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Essanay Studios

March 17, 2024

The Essanay Film Manufacturing Company was an early American motion picture studio. The studio was founded in 1907 in Chicago, and later developed an additional film lot in Niles Canyon, California. Its various stars included Francis X. Bushman, Gloria Swanson and studio co-owner, actor and director, Broncho Billy Anderson. It is probably best known today for its series of Charlie Chaplin comedies from 1915-1916. In late 1916, it merged distribution with other studios and stopped issuing films in the fall of 1918. According to film historian Steve Massa, Essanay is one of the important early studios, with comedies as a particular strength.[1] Its founders, George Kirke Spoor and Anderson ('S and A'), were subsequently awarded special Academy Awards for pioneering contributions to film.

Essanay Film Manufacturing Company logo in a still frame from a Charlie Chaplin film

Founding edit

Essanay Studios
 
 
General information
Address1333-45 W. Argyle St, Chicago, Illinois
Coordinates41°58′21″N 87°39′50″W / 41.9724°N 87.6638°W / 41.9724; -87.6638
Opened1908
DesignatedMarch 26, 1996

The studio was founded in 1907 in Chicago by George K. Spoor and Gilbert M. Anderson, originally as the Peerless Film Manufacturing Company. On August 10, 1907, playing on the founders' initials the name was changed to Essanay ("S and A").[2][3]

Essanay was originally located at 501 Wells Street (modern numbering: 1360 N. Wells). Essanay's first film, An Awful Skate, or The Hobo on Rollers (July 1907), starring Ben Turpin (then the studio janitor), produced for only a couple hundred dollars, grossed several thousand dollars in release. The studio prospered and in 1908 moved to its more famous address at 1333–45 W. Argyle Street in Uptown, Chicago.[4]

 
Group photograph of the Essanay Eastern Stock Company in Chicago, Illinois, 1911: Top row, left to right: Joseph Dailey, F. Doolittle, Inez Callahan, William J. Murray, Curtis Cooksey, Helen Lowe, Howard Missimer, Miss Lavalliet, Cyril Raymond. Middle row: Florence Hoffman, Harry Cashman, Alice Donovan, Frank Dayton, Harry McRae Webster (producer/director), Lottie Briscoe (leads), William C. Walters, Rose Evans. Bottom row: Eva Prout (Evebelle Ross Prout), Bobbie Guhl, Jack Essanay (dog), Charlotte Vacher, Tommy Shirley (Thomas P. Shirley).

Leading players and staff edit

Essanay produced silent films with such stars (and stars of the future) as George Periolat, Ben Turpin, Wallace Beery, Thomas Meighan, Colleen Moore, Francis X. Bushman, Gloria Swanson, Ann Little, Helen Dunbar, Lester Cuneo, Florence Oberle, Lewis Stone, Virginia Valli, Edward Arnold, Edmund Cobb and Rod La Rocque. The mainstay of the organization, however, were studio co-owner, Anderson, starring in the very popular "Broncho Billy" westerns, and Charlie Chaplin, who was for a time its biggest star.[5][6]

Allan Dwan was hired by Essanay Studios as a screenwriter and developed into a famous Hollywood director. Louella Parsons was also a screenwriter for the studio and went on to be a powerful Hollywood gossip columnist.[7] Owners Spoor (in 1948) and Anderson (in 1958) received the Oscars' Academy Honorary Award, for their pioneering efforts with Essanay.[8][9]

Productions edit

Essanay's productions include the first American film version of A Christmas Carol (1908) as well as the Western short The James Boys of Missouri (1908), which is notable for being the first biopic about the nineteenth-century American outlaw brothers Jesse and Frank James. The first pie-in-the-face gag on screen is believed to have hit Essanay star Ben Turpin in Mr. Flip (1909). The studio in 1916 also released the first American Sherlock Holmes film. Directed by Arthur Berthelet, it stars William Gillette in the title role. [10] Animated comedies were produced as well by the Chicago company, including installments showcasing the small boy "Dreamy Dud" and his dog "Wag", who in the early 1900s were among the favorite cartoon characters of theater audiences.[11]

Essenay West edit

Due to Chicago's seasonal weather patterns and the popularity of westerns, Gilbert Anderson took a part of the company west, first to Colorado. He told The Denver Post in 1909, "Colorado is the finest place in the country for Wild West stuff".[12] The western operations moved to California, but traveled between Northern to Southern California seasonally. This included locations in San Rafael, north of San Francisco, and Santa Barbara.

