The Satanic nightjar (Eurostopodus diabolicus), also Heinrich's nightjar,[1] satanic eared-nightjar, Sulawesi eared-nightjar or diabolical nightjar is a mid-sized, spotted, dark brown nightjar endemic to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi.[2] The species was discovered in 1931 by Gerd Heinrich, a German natural historian who collected a single female holotype from Mount Klabat on the Minahasa peninsula of Northern Sulawesi.[3][4] In the following decades, there were a few unconfirmed reports of sightings and calls of the bird, but it did not officially resurface until 1996 when David Bishop and Jared Diamond positively identified it in Lore Lindu National Park by its sound. Making the visible rediscovery available for multiple people in the tour group including poet and writer Jan Zwaaneveld.[3][4] This increased the bird's estimated range by 750 km.[4] It has since been observed and described in the literature multiple times.
The Satanic nightjar measures about 27 cm long.[2][3] It has a white to buff-colored collar at its throat, blackish head, greyish-brown back, barred brown belly, and white spots on its 3rd and 4th outer primaries.[2][3] It can be distinguished from other nightjars in the area by its dark color and the absence of ear tufts, white tail, and wing patches.[4]
EtymologyEdit
The Satanic nightjar's common and Latin name originate from interpretations of its vocalizations.[5] Some authors report that in flight, the bird makes a "plip-plop" call like dripping water, which locals have also likened to the sound of the bird pulling out a person's eye.[5][6] However, this description may be wrongly attributed to this species as it does not agree with more recent accounts of the bird's call.[6] It is also sometimes called Heinrich's nightjar, the diabolical nightjar, the devilish nightjar, the Sulawesi nightjar and other names.[3] These last three names have largely fallen out of use.[3] Its common names sometimes also include the word "eared" despite its lack of ear tufts.[3] Some of this bird's advocates prefer the name "Satanic", believing it will draw more attention and conservation interest to the little-known nightjar.[3]
TaxonomyEdit
The Satanic nightjar belongs to the order Caprimulgiformes, and the nightjar family Caprimulidae, falling within the genus Eurostopodus along with six other birds.[4] Though it is sometimes confused with other nightjars found within its range such as great eared nightjar (Eurostopodusmacrotis), savanna nightjar (Caprimulgus affinis), and the Sulawesi nightjar (Caprimulguscelebensis) it is believed to share a closer evolutionary origin with New Guinea nightjars including Archbold's nightjar (Eurostopodus archboldi) and the Papuan nightjar (Eurostopodus papuensis), which it most resembles in appearance and habitat preference.[3][4] Though Satanic nightjars have always been treated as a single species, recent comparisons of photographed and observed individuals have revealed differences which could indicate there are in fact two separate types.[5] Individuals from central Sulawesi have grey on their tails and scapulars, along with white-tipped, oval-shaped breast feathers.[5] Conversely, individuals from the north of the island lack grey markings and have less pronounced breast feathers.[5] Regional differences in the birds' song may also exist.[5] However, more evidence must be gathered before any conclusions can be drawn.[5]
Distribution and habitatEdit
The Satanic nightjar is restricted to Sulawesi, Indonesia.[3][4] It inhabits lowland and mountain rainforests of the region from 250 to 2300 meters above sea level.[3][5] It seems to favour edge habitats with low canopies and groves of palms and rattans.[3] It can be found in forest clearings, as well as open spaces created by roads and trails in old-growth forests.[2][3][5] While it has mostly been sighted in the north and central parts of the island, its range could extend over all of Sulawesi.[6]
BehaviorEdit
VocalizationsEdit
The Satanic nightjar makes a range of different vocalizations.[5] While flying, the bird produces a burst of loud, ascending, "fWIP! fWIP" notes set at 1 second intervals. These notes can also occur more sporadically, sometimes sung suddenly and close-together in pairs of "fWIP-WIK!, fWIP-WIK!" where the last note is shorter and sharper than the first.[5] When at rest, the bird might trill a string of quick, constant notes "TWIk-TWIk- TWIk" which sound similar to its paired calls.[5] Each note begins loudly but ends softly and the song generally decreases in volume and pitch, lasting about 2–6 seconds.[5] In one recorded trill call, the song was preceded by a small number of weak, low qu/wick! sounds. When disturbed, the nightjar may also make growling noises, which accompany a threat display.[5] Nonetheless, the bird vocalizes rarely, which may partly explain its elusiveness.[4][5]
