Etheostoma osburni
Etheostoma osburni, the candy darter or finescale saddled darter, is a species of fish in the family Percidae, a member of the group known as darters. This species is endemic to the eastern United States where it is known only from the Kanawha River system in the states of Virginia and West Virginia.[1]
| Etheostoma osburni | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Percidae |
| Genus: | Etheostoma |
| Species: | E. osburni |
| Binomial name | |
| Etheostoma osburni (C.L. Hubbs & Trautman, 1932) | |
| Synonyms[4] | |
| |
Description and natural history edit
E. osburni can reach a length of 10 cm (3.9 in), though most only reach about 7.3 cm (2.9 in).[4] This species has a lifespan of up to three years. It spawns in April and May.[5] It is an invertivore, feeding on aquatic insect larvae and water mites.[5]
Habitat and geographic distribution edit
E. osburni lives in a system of rivers, streams, and creeks in the central Appalachian Mountains. It can be found in rapid riffles in rocky riverbed habitat. It occurs in cold, cool, and warm waters, as long as the substrate is rocky and the water is clear. It tolerates fast currents.[1]
Conservation edit
E. osburni has a limited geographic range, it has been recorded in more than 10 locations and does not have a severely fragmented distribution, so it has been designated a near-threatened species on the IUCN Red List.[1] In 2018, US Fish and Wildlife Service designated it as a federally protected endangered species.[2][3][6] It is probably declining, however, due to threats from human activity.[7] It prefers clear, unsilted waters, and increases in silt and sediment may reduce populations by reducing tolerable habitat.[1]
Taxonomy and etymology edit
E. osburni was first formally described as Poecilichthys osburni in 1932 by the American ichthyologists Carl Leavitt Hubbs and Milton Bernhard Trautman with the type locality given as Stony Creek which is a tributary of the Greenbrier River in Pocahontas County, West Virginia.[8] The specific name honors the American zoologist Raymond Carroll Osburn (1872–1955). The candy darter is considered to be closely related to the variegated darter (E. variatum).[9]
In popular culture edit
In 2023 E. osburni was featured on a United States Postal Service forever stamp as part of the Endangered Species set, based on a photograph from Joel Sartore's Photo Ark. The stamp was dedicated at a ceremony at the National Grasslands Visitor Center in Wall, South Dakota.[10]
See also edit
- Etheostoma osburni
- A Sweeter Future for Candy Darter
- Coal operation and candy darter habitat
- Candy Darter
- Candy Darter video
- West Virginia Highlands Conservancy
References edit
- ^ a b c d e NatureServe (2014). "Etheostoma osburni ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T8124A13387979. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T8124A13387979.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ^ a b "Candy darter (Etheostoma osburni)". Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
- ^ a b 83 FR 58747
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Etheostoma osburni" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
- ^ a b NatureServe. (2017). Etheostoma osburni. NatureServe Explorer V.7.1 Accessed 8 August 2017.
- ^ "Candy Darter Listed as Endangered Under Endangered Species Act". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
- ^ Hammack, Laurence (April 10, 2021). "Candy darter fish gets critical habitat designation, but remains in the path of a pipeline". Roanoke Times. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Poecilichthys osburni ". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
- ^ Hubbs, C.L. & Trautman, M.B (1932). "Poecilichthys osburni, a new darter from the upper Kanawha River system in Virginia and West Virginia" (PDF). Ohio Journal of Science. 32 (1): 31–38.
- ^ "Postal Service Spotlights Endangered Species". United States Postal Service. April 19, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2023.
Further reading edit
- Kessinger, Brin E. (2020). "Utilizing conservation genetics as a strategy for recovering the endangered Candy Darter (Etheostoma osburni) in West Virginia". Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 7670. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/7670
- Leftwich, K.N., et al. (1996). The candy darter (Etheostoma osburni) in Stony Creek, George Washington–Jefferson National Forest, Virginia. Trout Predation, Distribution, and Habitat. Center for Aquatic Technology Transfer, USDA Forest Service.
- Dunn, C.G. (2017). "Habitat and Imperilment of the Candy Darter Etheostoma osburni in the New River Drainage, USA". Master of Science Thesis, Virginia Tech.