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Euchaita

January 01, 1970

Euchaita (Εὐχάϊτα) was a Byzantine city and diocese in Helenopontus, the Armeniac Theme (northern Asia Minor), and an important stop on the Ancyra-Amasea Roman road.[1]

Euchaita gained prominence during the later Roman and Byzantine periods as a significant cultic center for the veneration of Anatolian saint Theodore Tiron. Between the 7th and 11th centuries, following the early Muslim conquests, it transitioned into a military outpost. However, with the Turkish conquest of Anatolia in the late 11th century, Euchaita's importance diminished.[2] In Ottoman times, Euchaita was mostly depopulated, but there was a remnant village known as Avhat or Avkat.

Today the Turkish village Beyözü, in the Anatolian province of Çorum (in the subprovince of Mecitözü, Turkey), partly lies on the ruins.

History edit

Euchaita, in the Roman province of Helenopontus (civil diocese of Pontus) is known mostly due to its role as a major pilgrimage site dedicated to Saint Theodore of Amasea (martyred c. 306).

Its episcopal see was originally a suffragan (no incumbents known) of the Metropolitan of the provincial capital Amasea, in the sway of patriarchate of Constantinople. In the 5th century, the town was a favourite site of exile for disgraced senior churchmen. In 515, the unfortified town was sacked by a Hunnic raid, after which it was rebuilt, fortified and raised to the status of a city by Anastasius I Dicorus (r. 491–518).[3]

It became an autocephalous archbishopric in the early 7th century,[3] as attested by the Notitia Episcopatuum edition of pseudo-Epiphanius, from the reign of Byzantine emperor Heraclius I (circa 640). The city was burned down by the Sassanid Persians in 615, and attacked by the Arabs under second Umayyad Caliph Mu'awiya I in 640. A second Arab attack captured the city in 663; the raiders plundered the city, destroyed the church of St. Theodore, and wintered there, while the population fled to fortified refuges in the surrounding countryside.[3] The city was rebuilt and soon recovered. The Arabs scored a victory in its vicinity in 810, taking captive the local strategos of the Armeniac Theme and his entire treasury.

A hagiography of the 8th or 9th century claims that the relics of Saint Theodore were at this time still located at Amaseia, but that the Christians of Euchaita with increasing persistence were asking for their transfer to their own city, claiming that this had been the wish of the saint himself when he was alive. [4] Euchaita became a full metropolitan see under Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912) [3] and Patriarch Photius of Constantinople, ranking 51st among the Metropolitanates of the Patriarchate, with four suffragan sees : Gazala, Koutziagra, Sibiktos and Bariané, but apparently lost them all no later than the 10th century.

In 972, Emperor John I Tzimiskes renamed the neighbouring Euchaneia, whose exact relation or identity with Euchaita is unclear,[5] into Theodoropolis.[3] The town is recorded as having a vibrant fair during the festival of St. Theodore in the middle of the 11th century. After the Battle of Manzikert (1071), Euchaita was at the frontier of the Turkish conquest, and there are no more records about its fate.[3] The settlement was most likely depopulated, and from the 12th century, it was within the Seljuk Sultanate.

By the 16th century, under Ottoman rule, the settlement of Avkat was largely abandoned but there was a dervish lodge or zawiya dedicated to a sufi named Elwan Çelebi on what were presumably the remnants of the church of St. Theodore.[6] When German traveller Hans Dernschwam visited the site in the 1550s, he noted that the dervishes cultivated a remnant of the worship of St. Theodore as the dragon slayer, under the name of Khidr-Ilya. Dernschwam was shown by the derivshes the remains of the dragon slain by "Khidr", as well as a hoofprint and a spring made by his horse, and the tomb of Khidr's groom and his sister's son. Dernschwam also records the presence of the remnants of a church and other fragments of the ancient city.[7] The mosque of Elwan Çelebi is now situated some 5 km west of Beyözü (40°33′59″N 35°09′52″E / 40.5665°N 35.1645°E / 40.5665; 35.1645, at the Çorum-Tokat road, D.180).

