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Farallones de Cali

Farallones de Cali is a cluster of mountains in the West Andes of Colombia. It is located west of the city of Cali and gives rise to many of the rivers that provide water and electricity to Cali. The PNN Farallones de Cali encompasses 150,000 ha (580 sq mi) in the mountains as well as much of the Pacific slope and is an area of very high biodiversity. The average temperature ranges from 25 °C (77 °F) in the tropical foothills to 5 °C (41 °F) in the páramo. In this territory are located the district of Pichinde, Andes and Leonera, and two villages Penas Blancas and Lomas de la Cajita.

Farallones de Cali
Farallones de Cali
Highest point
Elevation4,050 m (13,290 ft)
Coordinates03°30′29″N 76°41′45″W / 3.50806°N 76.69583°W / 3.50806; -76.69583
Geography
CountryColombia
PNN Farallones de Cali
Pico de Loro (Parrot Peak)
Nearest cityCali, Colombia
Area150,000 ha (580 sq mi)
Established1968
Governing bodySINAP

Climate and topography edit

Average yearly rainfall is 6,000 mm (240 in) in the Pacific region and 2,500 mm (98 in) in the mountainous sector. Plants growing in the area have sufficient water throughout the year.[1]

The topography of the park is characterized by the high, craggy peaks, the highest being 4,050 m (13,290 ft).[2] These peaks are referred to as Los Farallones (which means cliffs), the namesake of the mountains and national park. The foothills on the eastern side meet the Cauca Valley and the city of Cali. On the west slope there are numerous river canyons that wind their way toward the Pacific Ocean.

The Farrallones are visible from the city of Cali.[3]

Rivers edit

On the east slope the following rivers flow from the Farallones de Cali (from north to south): Cali, Pichindé, Cañaveralejo, Melendez, Lilí, Pance, and Jamundí. These river all flow into the Cauca River.

On the west slope there are many rivers flowing into the Pacific, but the main ones area the Dagua and Anchicayá. There is a hydroelectric dam on the Anchicayá River.

National Park and biodiversity edit

The PNN Farallones de Cali is the largest national park in the Valle del Cauca Department and was formed in 1968. The area is popular for hiking and birdwatching. Access from Cali is by two main routes: by way of the Pance River at the southern end or at the northern end via Peñas Blancas or the Pichindé River. Access to the Anchicayá area is via the town of El Queremal. The lowest altitude of the park is 200 m (660 ft) in the Pacific lowlands.

Ecological zones edit

Due to extreme height of the mountains and the nearby Pacific Ocean, which largely determines the climate in western Colombia, there are various ecosystems in the park such as lowland jungle, mountain cloud forest and páramo.

Tropical Wet to Humid Forest is located between 200 m (660 ft) and 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above sea level. It is characterized by tall rain forest trees and a canopy reaching up to 40 m (130 ft). This area is on the western slope of the West Andes and is part of the Chocó Biogeographic Region. One of the key areas of biodiversity is centered around the upper Anchicayá River watershed.
Subtropical Cloud Forest is situated between 1,200 m (3,900 ft) and 2,000 m (6,600 ft). The cloud forest is usually blanketed in fog and inside the forest it is extremely mossy with many epiphytes. This ecosystem is also referred to as Subandean Forest - Bosque Subandino.
Montane Forest is located between 2,000 m (6,600 ft) and 3,500 m (11,500 ft). This high mountain forest is characterized by dense vegetation and a canopy that reaches up to 20 m (66 ft). As the elevation increases the tree height generally decreases. This ecosystem is also referred to as Andean Forest - Bosque Andino.
Páramo is situated above the treeline at altitudes over 3,500 m (11,500 ft). This ecosystem is geographically isolated from other Northern Andean páramos and is unique in the fact that it does not have the characteristic Espeletia plant of the Colombian páramo.[4]

The ecosystems in the park face several threats including commercial logging, illegal mining,[5] agriculture, tourism, forest fires, hunting and road construction.

Characteristic fauna edit

Birds edit

The Farallones de Cali is home to probably more than 300+ species of birds, including several endemic species such as the multicolored tanager (Chlorochrysa nitidissima), crested ant-tanager (Habia cristata) and chestnut wood-quail (Odontophorus hyperythrus).[6] Andean cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola peruvianus) leks can be observed, the most famous being in the Peñas Blancas area of the Pichindé River valley.[7] The avian diversity of the Anchicayá is world-renowned.[8]

Mammals edit

Mammal species that are possible throughout the various habitats include: bats, squirrels, procyonids, anteaters, several felids, foxes, and marsupials. The spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus)[9] has suitable habitat on the western slope of the mountains and is listed as a vulnerable species.[10]

Five primates species exist within the park:[11]

Amphibians edit

Characteristic vegetation edit

On the western slope, between 200 and 1,000 m (660 and 3,280 ft), there is a dry tropical forest with trees up to 40 m (130 ft) high. Beneath these trees grow tall grasses. There are different kinds of lianas and woody vines. On top of tree branches there are numerous epiphytes. Some endemical species are called cargadera, guabo sleeper, wild cacao and sirop. Among the palms of this forest there is taparín, barrigona or pambil and cumbi.

