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Exanthem

March 21, 2024

An exanthem is a widespread rash occurring on the outside of the body and usually occurring in children.[1] An exanthem can be caused by toxins, drugs, or microorganisms, or can result from autoimmune disease.

Exanthem
Other namesExanthema
Rash seen in rubella
SpecialtyDermatology

The term exanthem is from the Greek ἐξάνθημα, exánthēma, 'a breaking out'.[2] It can be contrasted with enanthems which occur inside the body, such as on mucous membranes.

Infectious exanthem edit

In 1905, the Russian-French physician Léon Cheinisse (1871–1924), proposed a numbered classification of the six most common childhood exanthems.[3][4][5][6][7]

Of these six "classical" infectious childhood exanthems,[8] four are viral. Numbers were provided in 1905.[9]

The four viral exanthems have much in common, and are often studied together as a class. They are:

Name Number Virus Rash characteristics [10]
Measles (rubeola) "first disease" measles virus Erythematous macules and papules appearing first on the head and spread down over body over 3 days. Enanthem: pathognomonic Koplik spots (punctate blue-white erosions on buccal mucosa)
Rubella, ("German measles") identified in 1881.[11] "third disease" rubella virus Pink macules and papules that appear first on the head and spread down over body in 24 hours. Rash disappears in 2-3 days. Enanthem: Forcheimmer sign (punctate petechiae on soft palate or uvula)
Erythema infectiosum, identified as a distinct condition in 1896.[12] "fifth disease" parvovirus B19 Confluent erythematous and edematous patches on cheeks ("slapped cheek") for 1-4 days followed by a "lacy," reticular, erythematous rash on the body.
Roseola infantum (exanthem subitum) "sixth disease" HHV-6 and HHV-7 Rapid onset of erythematous, blanching macules and papules surrounded by white halos on the trunk after 3-5 days of high fever. The rash spreads to the neck and body extremities and lasts 1-2 days.

Scarlet fever, or "second disease", is associated with the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. Fourth disease, also known as "Dukes' disease" is a condition whose existence is not widely accepted today. It was described in 1900 and is postulated to be related to the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.[11]

In 1979 and 2001 a possible "seventh disease" was postulated following reports of a condition in Japan also referred to as acute febrile infantile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS).[13]

Many other common viruses apart from the ones mentioned above can also produce an exanthem as part of their presentation, though they are not considered part of the classic numbered list:

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Viral exanthems". Primary Care Dermatology Society. Primary Care Dermatology Society. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  2. ^ . Archived from the original on 2008-09-14.
  3. ^ Robert R. Briney. Primary Cutaneous Actinomycosis
  4. ^ David M. Morens. Fifth Disease: Still Hazy After All These Years
  5. ^ Dictionary of Virology
  6. ^ St. Louis Courier of Medicine (1906)
  7. ^ Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology
  8. ^ Bialecki C, Feder HM, Grant-Kels JM (November 1989). "The six classic childhood exanthems: a review and update". J Am Acad Dermatol. 21 (5 Pt 1): 891–903. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(89)70275-9. PMID 2681288.
  9. ^ "at Dorland's Medical Dictionary[dead link]
  10. ^ Scott, MD, Lycia A; Stone, MD, Mary Seabury (2003). "Viral exanthems". Dermatology Online Journal. 9 (3): 4. doi:10.5070/D33WD095BT. PMID 12952751.
  11. ^ a b Weisse ME (January 2001). "The fourth disease, 1900-2000". Lancet. 357 (9252): 299–301. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03623-0. PMID 11214144. S2CID 35896288.
  12. ^ Altman, Lawrence K (November 30, 1982). "THE DOCTOR'S WORLD". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
  13. ^ Patel, Mitesh; Charlton, Rodger (2015-07-27). "First to seventh diseases: discarded diagnoses?". BMJ. 351: h3525. doi:10.1136/bmj.h3525. ISSN 1756-1833. S2CID 71125596.
  14. ^ https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/r/rr5504.pdf[dead link]

External links edit

  • Overview at About.com
  • Definition at MedTerms
  • Differential diagnosis 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
  • Includes photo, diagnosis, and treatment of unilateral laterothoracic exanthem (ULE).

