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Escherichia coli O104:H4

January 01, 1970

Escherichia coli O104:H4 is an enteroaggregative Escherichia coli strain of the bacterium Escherichia coli, and the cause of the 2011 Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak.[1] The "O" in the serological classification identifies the cell wall lipopolysaccharide antigen, and the "H" identifies the flagella antigen.

Escherichia coli O104:H4
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Enterobacterales
Family: Enterobacteriaceae
Genus: Escherichia
Species: E. coli
Strain: E. c.  O104:H4
Trionomial name
Escherichia coli O104:H4

Analysis of genomic sequences obtained by BGI Shenzhen shows that the O104:H4 outbreak strain is an enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC or EAggEC) type that has acquired Shiga toxin genes, presumably by horizontal gene transfer.[2][3][4]

Genome assembly and copy-number analysis both confirmed that two copies of the Shiga toxin stx2 prophage gene cluster are a distinctive characteristic of the genome of the O104:H4 outbreak strain.[5][6] The O104:H4 strain is characterized by these genetic markers:[6][7]

  • Shiga toxin stx2 positive
  • tellurite resistance gene cluster positive
  • intimin adherence gene negative
  • β-lactamases ampC, ampD, ampE, ampG, ampH are present.

The European Commission (EC) integrated approach to food safety[8] defines a case of Shiga-like toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) diarrhea caused by O104:H4 by an acute onset of diarrhea or bloody diarrhea together with the detection of the Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) or the Shiga gene stx2.[9]

Prior to the 2011 outbreak, only one case identified as O104:H4 had been observed, in a woman in South Korea in 2005.[10]

Pathophysiology edit

E. coli O104 is a Shiga toxin–producing E. coli (STEC). The toxins cause illness and the associated symptoms by sticking to the intestinal cells and aggravating the cells along the intestinal wall.[11][12] This, in turn, can cause bloody stools to occur. Another effect from this bacterial infection is hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which is a condition characterized by destruction of red blood cells, that over a long period of time can cause kidney failure.[13] Some common symptoms of HUS are vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and blood in the urine.[12]

Infection edit

A common mode of E. coli O104:H4 infection involves ingestion of fecally contaminated food; the disease can thus be considered a foodborne illness. Most recently in 2011, an outbreak of the O104:H4 strain in Germany caused the deaths of several people, and hundreds were hospitalised.[14][15][12] German authorities traced the infection back to fenugreek sprouts grown from contaminated seeds imported from Egypt, but these results are debated.[citation needed]

Diagnosis edit

To diagnose infection with STEC, a patient's stool (feces) can be tested in a laboratory for the presence of Shiga toxin. Testing methods used include direct detection of the toxin by immunoassay, or detection of the stx2 gene or other virulence-factor genes by PCR. If infection with STEC is confirmed, the E. coli strain may be serotyped to determine whether O104:H4 is present.[11]

Treatment edit

E. coli O104:H4 is difficult to treat as it is resistant to many antibiotics, although it is susceptible to carbapenems.[14]

Prevention edit

Spread of E. coli is prevented simply by thorough hand-washing with soap, washing and hygienically preparing food, and properly heating/cooking food, so the bacteria are destroyed.[16]