DietEdit
Like other nightjars, this bird preys on insects while flying. It hunts along the forest edge, active near dusk and dawn.[3][5] However, little is known about its diet.[6] It is thought to feed primarily on nocturnal insects such as moths.[3][6]
ReproductionEdit
The Satanic nightjar has a generation time of 5.4 years.[7] It breeds from March to October, though this range might actually encompass two distinct breeding seasons.[5][6] It roosts and nests on the ground, its cryptic plumage helping it blend in with the surrounding leaf litter during the day.[2][5] The bird builds nests in open areas with a bit of cover from surrounding logs and vegetation such as ferns and moss.[3][5] Its nest consists of a shallow scrape and a few leaves, with one nest measured to be 1 cm deep and 14 cm wide.[3] In this, the bird will lay a cream-colored egg with brown spots.[5] Observed nests have typically contained only a single egg or chick which the parents raise for a month or more.[3][5] When its offspring are threatened, the Satanic nightjar has been observed to spread its wings and tail, and gape widely, sometimes calling or agitating its body.[3][5]
Threats and conservationEdit
The IUCNred list ranks the Satanic nightjar as vulnerable.[7] Its population is small, sparse, and confined within a limited range.[3][6] It is estimated that there are between 2500-10000 mature individuals in the population, and this number is declining.[3][7] It is mostly threatened by habitat loss due to urban development, agriculture (such as coconut plantations), logging, rattan harvesting, and mining, even in protected areas as some of these activities are done illegally.[2][7][8] Most of the lowland forest of the region has largely vanished or become fragmented.[6][7] Between 1990 and 2000 alone, 20% of forest cover was lost in the region.[5] Regenerated secondary growth forests do provide habitat, but seem to harbour a smaller diversity of endemic Sulawesi birds than old-growth forests.[9] Despite its small distribution, the bird can adapt to disturbed areas better than previously assumed as it uses the edge habitat along deforested areas.[5] It has been sighted in two protected areas and ranges farther south than once thought.[3] Because of this, some suggest its status should be downgraded to near threatened.[5] No current programs are underway to monitor, manage, or raise awareness about the bird, and further surveys are needed to ascertain its distribution, requirements, and status.[7]
^ abcdefdel Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Cabot, José (1999). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 302–330 & 340. ISBN8487334253.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvRiley, Jon; Wardwill, James C. (2003). "The Status, Habitat and Nest of the Satanic Nightjar Eurostopodus diabolicus". Kukila the Journal of Indonesian Ornithology. 12: 3–11 – via WorldCat.
^ abcdefghBishop, K. David; Diamond, Jared M. (July 1996). "3. Rediscovery of Heinrich's Nightjar". Kukila Journal of Indonesian Ornithology. 9: 71–73 – via WorldCat.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyYong, Ding Li; Harris, J. Berton C.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; et al. (2012). "Notes on breeding behaviour, ecology, taxonomy and vocalisations of Satanic Nightjar Eurostopodus diabolicus in Central Sulawesi". Kukila Journal of Indonesian Ornithology. 16 (1): 16–30 – via WorldCat.
^ abcdefghCollar, N. J., ed. (2001). Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book(PDF). Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. pp. 1778–1780.
^Riley, Jon; Hunowu, Yusman; Mole, Joris; Wangko, Michael F. (2003). "Noteworthy Records of Birds from the Panua Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi". Kukila Journal of Indonesian Ornithology. 12: 17–26 – via WorldCat.
^Waltert, Matthias; Mardiastuti, Ani; Mühlenberg, Michael (2004). "Effects of Land Use on Bird Species Richness in Sulawesi, Indonesia". Conservation Biology. 18 (5): 1339–1346. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00127.x.
External linksEdit
BirdLife Species Factsheet
Audio recordings of Eurostopodus diabolicus on Xeno-canto.