Anderson eventually settled on a location in Niles Canyon in the Bay Area.[13] "Essanay built 10 modest cottages for their actors on 2nd Street, between F and G streets, and constructed an unassuming studio nearby."[14] More than 350 films were produced in Niles by Essanay.[15] On 16 February 1916, the Niles lot was closed by George K. Spoor via telegram.[16]

Chaplin Films edit

 
Essanay's stars in 1915: Francis X. Bushman, Charlie Chaplin and studio co-owner and actor Billy Anderson.

In late 1914, Essanay succeeded in contracting Charlie Chaplin away from Mack Sennett's Keystone Studios, offering Chaplin a higher production salary and his own production unit. Chaplin made fourteen short comedies for Essanay in 1915-1916, at both the Chicago and Niles studios, plus a cameo appearance in Broncho Billy film 'His Regeneration'. Chaplin's Essanays are more disciplined than the chaotic roughhouse of Chaplin's Keystones, with better story value and character development. The landmark film of the Chaplin series is The Tramp (1915),[17] in which Chaplin's vagabond character finds work on a farm and is smitten with the farmer's daughter. Chaplin injected moments of drama and pathos unheard of in slapstick comedies (the tramp is felled by a gunshot wound, and then disappointed in romance). The film ends with the famous shot of the lonely tramp with his back to the camera, walking down the road dejectedly.[18]

Attempting to capitalize on the popularity of Chaplin, the studio in 1915 had its cartoon character Dreamy Dud in a Chaplin-themed short Dreamy Dud Sees Charlie Chaplin in which Dud watches a Chaplin short.[19]

Chaplin's stock company at Essanay included Ben Turpin, who disliked working with the meticulous Chaplin and appeared with him in only a couple of films; ingenue Edna Purviance, who became his off-screen sweetheart as well; Leo White, almost always playing a fussy continental villain; and all-purpose authority figures Bud Jamison and John Rand.

Chaplin disliked the unpredictable weather of Chicago and left after only one year for more money and more creative control elsewhere. His departure caused a rift between founders Spoor and Anderson. Chaplin was the studio's biggest moneymaker, and Essanay resorted to creating "new" Chaplin comedies from file footage and out-takes.[20] Finally, with Chaplin off the Essanay scene for good, Essanay signed French comedian Max Linder, whose clever pantomime, often compared to Chaplin's, failed to match Chaplin's popularity in America.

V-L-S-E, Incorporated edit

In 1915, the Essanay entered into an agreement, in a last-ditch effort to save the studio, with Vitagraph Studios, Lubin Manufacturing Company, and Selig Polyscope Company to form a film distribution partnership known as V-L-S-E, Incorporated.[21] It was orchestrated by Chicago distributor George Kleine.[citation needed] Only the Vitagraph brand name continued into the 1920s, and was absorbed by Warner Bros. in 1925.[citation needed]

Black Cat films edit

In 1916, Essanay arranged a deal with William Kane, who later become the publisher and editor of The Black Cat, to acquire a hundred stories from the magazine to turn into "Black Cat" films, each about half-an-hour long.[22][23][24] The plan was to release one picture a week, starting on December 5, 1916 with "The Egg", a comedy starring Richard Travers and Marguerite Clayton.[24][25] Kane loaned Essanay a set of The Black Cat issues, complete from the first issue through May 1915, and received $1,250 from Essanay for the one hundred stories they selected. Essanay failed to return the magazines to Kane, who sued them for $20,000 compensation for the loss of the magazines,[22] eventually winning his case in the US Supreme Court.[26][27]

Final years edit

The Chicago studio continued to produce films until 1918, reaching a total of well over 1,400 Essanay titles during its ten-year history.

George K. Spoor continued to work in the motion picture industry, introducing an unsuccessful 3-D system in 1923,[28] and Spoor-Berggren Natural Vision, a 65 mm widescreen format, in 1930. He died in Chicago in 1953. G. M. Anderson became an independent producer, sponsoring Stan Laurel in a series of silent comedies. Anderson died in Los Angeles in 1971.