Episcopal Ordinaries edit

Bishops
Archbishops
Metropolitans
  • Euthymios (Euphemianos) (9th c.), expelled[11]
  • Euthymius (Euphemianus) (869/870—later 882/886), got a second term
  • Theodorus Santabarenos (880—886)
  • Symeon (9th c.)
  • Philaretos (in 945)[12]
  • Philotheos (fl. 963—971), synkellos[13]
  • Theophilus (?—?)
  • Symeon (early 11th c.)[14]
  • Michael (1028—1032)[15]
  • Manuel (Emmanuei) (11th c.), synkellos[16]
  • Eustratios
  • John Mauropous (fl. 1047), protosynkellos
  • Nikolaos (in 1054)
  • Theodore (before 1082)
  • Basil (1082—1092)
  • unknown metropolitan (1157)
  • Constantine (1161—1171)
  • Leo (1173)
  • unknown metropolitan (1185)
  • Basil (1260)
  • Alexius (1275)
  • unknown metropolitan (1318)
Titular metropolitans

In 1327, the sees of Euchaita, Sebasteia and Iconion were unified with the see of Caesarea. From the 17th century, titular metropolitans were consecrated in Wallachia.

  • Meletius (1632)
  • Jacob (1656)
  • Parthenius (1674)
  • Joasaph (later 1674)
  • unknown
  • Synesius (1835—1840)
  • vacant

Latin Titular archbishopric edit

The archbishopric was nominally restored in 1922 as Latin titular archbishopric of Eucaita. In 1925 it was demoted as titular bishopric of Eucaita, but before another incumbent could take possession it was in 1929 again promoted as titular archbishopric, now under the names Euchaitæ, Eucaita or Euchaitenus. There have been only three titular archbishops, between 1922 and 1972:[17]

Archaeology edit

From 2006 to 2012, there were archaeological excavations led by John Haldon of Princeton University. The Avkat Archaeological Project was a collaboration between Princeton University, Trent University, the College of Charleston, the University of Birmingham, Ankara University and the Middle East Technical University (Ankara). The excavation report was published in 2018.[18]

References edit

  1. ^ J.G.C. Anderson, A Journey of Exploration in Pontus (1903), p. 9.
  2. ^ Haldon, John; Elton, Hugh; Newhard, James (2017-04-14), "Euchaïta", The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia, Oxford University Press, pp. 376–388, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190610463.003.0037, retrieved 2024-02-08
  3. ^ a b c d e f Foss 1991, p. 737.
  4. ^ BHG 1765, ed. Delehaye (1909).
  5. ^ N. Oikonomides, "Le dedoublement de Saint Theodore et les villes d'Euchaita et d'Euchaneia", Analecta Bollandiana 104 (1986), 327–335.
  6. ^ E. S. Wolper, "Khidr, Elwan Çelebi and the Conversion of Sacred Sanctuaries in Anatolia," Muslim World 90 (2000), 313.
  7. ^ E.S. Wolper, "Khidr and the Changing Frontiers of the Medieval World", in J. Caskey et al. (eds.), Confronting the Borders of Medieval Art, Brill (2011), p. 143.
  8. ^ Fedalto G., Hierarchia Ecclesiastica Orientalis Series Episcoporum Ecclesiarum Christianarum Orientalium I: Patriarchatus Constantinopolitanus. — Padova, 1998. — P. 80
  9. ^ Mango & Ševčenko 1972, 382-383; Pawel Nowakowski, Cult of Saints, E00969
  10. ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, pp. 45–46.
  11. ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, p. 44.
  12. ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, p. 46.
  13. ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, p. 47.
  14. ^ Mitsakis K. Symeon Metropolitan of Euchaita and the Byzantine Ascetic Ideals in the Eleventh Century // Βυζαντινα : επιστημονικο οργανο κεντρου βυζαντινων ερευνων φιλοσοφικης σχολης αριστοτελειου πανεπιστημιου 2 (1970): pp. 301—334. — ISSN 1105-0772
  15. ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, p. 45.
  16. ^ McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001, pp. 44–45.
  17. ^ catholic-hierarchy.org
  18. ^ John Haldon (ed.), Archaeology and Urban Settlement in Late Roman and Byzantine Anatolia, Euchaïta-Avkat-Beyözü and its Environment, Cambridge University Press (2018), doi:10.1017/9781108557757.
  • Foss, Clive (1991). "Euchaita". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 737. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
  • Janin, Raymond (1969). La géographie ecclésiastique de l'empire byzantin, première partie: Le siège de Constantinople et le patriarcat oecuménique, Tome III: les églises et les monastères (in French). Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. pp. 148–155.
  • Trombley, Frank (1985). "The Decline of the Seventh-Century Town: The Exception of Euchaita". In Vryonis, Speros (ed.). Byzantine Studies in Honor of Milton V. Anastos. Malibu, California. pp. 65–90.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 442
  • Le Quien, Michel (1740). Oriens Christianus, in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus: quo exhibentur ecclesiæ, patriarchæ, cæterique præsules totius Orientis. Tomus primus: tres magnas complectens diœceses Ponti, Asiæ & Thraciæ, Patriarchatui Constantinopolitano subjectas (in Latin). Paris: Ex Typographia Regia. cols. 543-548. OCLC 955922585.
  • Jean Darrouzès, Remarques sur des créations d'évêchés byzantins, in Revue des études byzantines, vol. 47, 1989, pp. 215–221
  • Heinrich Gelzer, Ungedruckte und ungenügend veröffentlichte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum, in: Abhandlungen der philosophisch-historische classe der bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1901, pp. 529–641
  • McGeer, Eric; Nesbitt, John; Oikonomides, Nicolas, eds. (2001). Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 4: The East. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 0-88402-282-X.