BirdLife International (2017). "Eurostopodus diabolicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22689670A110061123. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22689670A110061123.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Images of Eurostopodus diabolicus from Oriental Bird Club
August 28, 2023
satanic, nightjar, eurostopodus, diabolicus, also, heinrich, nightjar, satanic, eared, nightjar, sulawesi, eared, nightjar, diabolical, nightjar, sized, spotted, dark, brown, nightjar, endemic, indonesian, island, sulawesi, species, discovered, 1931, gerd, hei. The Satanic nightjar Eurostopodus diabolicus also Heinrich s nightjar 1 satanic eared nightjar Sulawesi eared nightjar or diabolical nightjar is a mid sized spotted dark brown nightjar endemic to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi 2 The species was discovered in 1931 by Gerd Heinrich a German natural historian who collected a single female holotype from Mount Klabat on the Minahasa peninsula of Northern Sulawesi 3 4 In the following decades there were a few unconfirmed reports of sightings and calls of the bird but it did not officially resurface until 1996 when David Bishop and Jared Diamond positively identified it in Lore Lindu National Park by its sound Making the visible rediscovery available for multiple people in the tour group including poet and writer Jan Zwaaneveld 3 4 This increased the bird s estimated range by 750 km 4 It has since been observed and described in the literature multiple times Satanic nightjarConservation statusVulnerable IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesClade StrisoresOrder CaprimulgiformesFamily CaprimulgidaeGenus EurostopodusSpecies E diabolicusBinomial nameEurostopodus diabolicusStresemann 1931 Contents 1 Description 2 Etymology 3 Taxonomy 4 Distribution and habitat 5 Behavior 5 1 Vocalizations 5 2 Diet 5 3 Reproduction 6 Threats and conservation 7 References 8 External linksDescription EditThe Satanic nightjar measures about 27 cm long 2 3 It has a white to buff colored collar at its throat blackish head greyish brown back barred brown belly and white spots on its 3rd and 4th outer primaries 2 3 It can be distinguished from other nightjars in the area by its dark color and the absence of ear tufts white tail and wing patches 4 Etymology EditThe Satanic nightjar s common and Latin name originate from interpretations of its vocalizations 5 Some authors report that in flight the bird makes a plip plop call like dripping water which locals have also likened to the sound of the bird pulling out a person s eye 5 6 However this description may be wrongly attributed to this species as it does not agree with more recent accounts of the bird s call 6 It is also sometimes called Heinrich s nightjar the diabolical nightjar the devilish nightjar the Sulawesi nightjar and other names 3 These last three names have largely fallen out of use 3 Its common names sometimes also include the word eared despite its lack of ear tufts 3 Some of this bird s advocates prefer the name Satanic believing it will draw more attention and conservation interest to the little known nightjar 3 Taxonomy EditThe Satanic nightjar belongs to the order Caprimulgiformes and the nightjar family Caprimulidae falling within the genus Eurostopodus along with six other birds 4 Though it is sometimes confused with other nightjars found within its range such as great eared nightjar Eurostopodus macrotis savanna nightjar Caprimulgus affinis and the Sulawesi nightjar Caprimulgus celebensis it is believed to share a closer evolutionary origin with New Guinea nightjars including Archbold s nightjar Eurostopodus archboldi and the Papuan nightjar Eurostopodus papuensis which it most resembles in appearance and habitat preference 3 4 Though Satanic nightjars have always been treated as a single species recent comparisons of photographed and observed individuals have revealed differences which could indicate there are in fact two separate types 5 Individuals from central Sulawesi have grey on their tails and scapulars along with white tipped oval shaped breast feathers 5 Conversely individuals from the north of the island lack grey markings and have less pronounced breast feathers 5 Regional differences in the birds song may also exist 5 However more evidence must be gathered before any conclusions can be drawn 5 Distribution and habitat EditThe Satanic nightjar is restricted to Sulawesi Indonesia 3 4 It inhabits lowland and mountain rainforests of the region from 250 to 2300 meters above sea level 3 5 It seems to favour edge habitats with low canopies and groves of palms and rattans 3 It can be found in forest clearings as well as open spaces created by roads and trails in old growth forests 2 3 5 While it has mostly been sighted in the north and central parts of the island its range could extend over all of Sulawesi 6 Behavior EditVocalizations Edit The Satanic nightjar makes a range of different vocalizations 5 While flying the bird produces a burst of loud ascending fWIP fWIP notes set at 1 second intervals These notes can also occur more sporadically sometimes sung suddenly and close together in pairs of fWIP WIK fWIP WIK where the last note is shorter and sharper than the first 5 When at rest the