Epizootic Shell Disease (ESD) is an infection of the outer shell layer of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) by chitinolyticbacteria. Infection results in lesions and the degradation of each layer of shell, resulting in secondary bacterial infections and potentially death.[1][2]
Epizootic Shell Disease(ESD) was first identified in Long Island Sound in the 1990s.[3] ESD then spread into the Southern New England Lobster fishery, infecting up to 40% of the lobster population. Widespread ESD has generally failed to spread to northern portions of the Gulf of Maine and Nova Scotia.[1] While ESD spread throughout Long Island Sounds, the fishery's annual lobster catch fell from 3.7 million pounds in 1998 to just 142,000 pounds in 2011[4]
Population level impactsedit
Moderate to severe levels of infection have been shown to cut survival rates of adult lobsters by as much as a third and have been found to have infected up to 85% of egg barring females in Long Island Sound - 16 times higher than the population average. ESD in egg, bearing females could be a major contributor to the rapid decline of lobster populations in Southern New England. The prevalence of ESD in this segment of the population could severely limit reproduction, exacerbating declines in population wide survival rates. This level of infection could be due to females not being able to molt while ovigerous. This prevents them from losing their diseased shell and producing a new, healthy shell.[5]
One theory for the southern containment of Epizootic Shell Disease is that warm ocean bottom temperatures could be one of the main enabling conditions for ESD. In 2016, after multiple warmer than average summers, infection rates jumped from <1% to 1.25% in coastal Maine. Further, in 2017, a team of researchers and students from Bowdoin College’s research station on Kent Island in the Bay of Fundy reported a mass low tide stranding of Jonah Crabs, Cancer borealis, infected with a shell disease resembling ESD. This was a first-of-its kind observation in the Bay of Fundy and the other cold waters off of Nova Scotia.[1]
Warming ocean temperaturesedit
The Northwest Atlantic is warming at a faster rate than 99% of the ocean. Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) in the region are expected to increase by 2.3-4.3°C by 2100. This level of warming could result in an increase in the number of days the lobster population experiences heat related stresses (considered above 20°C) which could add to a possible spread of ESD at rates previously observed in Southern New England and Long Island Sound.[6]
A strong correlation has been found between increased temperature and an increased rate of disease progression (total change in diseased area). 18°C saw an average overall disease progression 2.8X greater than the 6°C and an average daily progression 2.5X greater. With these rates, it was estimated that progression from initial infection to a moderate level of infection would take just 94 days at 18°C, compared to 232 days at 6°C.[7]
Exposure to elevated levels of dissolved CO2, resulting in a lower pH, has been shown to significantly reduce the growth rates of American lobsters. This has potentially significant implications for the commercial fishery that is priced by the pound. As time exposed to lower pH increased, so did the chances of a lobster developing shell disease, possibly because the physiological stress of low pH could inhibit the immune response of the lobsters. Lobsters have also shown an increase in intermolt time with lower pH, suggesting the resulting decreased calcification could also predispose the lobsters to shell disease infection.[8]
Referencesedit
^ abcNash, Charlotte; Miller, Miranda; Goffinet, Claire; Godfrey, Caroline; Dunn, Jesse; Cipparone, Hugh; Bulmer, Zakir; Anderson, David J.; Starr, Clay (2018). "A First Report of Shell Disease Impacting Cancer borealis (Jonah Crab) in the Bay of Fundy". Northeastern Naturalist. 25 (4): N27–N31. doi:10.1656/045.025.0411. ISSN 1092-6194. S2CID 92291771.
^Scavia, Donald; Field, John; Boesch, Donald; Buddemeier, Robert; Burkett, Virginia; Cayan, Daniel; Fogarty, Michael; Harwell, Mark; Howarth, Robert (2002-04-01). "Climate Change Impacts on U.S. Coastal and Marine Ecosystems". Publications, Agencies and Staff of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
^Reardon, Kathleen M.; Wilson, Carl J.; Gillevet, Patrick M.; Sikaroodi, Masoumeh; Shields, Jeffrey D. (2018). "Increasing prevalence of epizootic shell disease in American lobster from the nearshore Gulf of Maine". Bulletin of Marine Science. 94 (3): 903–921. doi:10.5343/bms.2017.1144. S2CID 90666590.