The Essanay building in Chicago was later taken over by independent producer Norman Wilding, who made industrial films. Wilding's tenancy was much longer than Essanay's. In the early 1970s, a portion of the studio was offered to Columbia College (Chicago) for a dollar but the offer lapsed without action. Then it was given to a non-profit television corporation which sold it. One tenant was the midwest office of Technicolor. Today the Essanay lot is the home of St. Augustine's College, and its main meeting hall has been named the Charlie Chaplin Auditorium.[29] The facility was named a Chicago Landmark in 1996.[30]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Massa, Steve. "Who's Who (1910)". National Film Preservation Foundation. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
  2. ^ Grossman, James R. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Chicago. University of Chicago Press. pp. 293–294. ISBN 0-226-31015-9.
  3. ^ Arnie Bernstein, Hollywood on Lake Michigan: 100 Years of Chicago & the Movies, Lake Claremont Press, 1998, p. 37. ISBN 978-0-9642426-2-3.
  4. ^ Phillips, Michael (2007-07-22). "When Chicago Created Hollywood". Chicago Tribune.
  5. ^ Swanson, Stevenson (1996). Chicago Days. Contemporary Books. pp. 88–89. ISBN 1-890093-04-1.
  6. ^ Heise, Kenan; Mark Frazel (1986). Hands on Chicago. Bonus Books. pp. 60. ISBN 0-933893-28-0.
  7. ^ Barbas, Samantha (2005). The First Lady of Hollywood: A Biography of Louella Parsons. California: University of California Press. pp. 9. ISBN 0-520-24213-0. Louella Parsons.
  8. ^ . IMDb. Archived from the original on 2007-07-02. Retrieved 2007-07-01.
  9. ^ . IMDb. Archived from the original on 2007-10-28. Retrieved 2007-07-01.
  10. ^ Smith, Michael Glover; Selzer, Adam (2015-01-20). "Flickering Empire: How Chicago Invented the U.S. Film Industry". Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231850797. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  11. ^ Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. p. 26. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  12. ^ "The Essanay Company Out West" From The Denver Post, reprinted in The Moving Picture World, Vol. 5, No. 23, December 4, 1909. Excerpted in Pratt, George C., Spellbound In Darkness: A History of the Silent Film New York Graphic Society. p 127. ISBN 0-8212-0489-0
  13. ^ Group, Dave Newhouse | Bay Area News (2011-03-07). "Dave Newhouse: Niles was the first Hollywood". The Mercury News. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  14. ^ "East Bay Tramp: Charlie Chaplin took over Niles and then the world". East Bay Magazine. 2020-12-01. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  15. ^ Pellissier, Hank (2011-04-16). "Niles Canyon Railway". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  16. ^ "East Bay Tramp: Charlie Chaplin took over Niles and then the world". East Bay Magazine. 2020-12-01. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  17. ^ "Chaplin's The Tramp – 'New' Views of One of Cinema's Most Iconic Scenes". Silent Locations. 16 October 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  18. ^ Whitman, Alden (1977-12-26). "Chaplin's Little Tramp, an Everyman Trying to Gild Cage of Life, Enthralled World". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  19. ^ Kevin Scott Collier. The Animated Silent Charlie Chaplin Cartoons. Cartoon Research (May 20, 2019).
  20. ^ "AFI|Catalog". catalog.afi.com. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  21. ^ Wagenknecht, Edward (13 October 2014). The Movies in the Age of Innocence, 3d ed. McFarland. ISBN 9780786494620. Retrieved 9 September 2018 – via Google Books.
  22. ^ a b Anonymous (July 28, 1917). "Odd Suit by Editor's Editor". The Editor and Publisher. p. 31. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
  23. ^ Luckett, Moya (2014). Cinema and Community: Progressivism, Exhibition, and Film Culture in Chicago, 1907-1917. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780814337264.
  24. ^ a b Anonymous (November 25, 1916). "Essanay Special Features". The Moving Picture World. p. 1161. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
  25. ^ Anonymous (December 9, 1916). "Complete Record of Current Films". Motography. Vol. XVI, no. 24. p. 1301. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
  26. ^ Anonymous (April 10, 1922). "Finding Against Film Company". Lincoln Journal Star. p. 1. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
  27. ^ "ESSANAY FILM MFG. CO. v. KANE , 258 U.S. 358 (1922)". Findlaw. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  28. ^ "Natural Vision Picture", The New York Times, August 21, 1923, p. 6.
  29. ^ McNulty, Elizabeth (2000). Chicago: Then and Now. Thunder Bay Press. p. 121. ISBN 1-57145-278-8.
  30. ^ "Individual Landmarks City of Chicago Data Portal". Retrieved 2024-01-08.

