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Environmental issues in Japan

January 31, 2023

Environmental pollution in Japan has accompanied industrialization since the Meiji period. One of the earliest cases was the copper poisoning caused by drainage from the Ashio Copper Mine in Tochigi Prefecture, beginning as early as 1878. Repeated floods occurred in the Watarase River basin, and 1,600 hectares of farmland and towns and villages in Tochigi and Gunma prefectures were damaged by the floodwater, which contained excessive inorganic copper compounds from the Ashio mine.[1] The local breeders led by Shōzō Tanaka, a member of the Lower House from Tochigi appealed to the prefecture and the government to call a halt to the mining operations. Although the mining company paid compensatory money and the government engaged in the embankment works of the Watarase River, no fundamental solution of the problem was achieved.

Japan is the world's leading importer of both exhaustible and renewable natural resources[citation needed] and one of the largest consumers of fossil fuels.[2]

Environment deterioration in the 1960s

Main article: Four Big Pollution Diseases of Japan

Current Japanese environmental policy and regulations were the consequence of a number of environmental disasters in the 1950s and 1960s that attended the high-speed economic growth associated with the Japanese economic miracle. Cadmium poisoning from industrial waste in Toyama Prefecture was discovered to be the cause of the extremely painful itai-itai disease (イタイイタイ病, Itai itai byō, "ouch ouch sickness"). People in Minamata City in Kumamoto Prefecture were poisoned by methylmercury drained from a chemical factory, a condition known as the Minamata disease. The number of casualties in Minamata is 6,500 as of November 2006.

In Yokkaichi, a port in Mie Prefecture, air pollution caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions led to a rapid increase in the number of people suffering from asthma and bronchitis. In urban areas photochemical smog from automotive and industrial exhaust fumes also contributed to a rise in respiratory problems. In the early 1970s, chronic arsenic poisoning attributed to dust from arsenic mines occurred in Shimane and Miyazaki Prefectures.

Environmentalist movements began to spring up around Japan in the wake of the 1960 Anpo protests, which energized a new generation of activists.[3] These movements gained momentum as Prime Minister Hayato Ikeda's Income Doubling Plan placed a priority on economic growth at all costs, exacerbating environmental problems.

In 1969, the Consumers Union of Japan was founded to deal with health problems and false claims by companies. The National Diet session of 1970 came to be remembered as "the Pollution Diet."[3] Responding to rising popular pressure and outrage, the Diet passed fourteen anti-pollution laws in a single session, in what was seen as a turning point in environmental policy.[3] As a result, Japan had what were at the time the strongest set of environmental protection laws in the world.[3]

These new laws included a Water Pollution Act and nationwide regulations of toxic discharges. The "polluter pays" principle was introduced. A national Environmental Agency, which later developed into the Ministry of Environment, was founded in 1971.[4] National governmental expenditures on environmental issues almost doubled between 1970 and 1975 and tripled on the local government level. Business investments in clean technologies rose dramatically, too.

In the latter half of the 1970s, the Consumers Union of Japan led the opposition to nuclear power, calling for a nationwide Anti-Nuclear Power Week Campaign. This movement would continue to grow over the next several decades into a sizable anti-nuclear power movement in Japan.

In the 1990s, Japan's environmental legislation was further tightened. In 1993 the government reorganized the environment law system and legislated the Basic Environment Law (環境基本法) and related laws. The law includes restriction of industrial emissions, restriction of products, restriction of wastes, improvement of energy conservation, promotion of recycling, restriction of land utilization, the arrangement of environmental pollution control programs, relief of victims and provision for sanctions. The Environment Agency was promoted to full-fledged Ministry of the Environment in 2001, to deal with the deteriorating international environmental problems.