^Hoenig, John M.; Groner, Maya L.; Smith, Matthew W.; Vogelbein, Wolfgang K.; Taylor, David M.; Landers, Donald F.; Swenarton, John T.; Gauthier, David T.; Sadler, Philip (2017). "Impact of disease on the survival of three commercially fished species". Ecological Applications. 27 (7): 2116–2127. Bibcode:2017EcoAp..27.2116H. doi:10.1002/eap.1595. ISSN 1939-5582. PMID 28675580.
^Rheuban, Jennie E.; Kavanaugh, Maria T.; Doney, Scott C. (2017). "Implications of Future Northwest Atlantic Bottom Temperatures on the American Lobster (Homarus americanus) Fishery" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 122 (12): 9387–9398. Bibcode:2017JGRC..122.9387R. doi:10.1002/2017JC012949. hdl:1912/9535. ISSN 2169-9291.
^Barris, Brittnee N.; Shields, Jeffrey D.; Small, Hamish J.; Huchin-Mian, Juan Pablo; O'Leary, Patricia; Shawver, Josephine V.; Glenn, Robert P.; Pugh, Tracy L. (2018). "Laboratory studies on the effect of temperature on epizootic shell disease in the American lobster, Homarus americanus". Bulletin of Marine Science. 94 (3): 887–902. doi:10.5343/bms.2017.1148. S2CID 90806119.
^McLean, EL; Katenka, NV; Seibel, BA (2018-05-28). "Decreased growth and increased shell disease in early benthic phase Homarus americanus in response to elevated CO2". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 596: 113–126. Bibcode:2018MEPS..596..113M. doi:10.3354/meps12586. ISSN 0171-8630. S2CID 90696369.
January 01, 1970
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Epizootic Shell Disease ESD is an infection of the outer shell layer of the American lobster Homarus americanus by chitinolytic bacteria Infection results in lesions and the degradation of each layer of shell resulting in secondary bacterial infections and potentially death 1 2 Contents 1 Discovery and spread 2 Population level impacts 3 Effects of climate change 3 1 Warming ocean temperatures 3 2 Ocean acidification 4 ReferencesDiscovery and spread editEpizootic Shell Disease ESD was first identified in Long Island Sound in the 1990s 3 ESD then spread into the Southern New England Lobster fishery infecting up to 40 of the lobster population Widespread ESD has generally failed to spread to northern portions of the Gulf of Maine and Nova Scotia 1 While ESD spread throughout Long Island Sounds the fishery s annual lobster catch fell from 3 7 million pounds in 1998 to just 142 000 pounds in 2011 4 Population level impacts editModerate to severe levels of infection have been shown to cut survival rates of adult lobsters by as much as a third and have been found to have infected up to 85 of egg barring females in Long Island Sound 16 times higher than the population average ESD in egg bearing females could be a major contributor to the rapid decline of lobster populations in Southern New England The prevalence of ESD in this segment of the population could severely limit reproduction exacerbating declines in population wide survival rates This level of infection could be due to females not being able to molt while ovigerous This prevents them from losing their diseased shell and producing a new healthy shell 5 Effects of climate change editOne theory for the southern containment of Epizootic Shell Disease is that warm ocean bottom temperatures could be one of the main enabling conditions for ESD In 2016 after multiple warmer than average summers infection rates jumped from lt 1 to 1 25 in coastal Maine Further in 2017 a team of researchers and students from Bowdoin College s research station on Kent Island in the Bay of Fundy reported a mass low tide stranding of Jonah Crabs Cancer borealis infected with a shell disease resembling ESD This was a first of its kind observation in the Bay of Fundy and the other cold waters off of Nova Scotia 1 Warming ocean temperatures edit The Northwest Atlantic is warming at a faster