March 21, 2024
exanthem, exanthem, widespread, rash, occurring, outside, body, usually, occurring, children, exanthem, caused, toxins, drugs, microorganisms, result, from, autoimmune, disease, other, namesarash, seen, rubellaspecialtydermatologythe, term, exanthem, from, gre. An exanthem is a widespread rash occurring on the outside of the body and usually occurring in children 1 An exanthem can be caused by toxins drugs or microorganisms or can result from autoimmune disease ExanthemOther namesExanthemaRash seen in rubellaSpecialtyDermatologyThe term exanthem is from the Greek ἐ3an8hma exanthema a breaking out 2 It can be contrasted with enanthems which occur inside the body such as on mucous membranes Contents 1 Infectious exanthem 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksInfectious exanthem editIn 1905 the Russian French physician Leon Cheinisse 1871 1924 proposed a numbered classification of the six most common childhood exanthems 3 4 5 6 7 Of these six classical infectious childhood exanthems 8 four are viral Numbers were provided in 1905 9 The four viral exanthems have much in common and are often studied together as a class They are Name Number Virus Rash characteristics 10 Measles rubeola first disease measles virus Erythematous macules and papules appearing first on the head and spread down over body over 3 days Enanthem pathognomonic Koplik spots punctate blue white erosions on buccal mucosa Rubella German measles identified in 1881 11 third disease rubella virus Pink macules and papules that appear first on the head and spread down over body in 24 hours Rash disappears in 2 3 days Enanthem Forcheimmer sign punctate petechiae on soft palate or uvula Erythema infectiosum identified as a distinct condition in 1896 12 fifth disease parvovirus B19 Confluent erythematous and edematous patches on cheeks slapped cheek for 1 4 days followed by a lacy reticular erythematous rash on the body Roseola infantum exanthem subitum sixth disease HHV 6 and HHV 7 Rapid onset of erythematous blanching macules and papules surrounded by white halos on the trunk after 3 5 days of high fever The rash spreads to the neck and body extremities and lasts 1 2 days Scarlet fever or second disease is associated with the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes Fourth disease also known as Dukes disease is a condition whose existence is not widely accepted today It was described in 1900 and is postulated to be related to the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus 11 In 1979 and 2001 a possible seventh disease was postulated following reports of a condition in Japan also referred to as acute febrile infantile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome MCLS 13 Many other common viruses apart from the ones mentioned above can also produce an exanthem as part of their presentation though they are not considered part of the classic numbered list Varicella zoster virus chickenpox or shingles Mumps rhinovirus the common cold unilateral laterothoracic exanthem of childhood Some types of viral haemorrhagic fever are also known to produce a systemic rash of this kind during the progression of the disease Tick borne diseases like Rocky Mountain spotted fever produce a rash that may become extensive enough so as to be classified as exanthemous in as many as 90 of children with the disease 14 See also editList of cutaneous conditionsReferences edit Viral exanthems Primary Care Dermatology Society Primary Care Dermatology Society Retrieved 16 December 2022 Roseola Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet com Archived from the original on 2008 09 14 Robert R Briney Primary Cutaneous Actinomycosis David M Morens Fifth Disease Still Hazy After All These Years Dictionary of Virology St Louis Courier of Medicine 1906 Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology Bialecki C Feder HM Grant Kels JM November 1989 The six classic childhood exanthems a review and update J Am Acad Dermatol 21 5 Pt 1 891 903 doi 10 1016 s0190 9622 89 70275 9 PMID 2681288 fifth disease at Dorland s Medical Dictionary dead link Scott MD Lycia A Stone MD Mary Seabury 2003 Viral exanthems Dermatology Online Journal 9 3 4 doi 10 5070 D33WD095BT PMID 12952751 a b Weisse ME January 2001 The fourth disease 1900 2000 Lancet 357 9252 299 301 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 00 03623 0 PMID 11214144 S2CID 35896288 Altman Lawrence K November 30 1982 THE DOCTOR S WORLD The New York Times Retrieved 2009 11 07 Patel Mitesh Charlton Rodger 2015 07 27 First to seventh diseases discarded diagnoses BMJ 351 h3525 doi 10 1136 bmj h3525 ISSN 1756 1833 S2CID 71125596 https www cdc gov mmwr pdf r rr5504 pdf dead link External links editOverview at About com Definition at MedTerms Differential diagnosis Archived 2015 09 24 at the Wayback Machine Dermatology Quiz Includes photo diagnosis and treatment of unilateral laterothoracic exanthem ULE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Exanthem amp oldid 1142692638, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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