In 1984 the Environmental Agency had issued its first white paper. In the 1989 study, citizens thought environmental problems had improved compared with the past, nearly 1.7% thought things had improved, 31% thought that they had stayed the same, and nearly 21% thought that they had worsened. Some 75% of those surveyed expressed concern about endangered species, shrinkage of rain forests, expansion of deserts, destruction of the ozone layer, acid rain, and increased water and air pollution in developing countries. Most believed that Japan, alone or in cooperation with other industrialized countries, had the responsibility to solve environmental problems. In the 2007 opinion poll, 31.8% of the people answered environmental conservation activity leads to more economic development, 22.0% answered the environmental activity does not always obstruct the economic, 23.3% answered environmental conservation should be given preference even if it may obstruct the economic and 3.2％ answered economic development should place priority than environmental conservation.[5]

The OECD's first Environmental Performance Review of Japan was published in 1994, which applauded the nation for decoupling its economic development from air pollution, as the nation's air quality improved while the economy thrived. However, it received poorer marks for water quality, as its rivers, lakes and coastal waters did not meet quality standards.[6] Another report in 2002 said that the mix of instruments used to implement environmental policy is highly effective and regulations are strict, well enforced and based on strong monitoring capacities.[7]

In the 2006 environment annual report,[8] the Ministry of Environment reported that current major issues are global warming and preservation of the ozone layer, conservation of the atmospheric environment, water and soil, waste management and recycling, measures for chemical substances, conservation of the natural environment and the participation in the international cooperation.

Current issues

Waste management

Main article: Waste management in Japan

Japan burns close to two thirds of its waste in municipal and industrial incinerators.[9] In 1999, some experts estimated 70 percent of the world's waste incinerators were located in Japan.[9] Combined with incinerator technologies of the time, this caused Japan to have the highest level of dioxin in its air of all G20 nations.[9] In 2019, technological progress had brought the problem of dioxins under control, no longer posing a major threat.[10] In 2001, the US Department of Justice brought suit against Japan for the deaths of U.S. service-members at Naval Air Facility Atsugi caused by a nearby waste incinerator known as Jinkanpo Atsugi Incinerator.[11] This has called into question the Japanese government line that the thousands of incinerators in Japan are safe.

Climate change

This section is an excerpt from Climate change in Japan.[edit]
Climate change is already affecting Japan, and the Japanese government is increasingly enacting policy to respond. However, its climate change policy has been described[by whom?] as "dirty"[12] and the government criticised for lacking a credible plan to get to its pledged net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.[13] As a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, and host of the 1997 conference which created it, Japan is under treaty obligations to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps related to curbing climate change.

Nuclear power

See also: Nuclear power in Japan

Japan maintains one-third of its electric production from nuclear power plants. While a majority of Japanese citizens generally supported the use of existing nuclear reactors, since the nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant on March 11, 2011, this support seems to have shifted to a majority wanting Japan to phase out nuclear power. Former Prime Minister Naoto Kan was the first leading politician to openly voice his opposition to Japan's dependence upon nuclear energy and suggested a phasing out of nuclear energy sources towards other sources of renewable energy.[14][15] Objections against the plan to construct further plants has grown as well since the March 11 earthquake and tsunami which triggered the nuclear melt down of three reactors at the Fukushima dai ichi plant in Eastern Japan.[16]

The treatment of radioactive wastes also became a subject of discussion in Japan. New spent-nuclear-fuel reprocessing plant was constructed in Rokkasho in 2008, the site of the underground nuclear-waste repository for the HLW and LLW has not yet been decided. Some local cities announced a plan to conduct an environmental study at the disposal site, but citizens' groups strongly oppose the plan.

Fishery and whaling

Main articles: Fishing industry in Japan and Whaling in Japan

In Japanese diets, fish and its products are more prominent than other types of meat, so much so that fish consumption in Japan has been noted to be the highest in the world at times.[17] In a fact sheet released by the FAO in 2010, it highlighted that with the exception of 2007, Japan has been the leading importer of fish and fishery products since 1970s.[18] Even in today's market, Japan, is the third largest single market in the world for fish and fish products.[19][20] It is estimated that in 2008 that Japan eat 81 percent of the worlds fresh tuna.[21] These reasons are why Japan has one of the most overfished waters in the world.