rate than 99 of the ocean Sea Surface Temperatures SST in the region are expected to increase by 2 3 4 3 C by 2100 This level of warming could result in an increase in the number of days the lobster population experiences heat related stresses considered above 20 C which could add to a possible spread of ESD at rates previously observed in Southern New England and Long Island Sound 6 A strong correlation has been found between increased temperature and an increased rate of disease progression total change in diseased area 18 C saw an average overall disease progression 2 8X greater than the 6 C and an average daily progression 2 5X greater With these rates it was estimated that progression from initial infection to a moderate level of infection would take just 94 days at 18 C compared to 232 days at 6 C 7 Ocean acidification edit Exposure to elevated levels of dissolved CO2 resulting in a lower pH has been shown to significantly reduce the growth rates of American lobsters This has potentially significant implications for the commercial fishery that is priced by the pound As time exposed to lower pH increased so did the chances of a lobster developing shell disease possibly because the physiological stress of low pH could inhibit the immune response of the lobsters Lobsters have also shown an increase in intermolt time with lower pH suggesting the resulting decreased calcification could also predispose the lobsters to shell disease infection 8 References edit a b c Nash Charlotte Miller Miranda Goffinet Claire Godfrey Caroline Dunn Jesse Cipparone Hugh Bulmer Zakir Anderson David J Starr Clay 2018 A First Report of Shell Disease Impacting Cancer borealis Jonah Crab in the Bay of Fundy Northeastern Naturalist 25 4 N27 N31 doi 10 1656 045 025 0411 ISSN 1092 6194 S2CID 92291771 Scavia Donald Field John Boesch Donald Buddemeier Robert Burkett Virginia Cayan Daniel Fogarty Michael Harwell Mark Howarth Robert 2002 04 01 Climate Change Impacts on U S Coastal and Marine Ecosystems Publications Agencies and Staff of the U S Department of Commerce Reardon Kathleen M Wilson Carl J Gillevet Patrick M Sikaroodi Masoumeh Shields Jeffrey D 2018 Increasing prevalence of epizootic shell disease in American lobster from the nearshore Gulf of Maine Bulletin of Marine Science 94 3 903 921 doi 10 5343 bms 2017 1144 S2CID 90666590 Blog Ocean Adapt oceanadapt rutgers edu Retrieved 2019 04 11 Hoenig John M Groner Maya L Smith Matthew W Vogelbein Wolfgang K Taylor David M Landers Donald F Swenarton John T Gauthier David T Sadler Philip 2017 Impact of disease on the survival of three commercially fished species Ecological Applications 27 7 2116 2127 Bibcode 2017EcoAp 27 2116H doi 10 1002 eap 1595 ISSN 1939 5582 PMID 28675580 Rheuban Jennie E Kavanaugh Maria T Doney Scott C 2017 Implications of Future Northwest Atlantic Bottom Temperatures on the American Lobster Homarus americanus Fishery PDF Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans 122 12 9387 9398 Bibcode 2017JGRC 122 9387R doi 10 1002 2017JC012949 hdl 1912 9535 ISSN 2169 9291 Barris Brittnee N Shields Jeffrey D Small Hamish J Huchin Mian Juan Pablo O Leary Patricia Shawver Josephine V Glenn Robert P Pugh Tracy L 2018 Laboratory studies on the effect of temperature on epizootic shell disease in the American lobster Homarus americanus Bulletin of Marine Science 94 3 887 902 doi 10 5343 bms 2017 1148 S2CID 90806119 McLean EL Katenka NV Seibel BA 2018 05 28 Decreased growth and increased shell disease in early benthic phase Homarus americanus in response to elevated CO2 Marine Ecology Progress Series 596 113 126 Bibcode 2018MEPS 596 113M doi 10 3354 meps12586 ISSN 0171 8630 S2CID 90696369 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Epizootic shell disease amp oldid 1213503225, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