Further reading edit

External links edit

  • Essanaystudios.org: Official Essanay Studios landmarks website
  • Nilesfilmmuseum.org: Niles−Essanay Silent Film Museum—at Essanay Studios West, located in Niles Canyon, East San Francisco Bay Area, California.
  • —detailed history and extensive filmography
  • Essanay Film Archive- The Silent Film Channel

March 17, 2024
essanay, studios, essanay, film, manufacturing, company, early, american, motion, picture, studio, studio, founded, 1907, chicago, later, developed, additional, film, niles, canyon, california, various, stars, included, francis, bushman, gloria, swanson, studi. The Essanay Film Manufacturing Company was an early American motion picture studio The studio was founded in 1907 in Chicago and later developed an additional film lot in Niles Canyon California Its various stars included Francis X Bushman Gloria Swanson and studio co owner actor and director Broncho Billy Anderson It is probably best known today for its series of Charlie Chaplin comedies from 1915 1916 In late 1916 it merged distribution with other studios and stopped issuing films in the fall of 1918 According to film historian Steve Massa Essanay is one of the important early studios with comedies as a particular strength 1 Its founders George Kirke Spoor and Anderson S and A were subsequently awarded special Academy Awards for pioneering contributions to film Essanay Film Manufacturing Company logo in a still frame from a Charlie Chaplin film Contents 1 Founding 2 Leading players and staff 3 Productions 4 Essenay West 5 Chaplin Films 6 V L S E Incorporated 7 Black Cat films 8 Final years 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksFounding editEssanay Studios nbsp nbsp General informationAddress1333 45 W Argyle St Chicago IllinoisCoordinates41 58 21 N 87 39 50 W 41 9724 N 87 6638 W 41 9724 87 6638Opened1908Chicago LandmarkDesignatedMarch 26 1996The studio was founded in 1907 in Chicago by George K Spoor and Gilbert M Anderson originally as the Peerless Film Manufacturing Company On August 10 1907 playing on the founders initials the name was changed to Essanay S and A 2 3 Essanay was originally located at 501 Wells Street modern numbering 1360 N Wells Essanay s first film An Awful Skate or The Hobo on Rollers July 1907 starring Ben Turpin then the studio janitor produced for only a couple hundred dollars grossed several thousand dollars in release The studio prospered and in 1908 moved to its more famous address at 1333 45 W Argyle Street in Uptown Chicago 4 nbsp Group photograph of the Essanay Eastern Stock Company in Chicago Illinois 1911 Top row left to right Joseph Dailey F Doolittle Inez Callahan William J Murray Curtis Cooksey Helen Lowe Howard Missimer Miss Lavalliet Cyril Raymond Middle row Florence Hoffman Harry Cashman Alice Donovan Frank Dayton Harry McRae Webster producer director Lottie Briscoe leads William C Walters Rose Evans Bottom row Eva Prout Evebelle Ross Prout Bobbie Guhl Jack Essanay dog Charlotte Vacher Tommy Shirley Thomas P Shirley Leading players and staff editEssanay produced silent films with such stars and stars of the future as George Periolat Ben Turpin Wallace Beery Thomas Meighan Colleen Moore Francis X Bushman Gloria Swanson Ann Little Helen Dunbar Lester Cuneo Florence Oberle Lewis Stone Virginia Valli Edward Arnold Edmund Cobb and Rod La Rocque The mainstay of the organization however were studio co owner Anderson starring in the very popular Broncho Billy westerns and Charlie Chaplin who was for a time its biggest star 5 6 Allan Dwan was hired by Essanay Studios as a screenwriter and developed into a famous Hollywood director Louella Parsons was also a screenwriter for the studio and went on to be a powerful Hollywood gossip columnist 7 Owners Spoor in 1948 and Anderson in 1958 received the Oscars Academy Honorary Award for their pioneering efforts with Essanay 8 9 Productions editEssanay s productions include the first American film version of A Christmas Carol 1908 as well as the Western short The James Boys of Missouri 1908 which is notable for being the first biopic about the nineteenth century American outlaw brothers Jesse and Frank James The first pie in the face gag on screen is believed to have hit Essanay star Ben Turpin in Mr Flip 1909 The studio in 1916 also released the first American Sherlock Holmes film Directed by Arthur Berthelet it stars William Gillette in the title role 10 Animated comedies were produced as well by the Chicago company including installments showcasing the small boy Dreamy Dud and his dog Wag who in the early 1900s were among the favorite cartoon characters of theater audiences 11 Essenay West editDue to Chicago s