External links edit

  • GCatholic - (former and) titular (arch)bishopric

40°34′13″N 35°16′01″E / 40.5704°N 35.2669°E / 40.5704; 35.2669

January 01, 1970
euchaita, Εὐχάϊτα, byzantine, city, diocese, helenopontus, armeniac, theme, northern, asia, minor, important, stop, ancyra, amasea, roman, road, gained, prominence, during, later, roman, byzantine, periods, significant, cultic, center, veneration, anatolian, s. Euchaita Eὐxaita was a Byzantine city and diocese in Helenopontus the Armeniac Theme northern Asia Minor and an important stop on the Ancyra Amasea Roman road 1 Euchaita gained prominence during the later Roman and Byzantine periods as a significant cultic center for the veneration of Anatolian saint Theodore Tiron Between the 7th and 11th centuries following the early Muslim conquests it transitioned into a military outpost However with the Turkish conquest of Anatolia in the late 11th century Euchaita s importance diminished 2 In Ottoman times Euchaita was mostly depopulated but there was a remnant village known as Avhat or Avkat Today the Turkish village Beyozu in the Anatolian province of Corum in the subprovince of Mecitozu Turkey partly lies on the ruins Contents 1 History 1 1 Episcopal Ordinaries 1 2 Latin Titular archbishopric 2 Archaeology 3 References 4 External linksHistory editEuchaita in the Roman province of Helenopontus civil diocese of Pontus is known mostly due to its role as a major pilgrimage site dedicated to Saint Theodore of Amasea martyred c 306 Its episcopal see was originally a suffragan no incumbents known of the Metropolitan of the provincial capital Amasea in the sway of patriarchate of Constantinople In the 5th century the town was a favourite site of exile for disgraced senior churchmen In 515 the unfortified town was sacked by a Hunnic raid after which it was rebuilt fortified and raised to the status of a city by Anastasius I Dicorus r 491 518 3 It became an autocephalous archbishopric in the early 7th century 3 as attested by the Notitia Episcopatuum edition of pseudo Epiphanius from the reign of Byzantine emperor Heraclius I circa 640 The city was burned down by the Sassanid Persians in 615 and attacked by the Arabs under second Umayyad Caliph Mu awiya I in 640 A second Arab attack captured the city in 663 the raiders plundered the city destroyed the church of St Theodore and wintered there while the population fled to fortified refuges in the surrounding countryside 3 The city was rebuilt and soon recovered The Arabs scored a victory in its vicinity in 810 taking captive the local strategos of the Armeniac Theme and his entire treasury A hagiography of the 8th or 9th century claims that the relics of Saint Theodore were at this time still located at Amaseia but that the Christians of Euchaita with increasing persistence were asking for their transfer to their own city claiming that this had been the wish of the saint himself when he was alive 4 Euchaita became a full metropolitan see under Leo VI the Wise r 886 912 3 and Patriarch Photius of Constantinople ranking 51st among the Metropolitanates of the Patriarchate with four suffragan sees Gazala Koutziagra Sibiktos and Bariane but apparently lost them all no later than the 10th century In 972 Emperor John I Tzimiskes renamed the neighbouring Euchaneia whose exact relation or identity with Euchaita is unclear 5 into Theodoropolis 3 The town is recorded as having a vibrant fair during the festival of St Theodore in the middle of the 11th century After the Battle