Escape reflex, or escape behavior, is any kind of escape response found in an animal when it is presented with an unwanted stimulus.[1] It is a simple reflectory reaction in response to stimuli indicative of danger, that initiates an escape motion of an animal. The escape response has been found to be processed in the telencephalon.[2]
The above diagram is a simplified version showing that a cockroach will not venture towards a dangerous stimuli. Due to the escape reflex, the cockroach will take an alternative route once it has sensed the said stimuli.[3]
Escape reflexes control the seemingly chaotic motion of a cockroach running out from under a foot when one tries to squash it.
As the stimulus on the left side enters the ear, the signal is processed and inhibits the muscles on the same side as the stimulus. Muscles on the opposite side remaining working, which allows the creature to quickly pull away from the stimulus if it is threatening. This depiction is a simplified version and does not contain all accurate structures involved.[4]
In higher animals, examples of escape reflex include the withdrawal reflex (e.g. the withdrawal of a hand) in response to a pain stimulus. Sensory receptors in the stimulated body part send signals to the spinal cord along a sensory neuron. Within the spine, a reflex arc switches the signals straight back to the muscles of the arm (effectors) via an intermediate neuron (interneuron) and then a motor neuron; the muscle contracts. There often is an opposite response of the opposite limb. Because this occurs automatically and independently in the spinal cord, the brain only becomes aware of the response after it has taken place.
The crossed extensor reflex is another escape reflex, but it's a type of withdrawal reflex.[5] It is a contralateral reflex that allows for the affected limb to have the flexor muscles contract and the extensor muscles to relax while the unaffected limb has the flexor muscles relax and the extensor muscles to contract.[5] For example, stepping on a piece of glass causes the affected leg to be lifted or withdrawn and the unaffected leg to carry the additional burden of weight and maintain postural support.[6] In this example, the afferent nerve fibers are stimulated on the right foot. The nerve fibers travel up to the spinal cord where they cross the midline, go to the left side, and synapse on an interneuron. When the afferent nerve fibers synapse on the interneuron, they can either inhibit or excite an alpha motor neuron on the muscles on side contralateral to the stimulus.[5]
Escape reflex arcs
Escape reflex arcs have a high survival value enabling organisms to take rapid action to avoid potential danger or physical damage. The effectiveness of escape reflexes can be lowered when an organism is experiencing high levels of fatigue and or stress.[7] These factors cause delays or weakness in the reflex, and they can even develop into learned helplessness, which has been found in animals and Drosophila flies.[8] The reflex can also be habituated as seen in the tail-flip escape reflex of crayfish.[9] More recent studies have also indicated that, once this crayfish escape response is habituated, it can also be recovered.[10] A similar long-term habituation of the C-start escape response has also been studied in the larvae of zebrafish.[11]
Various animals may have specialized escape reflex arcs.
Examples
Withdrawal reflexes
Ducking (flexing the neck to protect the head)
Jumping at loud sounds
Withdrawal of a body part when it touches something (e.g., excessively hot or cold)
^Schwarze S, Bleckmann H, Schluessel V (October 2013). "Avoidance conditioning in bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium griseum and C. punctatum): behavioral and neuroanatomical aspects". Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural & Behavioral Physiology. 199 (10): 843–56. doi:10.1007/s00359-013-0847-1. PMID 23958858. S2CID 18977904.
^Booth, D.; Marie, B.; Domenici, P.; Blagburn, J. M.; Bacon, J. P. (2009-06-03). "Transcriptional Control of Behavior: Engrailed Knock-Out Changes Cockroach Escape Trajectories". Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (22): 7181–7190. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1374-09.2009. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC2744400. PMID 19494140.
^Catania, Kenneth C. (April 2011). "The brain and behavior of the tentacled snake". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1225 (1): 83–89. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.05959.x. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 21534995. S2CID 33894394.
^ abc"Reflexes". Boundless Anatomy and Physiology. courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
^Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Katz LC, LaMantia AS, McNamara JO, Williams SM (2001). "Flexion Reflex Pathways". Neuroscience (2nd ed.). Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates.
^King CD, Devine DP, Vierck CJ, Rodgers J, Yezierski RP (October 2003). "Differential effects of stress on escape and reflex responses to nociceptive thermal stimuli in the rat". Brain Research. 987 (2): 214–22. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(03)03339-0. PMID 14499966. S2CID 2028959.
^Batsching S, Wolf R, Heisenberg M (2016-11-22). "Inescapable Stress Changes Walking Behavior in Flies - Learned Helplessness Revisited". PLOS ONE. 11 (11): e0167066. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167066. PMC5119826. PMID 27875580.
^Krasne FB, Teshiba TM (April 1995). "Habituation of an invertebrate escape reflex due to modulation by higher centers rather than local events". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (8): 3362–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.8.3362. PMC42166. PMID 7724567.
^Roberts, Adam C.; Pearce, Kaycey C.; Choe, Ronny C.; Alzagatiti, Joseph B.; Yeung, Anthony K.; Bill, Brent R.; Glanzman, David L. (October 2016). "Long-term habituation of the C-start escape response in zebrafish larvae". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 134: 360–368. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.08.014. PMC5031492. PMID 27555232.
