This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: content is non-encyclopedic in scope and level of expertise exhibited, and lacks inline citation of any of many available substantial secondary sources. Please help improve this article if you can.(May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents. To comply with Wikipedia's lead section guidelines, please consider modifying the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article's key points in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article.(May 2014)
Extraction in chemistry is a separation process consisting of the separation of a substance from a matrix. The distribution of a solute between two phases is an equilibrium condition described by partition theory. This is based on exactly how the analyte moves from the initial solvent into the extracting solvent. The term washing may also be used to refer to an extraction in which impurities are extracted from the solvent containing the desired compound.
Schematic of a separatory funnel showing two immiscible liquids, where 1 is any phase less dense than 2. Phase 1 is typically an organic solvent and 2 an aqueous phase.
Laboratory-scale liquid-liquid extraction. Photograph of a separatory funnel in a laboratory scale extraction of 2 immiscible liquids: liquids are a diethyl ether upper phase, and a lower aqueous phase.
Liquid-liquid extractions in the laboratory usually make use of a separatory funnel, where two immiscible phases are combined to separate a solute from one phase into the other, according to the relative solubility in each of the phases. Typically, this will be to extract organic compounds out of an aqueous phase and into an organic phase, but may also include extracting water-soluble impurities from an organic phase into an aqueous phase.[1][2]
Solid-liquid extractions at laboratory scales can use Soxhlet extractors. A solid sample containing the desired compound along with impurities is placed in the thimble. An extracting solvent is chosen in which the impurities are insoluble and the desired compound has at least limited solubility. The solvent is refluxed and condensed solvent falls into the thimble and dissolves the desired compound which then passes back through the filter into the flask. After extraction is complete the solvent can be removed and the desired product collected.
Everyday applications and examples
Boiling tea leaves in water extracts the tannins, theobromine, and caffeine out of the leaves and into the water, as an example of a solid-liquid extraction.
Decaffeination of tea and coffee is also an example of an extraction, where the caffeine molecules are removed from the tea leaves or coffee beans, often utilising supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 or standard solid-liquid extraction techniques.[3]
Further reading
Gunt Hamburg, 2014, Thermal Process Engineering: Liquid-liquid extraction and solid-liquid extraction, see [1], accessed 12 May 2014.
G.W. Stevens, T.C., Lo, & M. H. I. Baird, 2007, "Extraction, Liquid-Liquid", in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, doi:10.1002/0471238961.120917211215.a01.pub2, accessed 12 May 2014.
T. Voeste, K. Weber, B. Hiskey & G. Brunner, 2006, "Liquid–Solid Extraction", in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, doi:10.1002/14356007.b03_07.pub2, accessed 12 May 2014.
R. J. Wakeman, 2000, "Extraction, Liquid-Solid", in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, doi:10.1002/0471238961.1209172123011105.a01, accessed 12 May 2014.
M.J.M. Wells, 2000, "Essential guides to method development in solid-phase extraction," in Encyclopedia of Separation Science, Vol. 10 (I.D. Wilson, E.R. Adlard, M. Cooke, and C.F. Poole, eds.), London:Academic Press, London, 2000, pp. 4636–4643.
Colin Poole & Michael Cooke, 2000, Extraction, in Encyclopedia of Separation Science, 10 Vols., ISBN9780122267703, accessed 12 May 2014.
^Zubrick, James W. (2014). The organic chem lab survival manual : a student's guide to techniques (Ninth ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 127–144. ISBN9781118083390. OCLC 798220947.
^Ramalakshmi, K.; Raghavan, B. (1999). "Caffeine in Coffee: Its Removal. Why and How?". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 39 (5): 441–456. doi:10.1080/10408699991279231. ISSN 1040-8398. PMID 10516914.
Further reading
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry (8th ed.).
