345 385 doi 10 1017 s002081830002823x ISSN 0020 8183 S2CID 154534808 a b c d e f g h i j Campisi Jack Starna William A 1995 On the Road to Canandaigua The Treaty of 1794 American Indian Quarterly 19 4 467 490 doi 10 2307 1185560 JSTOR 1185560 a b c d Wright Ronald 2015 08 25 Stolen Continents Conquest and Resistance in the Americas Penguin Canada ISBN 9780143192084 a b c d United States Bureau of Indian Affairs 1826 TREATY WITH THE SIX NATIONS 1794 Way amp Gideon p 36 Retrieved 28 October 2018 AGREEMENT WITH THE FIVE NATIONS OF INDIANS 1792 INDIAN AFFAIRS LAWS AND TREATIES Retrieved July 31 2017 Thatcher Benjamin Bussey 1836 Indian Biography vol 2 Harper amp Brothers p 277 Retrieved July 31 2017 a b c d e f g h i j k Leete Sr William Stone 1841 Life and times of Red Jacket or Sa go ye wat ha being the sequel to the history of the Six Nations New York New York Wiley and Putnam pp 413 a b c d e f g h i Brother Farmer s 1810 Wood Samuel ed dd 0 amp af RN amp locID sfu z39 amp srchtp a amp c 1 amp ste 11 amp stp Author amp dc flc amp d4 0 33 amp docNum CY102612015 amp ae CY102612015 amp tiPG 1 amp an SABCP03269600 Speeches delivered by several Indian chiefs also an extract of a letter from an Indian chief Sabin Americana Ontario Repository p 2 Retrieved 28 October 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Check url value help a b c d Eisenstadt Peter R 2005 The Encyclopedia of New York State Syracuse University Press p 545 ISBN 9780815608080 Johnson Crisfield 1876 Centennial History of Erie County New York Heritage Books Incorporated Retrieved July 31 2017 a b Smith Henry Perry 1884 History of the City of Buffalo and Erie County Buffalo NY D Mason amp Company p 64 Retrieved July 31 2017 a b Seaver James Everett Letchworth William Pryor 1910 A narrative of the life of Mary Jemison G P Putnam s Sons p 185 Retrieved July 31 2017 a b Hodge William 1879 Buffalo cemeteries an account of the burial places of Buffalo from the earliest times read before the Buffalo Historical Society February 4 1879 The Library of Congress Buffalo Printed and published by Bigelow Brothers for the Society pp iv AGREEMENT WITH THE SENECA 1797 INDIAN AFFAIRS LAWS AND TREATIES Archived from the original on November 3 2012 Retrieved July 31 2017 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Farmer 27s Brother amp oldid 1123381248, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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