seasonal weather patterns and the popularity of westerns Gilbert Anderson took a part of the company west first to Colorado He told The Denver Post in 1909 Colorado is the finest place in the country for Wild West stuff 12 The western operations moved to California but traveled between Northern to Southern California seasonally This included locations in San Rafael north of San Francisco and Santa Barbara Anderson eventually settled on a location in Niles Canyon in the Bay Area 13 Essanay built 10 modest cottages for their actors on 2nd Street between F and G streets and constructed an unassuming studio nearby 14 More than 350 films were produced in Niles by Essanay 15 On 16 February 1916 the Niles lot was closed by George K Spoor via telegram 16 Chaplin Films edit nbsp Essanay s stars in 1915 Francis X Bushman Charlie Chaplin and studio co owner and actor Billy Anderson In late 1914 Essanay succeeded in contracting Charlie Chaplin away from Mack Sennett s Keystone Studios offering Chaplin a higher production salary and his own production unit Chaplin made fourteen short comedies for Essanay in 1915 1916 at both the Chicago and Niles studios plus a cameo appearance in Broncho Billy film His Regeneration Chaplin s Essanays are more disciplined than the chaotic roughhouse of Chaplin s Keystones with better story value and character development The landmark film of the Chaplin series is The Tramp 1915 17 in which Chaplin s vagabond character finds work on a farm and is smitten with the farmer s daughter Chaplin injected moments of drama and pathos unheard of in slapstick comedies the tramp is felled by a gunshot wound and then disappointed in romance The film ends with the famous shot of the lonely tramp with his back to the camera walking down the road dejectedly 18 Attempting to capitalize on the popularity of Chaplin the studio in 1915 had its cartoon character Dreamy Dud in a Chaplin themed short Dreamy Dud Sees Charlie Chaplin in which Dud watches a Chaplin short 19 Chaplin s stock company at Essanay included Ben Turpin who disliked working with the meticulous Chaplin and appeared with him in only a couple of films ingenue Edna Purviance who became his off screen sweetheart as well Leo White almost always playing a fussy continental villain and all purpose authority figures Bud Jamison and John Rand Chaplin disliked the unpredictable weather of Chicago and left after only one year for more money and more creative control elsewhere His departure caused a rift between founders Spoor and Anderson Chaplin was the studio s biggest moneymaker and Essanay resorted to creating new Chaplin comedies from file footage and out takes 20 Finally with Chaplin off the Essanay scene for good Essanay signed French comedian Max Linder whose clever pantomime often compared to Chaplin s failed to match Chaplin s popularity in America V L S E Incorporated editIn 1915 the Essanay entered into an agreement in a last ditch effort to save the studio with Vitagraph Studios Lubin Manufacturing Company and Selig Polyscope Company to form a film distribution partnership known as V L S E Incorporated 21 It was orchestrated by Chicago distributor George Kleine citation needed Only the Vitagraph brand name continued into the 1920s and was absorbed by Warner Bros in 1925 citation needed Black Cat films editIn 1916 Essanay arranged a deal with William Kane who later become the publisher and editor of The Black Cat to acquire a hundred stories from the magazine to turn into Black Cat films each about half an hour long 22 23 24 The plan was to release one picture a week starting on December 5 1916 with The Egg a comedy starring Richard Travers and Marguerite Clayton 24 25 Kane loaned Essanay a set of The Black Cat issues complete from the first issue through May 1915 and received 1 250 from Essanay for the one hundred stories they selected Essanay failed to return the magazines to Kane who sued them for 20 000 compensation for the loss of the magazines 22 eventually winning his case in the US Supreme Court 26 27 Final years editThe Chicago studio continued to produce films until 1918 reaching a total of well over 1 400 Essanay titles during its ten year history George K Spoor continued to work in the motion picture industry introducing an unsuccessful 3 D system in 1923 28 and Spoor Berggren Natural Vision a 65 mm widescreen format in 1930 He died in Chicago in 1953 G M Anderson became an independent producer sponsoring Stan Laurel in a series of silent comedies Anderson died in Los Angeles in 1971 The Essanay building in Chicago was later taken over by independent producer Norman Wilding who made industrial films Wilding s tenancy was much longer than Essanay s