^Krasne FB (February 1969). "Excitation and habituation of the crayfish escape reflex: the depolarizing response in lateral giant fibres of the isolated abdomen". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 50 (1): 29–46. doi:10.1242/jeb.50.1.29. PMID 4304852.
^Krasne FB, Shamsian A, Kulkarni R (January 1997). "Altered excitability of the crayfish lateral giant escape reflex during agonistic encounters". The Journal of Neuroscience. 17 (2): 709–16. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-02-00709.1997. PMC6573235. PMID 8987792.
^Otis, T. S.; Gilly, W. F. (1990-04-01). "Jet-propelled escape in the squid Loligo opalescens: concerted control by giant and non-giant motor axon pathways". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 87 (8): 2911–2915. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.8.2911. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC53803. PMID 2326255.
^Frost, W. N.; Hoppe, T. A.; Wang, J.; Tian, L.-M. (August 2001). "Swim Initiation Neurons in Tritonia diomedea". American Zoologist. 41 (4): 952–961. doi:10.1093/icb/41.4.952. ISSN 0003-1569.
^Frost, W. N.; Katz, P. S. (1996-01-09). "Single neuron control over a complex motor program". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 93 (1): 422–426. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.1.422. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC40250. PMID 8552652.
^Eaton RC, Lee RK, Foreman MB (March 2001). "The Mauthner cell and other identified neurons of the brainstem escape network of fish". Progress in Neurobiology. 63 (4): 467–85. doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00047-2. PMID 11163687. S2CID 19271673.
^Drewes CD, Vining EP, Zoran MJ (1988-11-01). "Regeneration of Rapid Escape Reflex Pathways in Earthworms". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 28 (4): 1077–1089. doi:10.1093/icb/28.4.1077.
January 29, 2023
escape, reflex, confused, with, escape, response, escape, behavior, kind, escape, response, found, animal, when, presented, with, unwanted, stimulus, simple, reflectory, reaction, response, stimuli, indicative, danger, that, initiates, escape, motion, animal, . Not to be confused with Escape response Escape reflex or escape behavior is any kind of escape response found in an animal when it is presented with an unwanted stimulus 1 It is a simple reflectory reaction in response to stimuli indicative of danger that initiates an escape motion of an animal The escape response has been found to be processed in the telencephalon 2 The above diagram is a simplified version showing that a cockroach will not venture towards a dangerous stimuli Due to the escape reflex the cockroach will take an alternative route once it has sensed the said stimuli 3 Escape reflexes control the seemingly chaotic motion of a cockroach running out from under a foot when one tries to squash it As the stimulus on the left side enters the ear the signal is processed and inhibits the muscles on the same side as the stimulus Muscles on the opposite side remaining working which allows the creature to quickly pull away from the stimulus if it is threatening This depiction is a simplified version and does not contain all accurate structures involved 4 In higher animals examples of escape reflex include the withdrawal reflex e g the withdrawal of a hand in response to a pain stimulus Sensory receptors in the stimulated body part send signals to the spinal cord along a sensory neuron Within the spine a reflex arc switches the signals straight back to the muscles of the arm effectors via an intermediate neuron interneuron and then a motor neuron the muscle contracts There often is an opposite response of the opposite limb Because this occurs automatically and independently in the spinal cord the brain only becomes aware of the response after it has taken place Contents 1 Crossed extensor reflex 2 Escape reflex arcs 3 Examples 4 See also 5 ReferencesCrossed extensor reflex EditThe crossed extensor reflex is another escape reflex but it s a type of withdrawal reflex 5 It is a contralateral reflex that allows for the affected limb to have the flexor muscles contract and the extensor muscles to relax while the unaffected limb has the flexor muscles relax and the extensor muscles to contract 5 For example stepping on a piece of glass causes the affected leg to be lifted or withdrawn and the unaffected leg to carry the additional burden of weight and maintain postural support 6 In this example the afferent nerve fibers are stimulated on the right foot The nerve fibers travel up to the spinal cord where they cross the midline go to the left side and synapse on an interneuron When the afferent nerve fibers synapse on the interneuron they can either inhibit or excite an alpha motor neuron on the muscles on side contralateral to the stimulus 5 Escape reflex arcs EditEscape reflex arcs have a high survival value enabling organisms to take rapid action to avoid potential danger or physical damage The effectiveness of escape reflexes can be lowered when an organism is experiencing high levels of fatigue and or stress 7 These factors cause delays or weakness in the reflex and they can even