of Manzikert 1071 Euchaita was at the frontier of the Turkish conquest and there are no more records about its fate 3 The settlement was most likely depopulated and from the 12th century it was within the Seljuk Sultanate By the 16th century under Ottoman rule the settlement of Avkat was largely abandoned but there was a dervish lodge or zawiya dedicated to a sufi named Elwan Celebi on what were presumably the remnants of the church of St Theodore 6 When German traveller Hans Dernschwam visited the site in the 1550s he noted that the dervishes cultivated a remnant of the worship of St Theodore as the dragon slayer under the name of Khidr Ilya Dernschwam was shown by the derivshes the remains of the dragon slain by Khidr as well as a hoofprint and a spring made by his horse and the tomb of Khidr s groom and his sister s son Dernschwam also records the presence of the remnants of a church and other fragments of the ancient city 7 The mosque of Elwan Celebi is now situated some 5 km west of Beyozu 40 33 59 N 35 09 52 E 40 5665 N 35 1645 E 40 5665 35 1645 at the Corum Tokat road D 180 Episcopal Ordinaries edit Bishops Peter Mongus c 447 8 Mamas acceded under Anastasius I Dicorus r 491 518 9 unknown John 6th c unknown Archbishops Epiphanios before 681 later 692 attended the Ecumenical Third Council of Constantinople 680 681 which repudiated as heresies Monothelitism and Monoenergism and the disciplinary Quinisext Council at Trullo in 692 unknown Theophylact in 787 participated in the Ecumenical Second Council of Nicaea in 787 Peter c 7th 8th c 10 Metropolitans Euthymios Euphemianos 9th c expelled 11 Euthymius Euphemianus 869 870 later 882 886 got a second term Theodorus Santabarenos 880 886 Symeon 9th c Philaretos in 945 12 Philotheos fl 963 971 synkellos 13 Theophilus Symeon early 11th c 14 Michael 1028 1032 15 Manuel Emmanuei 11th c synkellos 16 Eustratios John Mauropous fl 1047 protosynkellos Nikolaos in 1054 Theodore before 1082 Basil 1082 1092 unknown metropolitan 1157 Constantine 1161 1171 Leo 1173 unknown metropolitan 1185 Basil 1260 Alexius 1275 unknown metropolitan 1318 Titular metropolitans In 1327 the sees of Euchaita Sebasteia and Iconion were unified with the see of Caesarea From the 17th century titular metropolitans were consecrated in Wallachia Meletius 1632 Jacob 1656 Parthenius 1674 Joasaph later 1674 unknown Synesius 1835 1840 vacant Latin Titular archbishopric edit The archbishopric was nominally restored in 1922 as Latin titular archbishopric of Eucaita In 1925 it was demoted as titular bishopric of Eucaita but before another incumbent could take possession it was in 1929 again promoted as titular archbishopric now under the names Euchaitae Eucaita or Euchaitenus There have been only three titular archbishops between 1922 and 1972 17 Bernard Adriaan Gijlswijk O P 2 December 1922 22 December 1944 Octavio Antonio Beras Rojas O P 2 May 1945 10 December 1961 Boleslaw Kominek 19 March 1962 28 June 1972 Archaeology editFrom 2006 to 2012 there were archaeological excavations led by John Haldon of Princeton University The Avkat Archaeological Project was a collaboration between Princeton University Trent University the College of Charleston the University of Birmingham Ankara University and the Middle East Technical University Ankara The excavation report was published in 2018 18 References edit J G C Anderson A Journey of Exploration in Pontus 1903 p 9 Haldon John Elton Hugh Newhard James 2017 04 14 Euchaita The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia Oxford University Press pp 376 388 doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780190610463 003 0037 retrieved 2024 02 08 a b c d e f Foss 1991 p 737 BHG 1765 ed Delehaye 1909 N Oikonomides Le dedoublement de Saint Theodore et les villes d Euchaita et d Euchaneia Analecta Bollandiana 104 1986 327 335 E S Wolper Khidr Elwan Celebi and the Conversion of Sacred Sanctuaries in Anatolia Muslim World 90 2000 313 E S Wolper Khidr and the Changing Frontiers of the Medieval World in J Caskey et al eds Confronting the Borders of Medieval Art Brill 2011 p 143 Fedalto G Hierarchia Ecclesiastica Orientalis Series Episcoporum Ecclesiarum Christianarum Orientalium I Patriarchatus Constantinopolitanus Padova 1998 P 80 Mango amp Sevcenko 1972 382 383 Pawel Nowakowski Cult of Saints E00969 McGeer Nesbitt amp Oikonomides 2001 pp 45 46 McGeer Nesbitt amp Oikonomides 2001 p 44 McGeer Nesbitt amp Oikonomides 2001 p 46 McGeer Nesbitt amp Oikonomides 2001 p 47 Mitsakis K Symeon Metropolitan of Euchaita and the Byzantine Ascetic Ideals in the Eleventh Century Byzantina episthmoniko organo kentroy byzantinwn ereynwn filosofikhs sxolhs aristoteleioy panepisthmioy 2 1970 pp 301 334 ISSN 1105 0772 McGeer Nesbitt amp Oikonomides 2001 p 45 McGeer Nesbitt amp Oikonomides 2001 pp 44 45 catholic hierarchy org John Haldon ed Archaeology and Urban Settlement in Late Roman and Byzantine Anatolia Euchaita Avkat Beyozu and its Environment Cambridge University Press 2018 doi 10 1017 9781108557757 Foss Clive 1991 Euchaita In Kazhdan Alexander ed The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium Oxford and New York Oxford University Press p 737 ISBN 0 19 504652 8 Janin Raymond 1969 La geographie ecclesiastique de l empire byzantin premiere partie Le siege de Constantinople et le patriarcat oecumenique Tome III les eglises et les monasteres in French Paris Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique pp 148 155 Trombley Frank 1985 The Decline of the Seventh Century Town The Exception of Euchaita In Vryonis Speros ed Byzantine Studies in Honor of Milton V Anastos Malibu California pp 65 90 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Pius Bonifacius Gams Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae Leipzig 1931 p 442 Le Quien Michel 1740 Oriens Christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus quo exhibentur ecclesiae patriarchae caeterique praesules totius Orientis Tomus primus tres magnas complectens diœceses Ponti Asiae amp Thraciae Patriarchatui Constantinopolitano subjectas in Latin Paris Ex Typographia Regia cols 543 548 OCLC 955922585 Jean Darrouzes Remarques sur des creations d eveches byzantins inRevue des etudes byzantines vol 47 1989 pp 215 221 Heinrich Gelzer Ungedruckte und ungenugend veroffentlichte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum in Abhandlungen der philosophisch historische classe der bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften 1901 pp 529 641 McGeer Eric Nesbitt John Oikonomides Nicolas eds 2001 Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art Volume 4 The East Washington DC Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection ISBN 0 88402 282 X External links editGCatholic former and titular arch bishopric 40 34 13 N 35 16 01 E 40 5704 N 35 2669 E 40 5704 35 2669 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Euchaita amp oldid 1204997092, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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