References edit

  1. ^ Mellman, Alexander; Harmsen, D; Cummings, CA; et al. (July 20, 2011). "Prospective genomic characterization of the German enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak by rapid next generation sequencing technology". PLoS One. 6 (7): e22751. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...622751M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022751. PMC 3140518. PMID 21799941.
  2. ^ . BGI. 2011-06-02. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
  3. ^ David Tribe (2011-06-02). "BGI Sequencing news: German EHEC strain is a chimera created by horizontal gene transfer". Biology Fortified. Archived from the original on 2012-05-27. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
  4. ^ Maev Kennedy and agencies (2011-06-02). "E. coli outbreak: WHO says bacterium is a new strain". London: guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
  5. ^ "BGI releases the complete map of the Germany E. coli O104 genome and attributed the strain as a category of Shiga toxin-producing enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (STpEAEC)". BGI. 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
  6. ^ a b "Copy number analysis of German outbreak strain E. coli EHEC O104:H4". Johannes Kepler University of Linz. 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
  7. ^ (PDF). Robert Koch Institute. 2011-06-03. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
  8. ^ "The EU integrated approach to food safety".
  9. ^ "Case Definition for diarrhoea and haemolytic uremic syndrome caused by O104:H4" (PDF). European Commission. 2011-06-03. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
  10. ^ Bae, WK; Lee, YK; Cho, MS; et al. (June 30, 2006). "A case of haemolytic uremic syndrome caused by Escherichia coli O104:H4". Yonsei Medical Journal. 47 (3): 473–479. doi:10.3349/ymj.2006.47.3.437. PMC 2688167. PMID 16807997.
  11. ^ a b Frank, C; Werber, D; Cramer, JP; et al. (October 26, 2011). "Epidemic profile of Shiga-toxin–producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak in Germany". New England Journal of Medicine. 365 (19): 1771–1780. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1106483. PMID 21696328. S2CID 205093464.<http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1106483>
  12. ^ a b c Reinberg, Steven. "German E. Coli Strain Especially Lethal - Infectious Diseases: Causes, Types, Prevention, Treatment and Facts on MedicineNet.com." Medicinenet.com. MedicineNet Inc, 22 June 2011. Web. 08 Nov. 2011. <http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=146119 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine>.
  13. ^ European Food Safety Authority. "Shiga Toxin-producing E. Coli (STEC) O104:H4 2011 Outbreaks in Europe:." EFSA Journal. European Food Safety Authority, 3 Nov. 2011. Web. 08 Nov. 2011. <http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2390>.
  14. ^ a b Gorman, Christine. "E. Coli on the March: Scientific American." Science News, Articles and Information | Scientific American. Scientific American, 7 Aug. 2011. Web. 08 Nov. 2011. <http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=e-coli-on-the-march>.
  15. ^ "July 8, 2011: Outbreak of Shiga Toxin-producing E. Coli O104 (STEC O104:H4) Infections Associated with Travel to Germany | E. Coli." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 July 2011. Web. 08 Nov. 2011. <https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2011/ecolio104/>.
  16. ^ "CDC - Escherichia coli O157:H7, General Information - NCZVED." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 July 201. Web. 08 Nov. 2011.