By 2004, the number of adult Atlantic Bluefin Tuna capable of spawning had plummeted to roughly 19 percent of the 1975 level in the western half of the ocean. Japan has a quarter of the world supply of the five big species: bluefin, southern bluefin, bigeye, yellowfin and albacore.[22] As of 2005, more than ten species faced serious stock depletion. Moreover, the authorities has started to implement stock rebuilding plans for mackerel, snow crab, sailfin sandfish, Japanese anchovy, tiger puffer, and several other species, as stock diminished to depletive measures.[23] These stock rebuilding plans were essential, because data shown by Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries highlights that mackerel stocks in the northern Sea of Japan were around 85,000 tonnes compared to 800,000 tonnes or so in the 1990s.[24]

However, because of the depletion of ocean stocks in the late 20th century and government intervention, Japan's total annual fish catch has been diminishing rapidly. Government policy that has been implemented include The Total Allowable Catch System (TACs). This was ratified by the Japanese government and a law simply known as the TAC law came into place on the 14th June 1996, which essentially sets quotas on the amount that fisheries are allowed to catch, together this coupled with the stock rebuilding plans is slowly reversing years of overfishing that has happened in Japanese waters.[17]

Whaling for research purposes continued even after the moratorium on commercial whaling in 1986. This whaling program has been criticized by environmental protection groups and anti-whaling countries, who say that the program is not for scientific research.

Urban planning

 
Densely packed buildings in Hamamatsucho, Tokyo.

The massive nationwide rebuilding efforts in the aftermath of World War II, and the development of the following decades, led to even further urbanization and construction. The construction industry in Japan is one of its largest, and while Japan maintains a great many parks and other natural spaces, even in the hearts of its cities, there are few major restrictions on where and how construction can be undertaken. Alex Kerr, in his books "Lost Japan" and "Dogs & Demons",[25] is one of a number of authors who focuses heavily on the environmental problems related to Japan's construction industry, and the industry's lobbying power preventing the introduction of stricter zoning laws and other environmental issues.

Electronic waste management

Main article: Electronic waste in Japan

Forests

Japan had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.8/10, ranking it 95th globally out of 172 countries.[26]

Past issues

See also

References

  1. ^ The Ashio Copper mine pollution case: The origins of environmental destruction, Yoshiro Hoshino et al., United Nations University, 1992
  2. ^ "Japan is the second largest net importer of fossil fuels in the world". US Energy Information Administration. Nov 7, 2013.
  3. ^ a b c d Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 272. ISBN 9780674988484.
  4. ^ "Environmental Protection Policy in Japan - Introduction". Ministry of the Environment, Japan. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  5. ^ 環境問題に関する世論調査 2008-02-08 at the Wayback Machine, 内閣府大臣官房政府広報室
  6. ^ OECD asks how green is Japan?, Japan Times, June 2, 2001,
  7. ^ Environmental Performance Review of Japan, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
  8. ^ Annual Report on the Environment in Japan 2006, Ministry of the Environment
  9. ^ a b c . Archived from the original on 2015-11-28. Retrieved 2015-01-17.
  10. ^ "The Burning Problem of Japan's Waste Disposal". Tokyo Review. 2019-07-09. Retrieved 2019-10-18.
  11. ^ "Is the Atsugi tragedy finally drawing to a close? | The Japan Times". 28 February 2010.
  12. ^ "A country that is on the front line". The Economist. 2021-12-07. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2022-01-01.
  13. ^ "Japan has a chequered record on climate change". The Economist. 2021-12-07. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2022-01-01.
  14. ^ Reuters
  15. ^ Global Public Opinion on Nuclear Issues and the IAEA April 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, International Atomic Energy Agency
  16. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-08-07.
  17. ^ a b "Japan". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
  18. ^ "FACT SHEET: The international fish trade and world fisheries" (PDF). United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). April 2010.
  19. ^ The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018 : meeting the sustainable development goals. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Rome. 2018. ISBN 978-92-5-130562-1. OCLC 1082364233.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  20. ^ Fish and fishery products, Food and Agriculture Organization
  21. ^ "Will Fish-Loving Japan Embrace Sustainable Seafood?". Yale E360. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
  22. ^ "Unprecedented Summit in Japan Aims to Tackle Overfishing of Dwindling Tuna Stock". Associated Press. 2007-01-24. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
  23. ^ The Routledge handbook of environmental economics in Asia. Shunsuke Managi. Abingdon, Oxon. 2015. ISBN 978-1-317-59787-2. OCLC 903488719.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  24. ^ Iwata, Mari (2014-07-03). "Japan Moves to Curb Overfishing". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
  25. ^ Lost Japan: ISBN 0-86442-370-5; Dogs & Demons: ISBN 0-14-101000-2
  26. ^ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.