develop into learned helplessness which has been found in animals and Drosophila flies 8 The reflex can also be habituated as seen in the tail flip escape reflex of crayfish 9 More recent studies have also indicated that once this crayfish escape response is habituated it can also be recovered 10 A similar long term habituation of the C start escape response has also been studied in the larvae of zebrafish 11 Various animals may have specialized escape reflex arcs Examples EditWithdrawal reflexes Ducking flexing the neck to protect the head Jumping at loud sounds Withdrawal of a body part when it touches something e g excessively hot or cold Other Lateral giant escape 12 and tail flip reflex 13 in crayfish Escape reflex in squid 14 Dorsal ramp interneuron DRI action in Tritonia mollusks 15 16 C start in fish and amphibia 17 Escape reflex in earthworms 18 See also EditEscape response Caridoid escape reactionReferences Edit Escape behaviour APA Dictionary of Psychology Washington DC American Psychological Association n d Retrieved 2020 01 31 Schwarze S Bleckmann H Schluessel V October 2013 Avoidance conditioning in bamboo sharks Chiloscyllium griseum and C punctatum behavioral and neuroanatomical aspects Journal of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural amp Behavioral Physiology 199 10 843 56 doi 10 1007 s00359 013 0847 1 PMID 23958858 S2CID 18977904 Booth D Marie B Domenici P Blagburn J M Bacon J P 2009 06 03 Transcriptional Control of Behavior Engrailed Knock Out Changes Cockroach Escape Trajectories Journal of Neuroscience 29 22 7181 7190 doi 10 1523 JNEUROSCI 1374 09 2009 ISSN 0270 6474 PMC 2744400 PMID 19494140 Catania Kenneth C April 2011 The brain and behavior of the tentacled snake Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1225 1 83 89 doi 10 1111 j 1749 6632 2011 05959 x ISSN 0077 8923 PMID 21534995 S2CID 33894394 a b c Reflexes Boundless Anatomy and Physiology courses lumenlearning com Retrieved 2020 04 27 Purves D Augustine GJ Fitzpatrick D Katz LC LaMantia AS McNamara JO Williams SM 2001 Flexion Reflex Pathways Neuroscience 2nd ed Sunderland MA Sinauer Associates King CD Devine DP Vierck CJ Rodgers J Yezierski RP October 2003 Differential effects of stress on escape and reflex responses to nociceptive thermal stimuli in the rat Brain Research 987 2 214 22 doi 10 1016 S0006 8993 03 03339 0 PMID 14499966 S2CID 2028959 Batsching S Wolf R Heisenberg M 2016 11 22 Inescapable Stress Changes Walking Behavior in Flies Learned Helplessness Revisited PLOS ONE 11 11 e0167066 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0167066 PMC 5119826 PMID 27875580 Krasne FB Teshiba TM April 1995 Habituation of an invertebrate escape reflex due to modulation by higher centers rather than local events Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92 8 3362 6 doi 10 1073 pnas 92 8 3362 PMC 42166 PMID 7724567 Stahlman WD Chan AA Blumstein DT Fast CD Blaisdell AP September 2011 Auditory stimulation dishabituates anti predator escape behavior in hermit crabs Coenobita clypeatus Behavioural Processes 88 1 7 11 doi 10 1016 j beproc 2011 06 009 PMID 21756986 S2CID 16415525 Roberts Adam C Pearce Kaycey C Choe Ronny C Alzagatiti Joseph B Yeung Anthony K Bill Brent R Glanzman David L October 2016 Long term habituation of the C start escape response in zebrafish larvae Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 134 360 368 doi 10 1016 j nlm 2016 08 014 PMC 5031492 PMID 27555232 Krasne FB February 1969 Excitation and habituation of the crayfish escape reflex the depolarizing response in lateral giant fibres of the isolated abdomen The Journal of Experimental Biology 50 1 29 46 doi 10 1242 jeb 50 1 29 PMID 4304852 Krasne FB Shamsian A Kulkarni R January 1997 Altered excitability of the crayfish lateral giant escape reflex during agonistic encounters The Journal of Neuroscience 17 2 709 16 doi 10 1523 JNEUROSCI 17 02 00709 1997 PMC 6573235 PMID 8987792 Otis T S Gilly W F 1990 04 01 Jet propelled escape in the squid Loligo opalescens concerted control by giant and non giant motor axon pathways Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 87 8 2911 2915 doi 10 1073 pnas 87 8 2911 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 53803 PMID 2326255 Frost W N Hoppe T A Wang J Tian L M August 2001 Swim Initiation Neurons in Tritonia diomedea American Zoologist 41 4 952 961 doi 10 1093 icb 41 4 952 ISSN 0003 1569 Frost W N Katz P S 1996 01 09 Single neuron control over a complex motor program Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93 1 422 426 doi 10 1073 pnas 93 1 422 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 40250 PMID 8552652 Eaton RC Lee RK Foreman MB March 2001 The Mauthner cell and other identified neurons of the brainstem escape network of fish Progress in Neurobiology 63 4 467 85 doi 10 1016 s0301 0082 00 00047 2 PMID 11163687 S2CID 19271673 Drewes CD Vining EP Zoran MJ 1988 11 01 Regeneration of Rapid Escape Reflex Pathways in Earthworms Integrative and Comparative Biology 28 4 1077 1089 doi 10 1093 icb 28 4 1077 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Escape reflex amp oldid 1136319152, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