bird might trill a string of quick constant notes TWIk TWIk TWIk which sound similar to its paired calls 5 Each note begins loudly but ends softly and the song generally decreases in volume and pitch lasting about 2 6 seconds 5 In one recorded trill call the song was preceded by a small number of weak low qu wick sounds When disturbed the nightjar may also make growling noises which accompany a threat display 5 Nonetheless the bird vocalizes rarely which may partly explain its elusiveness 4 5 Diet Edit Like other nightjars this bird preys on insects while flying It hunts along the forest edge active near dusk and dawn 3 5 However little is known about its diet 6 It is thought to feed primarily on nocturnal insects such as moths 3 6 Reproduction Edit The Satanic nightjar has a generation time of 5 4 years 7 It breeds from March to October though this range might actually encompass two distinct breeding seasons 5 6 It roosts and nests on the ground its cryptic plumage helping it blend in with the surrounding leaf litter during the day 2 5 The bird builds nests in open areas with a bit of cover from surrounding logs and vegetation such as ferns and moss 3 5 Its nest consists of a shallow scrape and a few leaves with one nest measured to be 1 cm deep and 14 cm wide 3 In this the bird will lay a cream colored egg with brown spots 5 Observed nests have typically contained only a single egg or chick which the parents raise for a month or more 3 5 When its offspring are threatened the Satanic nightjar has been observed to spread its wings and tail and gape widely sometimes calling or agitating its body 3 5 Threats and conservation EditThe IUCN red list ranks the Satanic nightjar as vulnerable 7 Its population is small sparse and confined within a limited range 3 6 It is estimated that there are between 2500 10000 mature individuals in the population and this number is declining 3 7 It is mostly threatened by habitat loss due to urban development agriculture such as coconut plantations logging rattan harvesting and mining even in protected areas as some of these activities are done illegally 2 7 8 Most of the lowland forest of the region has largely vanished or become fragmented 6 7 Between 1990 and 2000 alone 20 of forest cover was lost in the region 5 Regenerated secondary growth forests do provide habitat but seem to harbour a smaller diversity of endemic Sulawesi birds than old growth forests 9 Despite its small distribution the bird can adapt to disturbed areas better than previously assumed as it uses the edge habitat along deforested areas 5 It has been sighted in two protected areas and ranges farther south than once thought 3 Because of this some suggest its status should be downgraded to near threatened 5 No current programs are underway to monitor manage or raise awareness about the bird and further surveys are needed to ascertain its distribution requirements and status 7 References Edit a b BirdLife International 2017 amended version of 2016 assessment Eurostopodus diabolicus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T22689670A110061123 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 1 RLTS T22689670A110061123 en a b c d e f del Hoyo Josep Elliott Andrew Sargatal Jordi Cabot Jose 1999 Handbook of the Birds of the World Barcelona Lynx Edicions pp 302 330 amp 340 ISBN 8487334253 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Riley Jon Wardwill James C 2003 The Status Habitat and Nest of the Satanic Nightjar Eurostopodus diabolicus Kukila the Journal of Indonesian Ornithology 12 3 11 via WorldCat a b c d e f g h Bishop K David Diamond Jared M July 1996 3 Rediscovery of Heinrich s Nightjar Kukila Journal of Indonesian Ornithology 9 71 73 via WorldCat a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Yong Ding Li Harris J Berton C Rasmussen Pamela C et al 2012 Notes on breeding behaviour ecology taxonomy and vocalisations of Satanic Nightjar Eurostopodus diabolicus in Central Sulawesi Kukila Journal of Indonesian Ornithology 16 1 16 30 via WorldCat a b c d e f g h Collar N J ed 2001 Threatened birds of Asia the BirdLife International Red Data Book PDF Cambridge UK BirdLife International pp 1778 1780 a b c d e f Eurostopodus diabolicus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 2017 Retrieved 14 October 2019 Riley Jon Hunowu Yusman Mole Joris Wangko Michael F 2003 Noteworthy Records of Birds from the Panua Nature Reserve North Sulawesi Kukila Journal of Indonesian Ornithology 12 17 26 via WorldCat Waltert Matthias Mardiastuti Ani Muhlenberg Michael 2004 Effects of Land Use on Bird Species Richness in Sulawesi Indonesia Conservation Biology 18 5 1339 1346 doi 10 1111 j 1523 1739 2004 00127 x External links EditBirdLife Species Factsheet Red Data Book Audio recordings of Eurostopodus diabolicus on Xeno canto BirdLife International 2017 Eurostopodus diabolicus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T22689670A110061123 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 1 RLTS T22689670A110061123 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 Images of Eurostopodus diabolicus from Oriental Bird Club Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Satanic nightjar amp oldid 1133927480, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