This article includes text from the public domain Library of Congress "Country Studies" at http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/.

Further reading

External links

  • Energy Consergvation Center, Japan

January 31, 2023
environmental, issues, japan, this, article, expanded, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, japanese, october, 2013, click, show, important, translation, instructions, view, machine, translated, version, japanese, article, machine, translation. This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese October 2013 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Japanese article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 3 299 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at ja 日本の環境と環境政策 see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ja 日本の環境と環境政策 to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Environmental pollution in Japan has accompanied industrialization since the Meiji period One of the earliest cases was the copper poisoning caused by drainage from the Ashio Copper Mine in Tochigi Prefecture beginning as early as 1878 Repeated floods occurred in the Watarase River basin and 1 600 hectares of farmland and towns and villages in Tochigi and Gunma prefectures were damaged by the floodwater which contained excessive inorganic copper compounds from the Ashio mine 1 The local breeders led by Shōzō Tanaka a member of the Lower House from Tochigi appealed to the prefecture and the government to call a halt to the mining operations Although the mining company paid compensatory money and the government engaged in the embankment works of the Watarase River no fundamental solution of the problem was achieved Japan is the world s leading importer of both exhaustible and renewable natural resources citation needed and one of the largest consumers of fossil fuels 2 Contents 1 Environment deterioration in the 1960s 2 Current issues 2 1 Waste management 2 2 Climate change 2 3 Nuclear power 2 4 Fishery and whaling 2 5 Urban planning 2 6 Electronic waste management 2 7 Forests 3 Past issues 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksEnvironment deterioration in the 1960s EditMain article Four Big Pollution Diseases of Japan Current Japanese environmental policy and regulations were the consequence of a number of environmental disasters in the 1950s and 1960s that attended the high speed economic growth associated with the Japanese economic miracle Cadmium poisoning from industrial waste in Toyama Prefecture was discovered to be the cause of the extremely painful itai itai disease イタイイタイ病 Itai itai byō ouch ouch sickness People in Minamata City in Kumamoto Prefecture were poisoned by methylmercury drained from a chemical factory a condition known as the Minamata disease The number of casualties in Minamata is 6 500 as of November 2006 In Yokkaichi a port in Mie Prefecture air pollution caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions led to a rapid increase in the number of people suffering from asthma and bronchitis In urban areas photochemical smog from automotive and industrial exhaust fumes also contributed to a rise in respiratory problems In the early 1970s chronic arsenic poisoning attributed to dust from arsenic mines occurred in Shimane and Miyazaki Prefectures Environmentalist movements began to spring up around Japan in the wake of the 1960 Anpo protests which energized a new generation of activists 3 These movements gained momentum as Prime Minister Hayato Ikeda s Income Doubling Plan placed a priority on economic growth at all costs exacerbating environmental problems In 1969 the Consumers Union of Japan was founded to deal with health problems and false claims by companies The National Diet session of 1970 came to be remembered as the Pollution Diet 3 Responding to rising popular pressure and outrage the Diet passed fourteen anti pollution laws in a single session in what was seen as a turning point in environmental policy 3 As a result Japan had what were at the time the strongest set of environmental protection laws in the world 3 These new laws included a Water Pollution Act and nationwide regulations of toxic discharges The polluter pays principle was introduced A national Environmental Agency which later developed into the Ministry of Environment was founded in 1971 4 National governmental expenditures on environmental issues almost doubled between 1970 and 1975 and tripled on the local government level Business investments in clean technologies rose dramatically too In the latter half of the 1970s the Consumers Union of Japan led the opposition to nuclear power calling for a nationwide Anti Nuclear Power Week Campaign This movement would continue to grow over the next several decades into a sizable anti nuclear power movement in Japan In the 1990s Japan s environmental legislation was further tightened In 1993 the government reorganized