In the temperate zone, between 1,000 and 2,000 m (3,300 and 6,600 ft) the most representative tree species are oak, sapote bush, media cara, encenillo, azuceno, white yarumo and balsa.

The cold zone, between 2,400 and 3,600 m (7,900 and 11,800 ft), abounds in epiphytes. Above 3,600 m (11,800 ft) starts the moorlands, where frailejones are the characteristic plant. Among the Farallones endemisms there is a wild violet.

Geology edit

Sites of interest edit

El Topacio Acampadero Pance very close to town. To spend the night in a tent needed a permit from the Regional Autonomous Corporation of the Valle del Cauca - CVC. The parking area is very limited. It has basic services, including a radio station in the ranger's house. From Topaz can visit two waterfalls.

Pico de Loro The trail starts at the Topaz. The upgrade can take several hours depending on the climber. At its peak, at 2832 meters above sea level is part of the city of Cali, Cauca river and its valley. No acampadero on top, on the rise there are several springs.

Punta Pance With 4020 meters is a journey that can take one or two days, recommended for those with more experience as walkers. At the top is a unique view of the region. On clear days you can see to the west and the Pacific Ocean port of Buenaventura (really clear days you can see the larger vessels) looks eastward Cali, the river Cauca and valley, and eventually the Cordillera Central with sticking the Nevado del Huila, in the south-west you can see the Cerro Naya, to the northwest is the Cerro Calima.

You can camp at a place known as "Balconies" which has a spring and a wide area to accommodate tents 5-10. Another possibility is to climb a little higher and camping in Punta Pance Lagoons.

Alto del Buey A 3480 m. His ascent is made from the input to Peñas Blancas and can take a whole day on a road in good condition. From the top is Part of Buenaventura and Cali. The camping area is limited allowing no more than 2 or 3 stores.

Gaps of Alto del Buey It's tortuous descent from the top of the Ox, but sometimes necessary in the absence of water on top. From above gaps are much larger than they actually are. Remember to always go with a guide.

Valley de los Osos Accessible from the mountain edge north of Punta Pance and towards the western side, there is a river and you see that landscape has been altered by man. It is located between the blade tip and the Massif Cajambres.

Macizo Cajambres To the west of Punta Pance, after passing the Valley of the Bears. It shows some erosion in its eastern slopes.

Peñas Blancas

Gallery edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Sesana, Laura (2006). Colombia Natural Parks - Villegas Asociados, 2006. ISBN 9789588156873.
  2. ^ "Farallones de Cali, Colombia".
  3. ^ Paz, Manuel María. "View of the Mountains above Cali from a City Street, Province of Buenaventura". World Digital Library. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  4. ^ "El páramo: un ecosistema de alta montaña".
  5. ^ "Autoridades alertan por reactivación de minería ilegal en Farallones de Cali".
  6. ^ "Birdlife International - IBA CO031".
  7. ^ . Archived from the original on 2013-06-30.
  8. ^ Steven Hilty (1997). "Seasonal Distribution of Birds at a Cloud-Forest Locality, the Anchicayá Valley, in Western Colombia". Ornithological Monographs (48): 321–343. JSTOR 40157541.
  9. ^ Bernard Peyton, Spectacled Bear Action Plan.
  10. ^ Velez-Liendo, X. & García-Rangel, S. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Tremarctos ornatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22066A123792952. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22066A45034047.en. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  11. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-03-15.
  12. ^ Link, A.; Defler, T.R.; Méndez-Carvajal, P.G.; Rodríguez, V.; Cortes-Ortíz, L.; Shanee, S. & Guzmán-Caro, D.C. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Ateles fusciceps ssp. rufiventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39921A191688429. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39921A191688429.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  13. ^ "Sapo mambore (photo by Juan Manuel Rengifo)".
  14. ^ "ADW - Oophaga lehmanni".
  15. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2019). "Oophaga lehmanni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T55190A85891808. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T55190A85891808.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