In the early 1970s a portion of the studio was offered to Columbia College Chicago for a dollar but the offer lapsed without action Then it was given to a non profit television corporation which sold it One tenant was the midwest office of Technicolor Today the Essanay lot is the home of St Augustine s College and its main meeting hall has been named the Charlie Chaplin Auditorium 29 The facility was named a Chicago Landmark in 1996 30 See also editChicago film industry Niles Essanay Silent Film MuseumReferences edit Massa Steve Who s Who 1910 National Film Preservation Foundation Retrieved 2022 02 28 Grossman James R 2004 The Encyclopedia of Chicago University of Chicago Press pp 293 294 ISBN 0 226 31015 9 Arnie Bernstein Hollywood on Lake Michigan 100 Years of Chicago amp the Movies Lake Claremont Press 1998 p 37 ISBN 978 0 9642426 2 3 Phillips Michael 2007 07 22 When Chicago Created Hollywood Chicago Tribune Swanson Stevenson 1996 Chicago Days Contemporary Books pp 88 89 ISBN 1 890093 04 1 Heise Kenan Mark Frazel 1986 Hands on Chicago Bonus Books pp 60 ISBN 0 933893 28 0 Barbas Samantha 2005 The First Lady of Hollywood A Biography of Louella Parsons California University of California Press pp 9 ISBN 0 520 24213 0 Louella Parsons Academy Awards USA 1948 IMDb Archived from the original on 2007 07 02 Retrieved 2007 07 01 Academy Awards USA 1958 IMDb Archived from the original on 2007 10 28 Retrieved 2007 07 01 Smith Michael Glover Selzer Adam 2015 01 20 Flickering Empire How Chicago Invented the U S Film Industry Columbia University Press ISBN 9780231850797 Retrieved 2019 05 24 Lenburg Jeff 1999 The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons Checkmark Books p 26 ISBN 0 8160 3831 7 Retrieved 6 June 2020 The Essanay Company Out West From The Denver Post reprinted in The Moving Picture World Vol 5 No 23 December 4 1909 Excerpted in Pratt George C Spellbound In Darkness A History of the Silent Film New York Graphic Society p 127 ISBN 0 8212 0489 0 Group Dave Newhouse Bay Area News 2011 03 07 Dave Newhouse Niles was the first Hollywood The Mercury News Retrieved 2024 01 31 East Bay Tramp Charlie Chaplin took over Niles and then the world East Bay Magazine 2020 12 01 Retrieved 2024 01 31 Pellissier Hank 2011 04 16 Niles Canyon Railway The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2024 01 31 East Bay Tramp Charlie Chaplin took over Niles and then the world East Bay Magazine 2020 12 01 Retrieved 2024 01 31 Chaplin s The Tramp New Views of One of Cinema s Most Iconic Scenes Silent Locations 16 October 2016 Retrieved 15 April 2020 Whitman Alden 1977 12 26 Chaplin s Little Tramp an Everyman Trying to Gild Cage of Life Enthralled World The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2024 01 31 Kevin Scott Collier The Animated Silent Charlie Chaplin Cartoons Cartoon Research May 20 2019 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved 2024 01 31 Wagenknecht Edward 13 October 2014 The Movies in the Age of Innocence 3d ed McFarland ISBN 9780786494620 Retrieved 9 September 2018 via Google Books a b Anonymous July 28 1917 Odd Suit by Editor s Editor The Editor and Publisher p 31 Retrieved November 20 2022 Luckett Moya 2014 Cinema and Community Progressivism Exhibition and Film Culture in Chicago 1907 1917 Detroit Michigan Wayne State University Press p 55 ISBN 9780814337264 a b Anonymous November 25 1916 Essanay Special Features The Moving Picture World p 1161 Retrieved November 21 2022 Anonymous December 9 1916 Complete Record of Current Films Motography Vol XVI no 24 p 1301 Retrieved November 21 2022 Anonymous April 10 1922 Finding Against Film Company Lincoln Journal Star p 1 Retrieved November 20 2022 ESSANAY FILM MFG CO v KANE 258 U S 358 1922 Findlaw Retrieved January 4 2024 Natural Vision Picture The New York Times August 21 1923 p 6 McNulty Elizabeth 2000 Chicago Then and Now Thunder Bay Press p 121 ISBN 1 57145 278 8 Individual Landmarks City of Chicago Data Portal Retrieved 2024 01 08 Further reading editDavid Kiehn Broncho Billy and the Essanay Film Company Farwell Books 2003 ISBN 978 0 9729226 5 4 External links editEssanaystudios org Official Essanay Studios landmarks website Nilesfilmmuseum org Niles Essanay Silent Film Museum at Essanay Studios West located in Niles Canyon East San Francisco Bay Area California Nilesfilmmuseum org Story of Essanay Studios in Niles History TV An animated history of Essanay Studios detailed history and extensive filmography Essanay Film Archive The Silent Film Channel Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Essanay Studios amp oldid 1201290049, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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