the environment law system and legislated the Basic Environment Law 環境基本法 and related laws The law includes restriction of industrial emissions restriction of products restriction of wastes improvement of energy conservation promotion of recycling restriction of land utilization the arrangement of environmental pollution control programs relief of victims and provision for sanctions The Environment Agency was promoted to full fledged Ministry of the Environment in 2001 to deal with the deteriorating international environmental problems In 1984 the Environmental Agency had issued its first white paper In the 1989 study citizens thought environmental problems had improved compared with the past nearly 1 7 thought things had improved 31 thought that they had stayed the same and nearly 21 thought that they had worsened Some 75 of those surveyed expressed concern about endangered species shrinkage of rain forests expansion of deserts destruction of the ozone layer acid rain and increased water and air pollution in developing countries Most believed that Japan alone or in cooperation with other industrialized countries had the responsibility to solve environmental problems In the 2007 opinion poll 31 8 of the people answered environmental conservation activity leads to more economic development 22 0 answered the environmental activity does not always obstruct the economic 23 3 answered environmental conservation should be given preference even if it may obstruct the economic and 3 2 answered economic development should place priority than environmental conservation 5 The OECD s first Environmental Performance Review of Japan was published in 1994 which applauded the nation for decoupling its economic development from air pollution as the nation s air quality improved while the economy thrived However it received poorer marks for water quality as its rivers lakes and coastal waters did not meet quality standards 6 Another report in 2002 said that the mix of instruments used to implement environmental policy is highly effective and regulations are strict well enforced and based on strong monitoring capacities 7 In the 2006 environment annual report 8 the Ministry of Environment reported that current major issues are global warming and preservation of the ozone layer conservation of the atmospheric environment water and soil waste management and recycling measures for chemical substances conservation of the natural environment and the participation in the international cooperation Current issues EditWaste management Edit Main article Waste management in Japan Japan burns close to two thirds of its waste in municipal and industrial incinerators 9 In 1999 some experts estimated 70 percent of the world s waste incinerators were located in Japan 9 Combined with incinerator technologies of the time this caused Japan to have the highest level of dioxin in its air of all G20 nations 9 In 2019 technological progress had brought the problem of dioxins under control no longer posing a major threat 10 In 2001 the US Department of Justice brought suit against Japan for the deaths of U S service members at Naval Air Facility Atsugi caused by a nearby waste incinerator known as Jinkanpo Atsugi Incinerator 11 This has called into question the Japanese government line that the thousands of incinerators in Japan are safe Climate change Edit This section is an excerpt from Climate change in Japan edit This article has an unclear citation style The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Climate change is already affecting Japan and the Japanese government is increasingly enacting policy to respond However its climate change policy has been described by whom as dirty 12 and the government criticised for lacking a credible plan to get to its pledged net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 13 As a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol and host of the 1997 conference which created it Japan is under treaty obligations to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps related to curbing climate change Nuclear power Edit See also Nuclear power in Japan Japan maintains one third of its electric production from nuclear power plants While a majority of Japanese citizens generally supported the use of existing nuclear reactors since the nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant on March 11 2011 this support seems to have shifted to a majority wanting Japan to phase out nuclear power Former Prime Minister Naoto Kan was the first leading politician to openly voice his opposition to Japan s dependence upon nuclear energy and suggested a phasing out of nuclear energy sources towards other sources of renewable energy 14 15 Objections against the plan to construct further plants has grown as well since the March 11 earthquake and tsunami which triggered the nuclear melt down of three reactors at the Fukushima dai ichi plant