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Farallones de Cali is a cluster of mountains in the West Andes of Colombia It is located west of the city of Cali and gives rise to many of the rivers that provide water and electricity to Cali The PNN Farallones de Cali encompasses 150 000 ha 580 sq mi in the mountains as well as much of the Pacific slope and is an area of very high biodiversity The average temperature ranges from 25 C 77 F in the tropical foothills to 5 C 41 F in the paramo In this territory are located the district of Pichinde Andes and Leonera and two villages Penas Blancas and Lomas de la Cajita Farallones de CaliFarallones de CaliHighest pointElevation4 050 m 13 290 ft Coordinates03 30 29 N 76 41 45 W 3 50806 N 76 69583 W 3 50806 76 69583GeographyCountryColombia PNN Farallones de CaliIUCN category II national park Pico de Loro Parrot Peak Nearest cityCali ColombiaArea150 000 ha 580 sq mi Established1968Governing bodySINAP Contents 1 Climate and topography 1 1 Rivers 2 National Park and biodiversity 2 1 Ecological zones 2 2 Characteristic fauna 2 2 1 Birds 2 2 2 Mammals 2 2 3 Amphibians 2 3 Characteristic vegetation 3 Geology 4 Sites of interest 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 ReferencesClimate and topography editAverage yearly rainfall is 6 000 mm 240 in in the Pacific region and 2 500 mm 98 in in the mountainous sector Plants growing in the area have sufficient water throughout the year 1 The topography of the park is characterized by the high craggy peaks the highest being 4 050 m 13 290 ft 2 These peaks are referred to as Los Farallones which means cliffs the namesake of the mountains and national park The foothills on the eastern side meet the Cauca Valley and the city of Cali On the west slope there are numerous river canyons that wind their way toward the Pacific Ocean The Farrallones are visible from the city of Cali 3 Rivers edit On the east slope the following rivers flow from the Farallones de Cali from north to south Cali Pichinde Canaveralejo Melendez Lili Pance and Jamundi These river all flow into the Cauca River On the west slope there are many rivers flowing into the Pacific but the main ones area the Dagua and Anchicaya There is a hydroelectric dam on the Anchicaya River National Park and biodiversity editMain article List of national parks of Colombia The PNN Farallones de Cali is the largest national park in the Valle del Cauca Department and was formed in 1968 The area is popular for hiking and birdwatching Access from Cali is by two main routes by way of the Pance River at the southern end or at the northern end via Penas Blancas or the Pichinde River Access to the Anchicaya area is via the town of El Queremal The lowest altitude of the park is 200 m 660 ft in the Pacific lowlands Ecological zones edit Due to extreme height of the mountains and the nearby Pacific Ocean which largely determines the climate in western Colombia there are various ecosystems in the park such as lowland jungle mountain cloud forest and paramo Tropical Wet to Humid Forest is located between 200 m 660 ft and 1 000 m 3 300 ft above sea level It is characterized by tall rain forest trees and a canopy reaching up to 40 m 130 ft This area is on the western slope of the West Andes and is part of the Choco Biogeographic Region One of the key areas of biodiversity is centered around the upper Anchicaya River watershed Subtropical Cloud Forest is situated between 1 200 m 3 900 ft and 2 000 m 6 600 ft The cloud forest is usually blanketed in fog and inside the forest it is extremely mossy with many epiphytes This ecosystem is also referred to as Subandean Forest Bosque Subandino Montane Forest is located between 2 000 m 6 600 ft and 3 500 m 11 500 ft This high mountain forest is characterized by dense vegetation and a canopy that reaches up to 20 m 66 ft As the elevation increases the tree height generally decreases This ecosystem is also referred to as Andean Forest Bosque Andino Paramo is situated above the treeline at altitudes over 3 500 m 11 500 ft This ecosystem is geographically isolated from other Northern Andean paramos and is unique in the fact that it does not have the characteristic Espeletia plant of the Colombian paramo 4 The ecosystems in the park face several threats including commercial logging illegal mining 5 agriculture tourism forest fires hunting and road construction Characteristic fauna edit Birds edit The Farallones de Cali is home to probably more than 300 species of birds including several endemic species such as the multicolored tanager Chlorochrysa nitidissima crested ant tanager Habia cristata and chestnut wood quail Odontophorus hyperythrus 6 Andean cock of the rock Rupicola peruvianus leks can be observed the most famous being in the Penas Blancas area of the Pichinde River valley 7 The avian diversity of the Anchicaya is world renowned 8 Mammals edit Mammal species that are possible throughout the various habitats include bats squirrels procyonids anteaters several felids foxes and marsupials The spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus 9 has suitable habitat on the western slope of the mountains and is listed as a vulnerable species 10 Five primates species exist within the park 11 White headed capuchin Mono manicero Red howler Mantled howler Gray bellied night monkey Aotus lemurinus listed as vulnerable referred to as Marteja in Colombia Colombian spider monkey Ateles fusciceps rufiventris listed as vulnerable 