January 01, 1970
escherichia, coli, o104, enteroaggregative, escherichia, coli, strain, bacterium, escherichia, coli, cause, 2011, outbreak, serological, classification, identifies, cell, wall, lipopolysaccharide, antigen, identifies, flagella, antigen, scientific, classificat. Escherichia coli O104 H4 is an enteroaggregative Escherichia coli strain of the bacterium Escherichia coli and the cause of the 2011 Escherichia coli O104 H4 outbreak 1 The O in the serological classification identifies the cell wall lipopolysaccharide antigen and the H identifies the flagella antigen Escherichia coli O104 H4 Scientific classification Domain Bacteria Phylum Pseudomonadota Class Gammaproteobacteria Order Enterobacterales Family Enterobacteriaceae Genus Escherichia Species E coli Strain E c O104 H4 Trionomial name Escherichia coli O104 H4 Analysis of genomic sequences obtained by BGI Shenzhen shows that the O104 H4 outbreak strain is an enteroaggregative E coli EAEC or EAggEC type that has acquired Shiga toxin genes presumably by horizontal gene transfer 2 3 4 Genome assembly and copy number analysis both confirmed that two copies of the Shiga toxin stx2 prophage gene cluster are a distinctive characteristic of the genome of the O104 H4 outbreak strain 5 6 The O104 H4 strain is characterized by these genetic markers 6 7 Shiga toxin stx2 positive tellurite resistance gene cluster positive intimin adherence gene negative b lactamases ampC ampD ampE ampG ampH are present The European Commission EC integrated approach to food safety 8 defines a case of Shiga like toxin producing E coli STEC diarrhea caused by O104 H4 by an acute onset of diarrhea or bloody diarrhea together with the detection of the Shiga toxin 2 Stx2 or the Shiga gene stx2 9 Prior to the 2011 outbreak only one case identified as O104 H4 had been observed in a woman in South Korea in 2005 10 Contents 1 Pathophysiology 2 Infection 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Prevention 6 ReferencesPathophysiology editE coli O104 is a Shiga toxin producing E coli STEC The toxins cause illness and the associated symptoms by sticking to the intestinal cells and aggravating the cells along the intestinal wall 11 12 This in turn can cause bloody stools to occur Another effect from this bacterial infection is hemolytic uremic syndrome HUS which is a condition characterized by destruction of red blood cells that over a long period of time can cause kidney failure 13 Some common symptoms of HUS are vomiting bloody diarrhea and blood in the urine 12 Infection editA common mode ofE coliO104 H4 infection involves ingestion of fecally contaminated food the disease can thus be considered a foodborne illness Most recently in 2011 an outbreak of the O104 H4 strain in Germany caused the deaths of several people and hundreds were hospitalised 14 15 12 German authorities traced the infection back to fenugreek sprouts grown from contaminated seeds imported from Egypt but these results are debated citation needed Diagnosis editTo diagnose infection with STEC a patient s stool feces can be tested in a laboratory for the presence of Shiga toxin Testing methods used include direct detection of the toxin by immunoassay or detection of the stx2 gene or other virulence factor genes by PCR If infection with STEC is confirmed the E coli strain may be serotyped to determine whether O104 H4 is present 11 Treatment editE coli O104 H4 is difficult to treat as it is resistant to many antibiotics although it is susceptible to carbapenems 14 Prevention editSpread of E coli is prevented simply by thorough hand washing with soap washing and hygienically preparing food and properly heating cooking food so the bacteria are destroyed 16 References edit Mellman Alexander Harmsen D Cummings CA et al July 20 2011 Prospective genomic characterization of the German enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104 H4 outbreak by rapid next generation sequencing technology PLoS One 6 7 e22751 Bibcode 2011PLoSO 622751M doi 10 1371 journal pone 0022751 PMC 3140518 PMID 21799941 BGI Sequences Genome of the Deadly E coli in Germany and Reveals New Super Toxic Strain BGI 2011 06 02 Archived from the original on 2011 06 06 Retrieved 2011 06 02 David Tribe 2011 06 02 BGI Sequencing news German EHEC strain is a chimera created by horizontal gene transfer Biology Fortified Archived from the original on 2012 05 27 Retrieved 2011 06 02 Maev Kennedy and agencies 2011 06 02 E coli outbreak WHO says bacterium is a new strain London guardian co uk Retrieved 2011 06 04 BGI releases the complete map of the Germany E coli O104 genome and attributed the strain as a category of Shiga toxin producing enteroaggregative Escherichia coli STpEAEC BGI 2011 06 16 Retrieved 2011 06 20 a b Copy number analysis of German outbreak strain E coli EHEC O104 H4 Johannes Kepler University of Linz 2011 06 11 Retrieved 2011 06 15 Characterization of EHEC O104 H4 PDF Robert Koch Institute 2011 06 03 Archived from the original PDF on 2012 03 25 Retrieved 2011 06 15 The EU integrated approach to food safety Case Definition for diarrhoea and haemolytic uremic syndrome caused by O104 H4 PDF European Commission 2011 06 03 Retrieved 2011 06 16 Bae WK Lee YK Cho MS et al June 30 2006 A case of haemolytic uremic syndrome caused by Escherichia coli O104 H4 Yonsei Medical Journal 47 3 473 479 doi 10 3349 ymj 2006 47 3 437 PMC 2688167 PMID 16807997 a b Frank C Werber D Cramer JP et al October 26 2011 Epidemic profile of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli O104 H4 outbreak in Germany New England Journal of Medicine 365 19 1771 1780 doi 10 1056 NEJMoa1106483 PMID 21696328 S2CID 205093464 lt http www nejm org doi full 10 1056 NEJMoa1106483 gt a b c Reinberg Steven German E Coli Strain Especially Lethal Infectious Diseases Causes Types Prevention Treatment and Facts on MedicineNet com Medicinenet com MedicineNet Inc 22 June 2011 Web 08 Nov 2011 lt http www medicinenet com script main art asp articlekey 146119 Archived 2012 01 18 at the Wayback Machine gt European Food Safety Authority Shiga Toxin producing E Coli STEC O104 H4 2011 Outbreaks in Europe EFSA Journal European Food Safety Authority 3 Nov 2011 Web 08 Nov 2011 lt http www efsa europa eu en efsajournal pub 2390 gt a b Gorman Christine E Coli on the March Scientific American Science News Articles and Information Scientific American Scientific American 7 Aug 2011 Web 08 Nov 2011 lt http www scientificamerican com article cfm id e coli on the march gt July 8 2011 Outbreak of Shiga Toxin producing E Coli O104 STEC O104 H4 Infections Associated with Travel to Germany E Coli Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease Control and Prevention 8 July 2011 Web 08 Nov 2011 lt https www cdc gov ecoli 2011 ecolio104 gt CDC Escherichia coli O157 H7 General Information NCZVED Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 8 July 201 Web 08 Nov 2011 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Escherichia coli O104 H4 amp oldid 1183973670, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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