External links
Media related to Extraction (chemistry) at Wikimedia Commons
April 23, 2023
extraction, chemistry, other, uses, extraction, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, require, cleanup, meet, wikipedia, quality, standards, sp. For other uses see Extraction This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is content is non encyclopedic in scope and level of expertise exhibited and lacks inline citation of any of many available substantial secondary sources Please help improve this article if you can May 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Extraction chemistry news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article s lead section may not adequately summarize its contents To comply with Wikipedia s lead section guidelines please consider modifying the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article s key points in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article May 2014 This article may have too many section headers dividing up its content Please help improve the article by merging similar sections and removing unneeded subheaders June 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Extraction in chemistry is a separation process consisting of the separation of a substance from a matrix The distribution of a solute between two phases is an equilibrium condition described by partition theory This is based on exactly how the analyte moves from the initial solvent into the extracting solvent The term washing may also be used to refer to an extraction in which impurities are extracted from the solvent containing the desired compound Schematic of a separatory funnel showing two immiscible liquids where 1 is any phase less dense than 2 Phase 1 is typically an organic solvent and 2 an aqueous phase Laboratory scale liquid liquid extraction Photograph of a separatory funnel in a laboratory scale extraction of 2 immiscible liquids liquids are a diethyl ether upper phase and a lower aqueous phase Soxhlet extractor Contents 1 Types of extraction 2 Laboratory applications and examples 3 Everyday applications and examples 4 Further reading 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksTypes of extraction EditLiquid liquid extraction Acid base extraction Supercritical fluid extraction Solid liquid extraction Solid phase extraction Maceration Ultrasound assisted extraction Microwave assisted extraction Heat reflux extraction Instant controlled pressure drop extraction Detente instantanee controlee PerstractionLaboratory applications and examples EditLiquid liquid extractions in the laboratory usually make use of a separatory funnel where two immiscible phases are combined to separate a solute from one phase into the other according to the relative solubility in each of the phases Typically this will be to extract organic compounds out of an aqueous phase and into an organic phase but may also include extracting water soluble impurities from an organic phase into an aqueous phase 1 2 Common extractants may be arranged in increasing order of polarity according to the Hildebrand solubility parameter ethyl acetate lt acetone lt ethanol lt methanol lt acetone water 7 3 lt ethanol water 8 2 lt methanol water 8 2 lt waterSolid liquid extractions at laboratory scales can use Soxhlet extractors A solid sample containing the desired compound along with impurities is placed in the thimble An extracting solvent is chosen in which the impurities are insoluble and the desired compound has at least limited solubility The solvent is refluxed and condensed solvent falls into the thimble and dissolves the desired compound which then passes back through the filter into the flask After extraction is complete the solvent can be removed and the desired product collected Everyday applications and examples EditBoiling tea leaves in water extracts the tannins theobromine and caffeine out of the leaves and into the water as an example of a solid liquid extraction Decaffeination of tea and coffee is also an example of an extraction where the caffeine molecules are removed from the tea leaves or coffee beans often utilising supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 or standard solid liquid extraction techniques 3 Further reading EditGunt Hamburg 2014 Thermal Process Engineering Liquid liquid extraction and solid liquid extraction see 1 accessed 12 May 2014 G W Stevens T C Lo amp M H I Baird 2007 Extraction Liquid Liquid in Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology doi 10 1002 0471238961 120917211215 a01 pub2 accessed 12 May 2014 T Voeste K Weber B Hiskey amp G Brunner 2006 Liquid Solid Extraction in Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry doi 10 1002 14356007 b03 07 pub2 accessed 12 May 2014 R J Wakeman 2000 Extraction Liquid Solid in Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology doi 10 1002 0471238961 1209172123011105 a01 accessed 12 May 2014 M J M Wells 2000 Essential guides to method development in solid phase extraction in Encyclopedia of Separation Science Vol 10 I D Wilson E R Adlard M Cooke and C F Poole eds London Academic Press London 2000 pp 4636 4643 Colin Poole amp Michael Cooke 2000 Extraction in Encyclopedia of Separation Science 10 Vols ISBN 9780122267703 accessed 12 May 2014 See also EditSample preparation analytical chemistry Solvent Solvent impregnated resins Thin Layer Extraction Leaching Chemistry References Edit 4 Extraction Chemistry LibreTexts 2017 10 05 Retrieved 2019 11 10 Zubrick James W 2014 The organic chem lab survival manual a student s guide to techniques Ninth ed Hoboken John Wiley amp Sons pp 127 144 ISBN 9781118083390 OCLC 798220947 Ramalakshmi K Raghavan B 1999 Caffeine in Coffee Its Removal Why and How Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 39 5 441 456 doi 10 1080 10408699991279231 ISSN 1040 8398 PMID 10516914 Further reading EditFundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 8th ed External links Edit Media related to Extraction chemistry at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Extraction chemistry amp oldid 1141365381, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