12 referred to as Marimonda in Colombia Amphibians edit Bufo hypomelas Sapo Mambore 13 Dendrobates lehmanni Red banded poison frog or Oophaga lehmanni 14 15 Characteristic vegetation edit On the western slope between 200 and 1 000 m 660 and 3 280 ft there is a dry tropical forest with trees up to 40 m 130 ft high Beneath these trees grow tall grasses There are different kinds of lianas and woody vines On top of tree branches there are numerous epiphytes Some endemical species are called cargadera guabo sleeper wild cacao and sirop Among the palms of this forest there is taparin barrigona or pambil and cumbi In the temperate zone between 1 000 and 2 000 m 3 300 and 6 600 ft the most representative tree species are oak sapote bush media cara encenillo azuceno white yarumo and balsa The cold zone between 2 400 and 3 600 m 7 900 and 11 800 ft abounds in epiphytes Above 3 600 m 11 800 ft starts the moorlands where frailejones are the characteristic plant Among the Farallones endemisms there is a wild violet Geology editMain article Geology of ColombiaSites of interest editEl Topacio Acampadero Pance very close to town To spend the night in a tent needed a permit from the Regional Autonomous Corporation of the Valle del Cauca CVC The parking area is very limited It has basic services including a radio station in the ranger s house From Topaz can visit two waterfalls Pico de Loro The trail starts at the Topaz The upgrade can take several hours depending on the climber At its peak at 2832 meters above sea level is part of the city of Cali Cauca river and its valley No acampadero on top on the rise there are several springs Punta Pance With 4020 meters is a journey that can take one or two days recommended for those with more experience as walkers At the top is a unique view of the region On clear days you can see to the west and the Pacific Ocean port of Buenaventura really clear days you can see the larger vessels looks eastward Cali the river Cauca and valley and eventually the Cordillera Central with sticking the Nevado del Huila in the south west you can see the Cerro Naya to the northwest is the Cerro Calima You can camp at a place known as Balconies which has a spring and a wide area to accommodate tents 5 10 Another possibility is to climb a little higher and camping in Punta Pance Lagoons Alto del Buey A 3480 m His ascent is made from the input to Penas Blancas and can take a whole day on a road in good condition From the top is Part of Buenaventura and Cali The camping area is limited allowing no more than 2 or 3 stores Gaps of Alto del Buey It s tortuous descent from the top of the Ox but sometimes necessary in the absence of water on top From above gaps are much larger than they actually are Remember to always go with a guide Valley de los Osos Accessible from the mountain edge north of Punta Pance and towards the western side there is a river and you see that landscape has been altered by man It is located between the blade tip and the Massif Cajambres Macizo Cajambres To the west of Punta Pance after passing the Valley of the Bears It shows some erosion in its eastern slopes Penas BlancasGallery edit nbsp Macizo Cajambres amp Valle de los Osos nbsp Penas Blancas nbsp Panorama nbsp Panorama nbsp Punta Pance from the northeast nbsp Punta Pance from the southeast nbsp Ranger Home El Topacio nbsp Rainforest nbsp Anchicaya RiverSee also editList of national parks of Colombia Andean Region Colombia Pacific Region Colombia List of mountains in the Andes List of Ultras of South America Pico LoroReferences edit Sesana Laura 2006 Colombia Natural Parks Villegas Asociados 2006 ISBN 9789588156873 Farallones de Cali Colombia Paz Manuel Maria View of the Mountains above Cali from a City Street Province of Buenaventura World Digital Library Retrieved 2014 05 22 El paramo un ecosistema de alta montana Autoridades alertan por reactivacion de mineria ilegal en Farallones de Cali Birdlife International IBA CO031 Colombia Birdwatch Penas Blancas Archived from the original on 2013 06 30 Steven Hilty 1997 Seasonal Distribution of Birds at a Cloud Forest Locality the Anchicaya Valley in Western Colombia Ornithological Monographs 48 321 343 JSTOR 40157541 Bernard Peyton Spectacled Bear Action Plan Velez Liendo X amp Garcia Rangel S 2018 errata version of 2017 assessment Tremarctos ornatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T22066A123792952 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 3 RLTS T22066A45034047 en Retrieved 7 January 2024 Naturaleza y Ciencia del Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali Archived from the original on 2012 03 15 Link A Defler T R Mendez Carvajal P G Rodriguez V Cortes Ortiz L Shanee S amp Guzman Caro D C 2021 amended version of 2020 assessment Ateles fusciceps ssp rufiventris IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 e T39921A191688429 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2021 1 RLTS T39921A191688429 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 Sapo mambore photo by Juan Manuel Rengifo ADW Oophaga lehmanni IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2019 Oophaga lehmanni IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T55190A85891808 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T55190A85891808 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Farallones de Cali amp oldid 1195186307, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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