in Eastern Japan 16 The treatment of radioactive wastes also became a subject of discussion in Japan New spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant was constructed in Rokkasho in 2008 the site of the underground nuclear waste repository for the HLW and LLW has not yet been decided Some local cities announced a plan to conduct an environmental study at the disposal site but citizens groups strongly oppose the plan Fishery and whaling Edit Main articles Fishing industry in Japan and Whaling in Japan In Japanese diets fish and its products are more prominent than other types of meat so much so that fish consumption in Japan has been noted to be the highest in the world at times 17 In a fact sheet released by the FAO in 2010 it highlighted that with the exception of 2007 Japan has been the leading importer of fish and fishery products since 1970s 18 Even in today s market Japan is the third largest single market in the world for fish and fish products 19 20 It is estimated that in 2008 that Japan eat 81 percent of the worlds fresh tuna 21 These reasons are why Japan has one of the most overfished waters in the world By 2004 the number of adult Atlantic Bluefin Tuna capable of spawning had plummeted to roughly 19 percent of the 1975 level in the western half of the ocean Japan has a quarter of the world supply of the five big species bluefin southern bluefin bigeye yellowfin and albacore 22 As of 2005 more than ten species faced serious stock depletion Moreover the authorities has started to implement stock rebuilding plans for mackerel snow crab sailfin sandfish Japanese anchovy tiger puffer and several other species as stock diminished to depletive measures 23 These stock rebuilding plans were essential because data shown by Japan s Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries highlights that mackerel stocks in the northern Sea of Japan were around 85 000 tonnes compared to 800 000 tonnes or so in the 1990s 24 However because of the depletion of ocean stocks in the late 20th century and government intervention Japan s total annual fish catch has been diminishing rapidly Government policy that has been implemented include The Total Allowable Catch System TACs This was ratified by the Japanese government and a law simply known as the TAC law came into place on the 14th June 1996 which essentially sets quotas on the amount that fisheries are allowed to catch together this coupled with the stock rebuilding plans is slowly reversing years of overfishing that has happened in Japanese waters 17 Whaling for research purposes continued even after the moratorium on commercial whaling in 1986 This whaling program has been criticized by environmental protection groups and anti whaling countries who say that the program is not for scientific research Urban planning Edit Densely packed buildings in Hamamatsucho Tokyo The massive nationwide rebuilding efforts in the aftermath of World War II and the development of the following decades led to even further urbanization and construction The construction industry in Japan is one of its largest and while Japan maintains a great many parks and other natural spaces even in the hearts of its cities there are few major restrictions on where and how construction can be undertaken Alex Kerr in his books Lost Japan and Dogs amp Demons 25 is one of a number of authors who focuses heavily on the environmental problems related to Japan s construction industry and the industry s lobbying power preventing the introduction of stricter zoning laws and other environmental issues Electronic waste management Edit Main article Electronic waste in Japan Forests Edit Japan had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5 8 10 ranking it 95th globally out of 172 countries 26 Past issues EditPollution from the Ashio Copper Mine in the 1880s See also EditList of environmental issues Environmental movement Winter storms of 2009 10 in East AsiaReferences Edit The Ashio Copper mine pollution case The origins of environmental destruction Yoshiro Hoshino et al United Nations University 1992 Japan is the second largest net importer of fossil fuels in the world US Energy Information Administration Nov 7 2013 a b c d Kapur Nick 2018 Japan at the Crossroads Conflict and Compromise after Anpo Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press p 272 ISBN 9780674988484 Environmental Protection Policy in Japan Introduction Ministry of the Environment Japan Retrieved 13 October 2012 環境問題に関する世論調査 Archived 2008 02 08 at the Wayback Machine 内閣府大臣官房政府広報室 OECD asks how green is Japan Japan Times June 2 2001 Environmental Performance Review of Japan Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development Annual Report on the Environment in Japan 2006 Ministry of the Environment a b c Dioxin Levels high in incinerator happy Japan Archived from the original on 2015 11 28 Retrieved 2015 01 17 The Burning Problem of Japan s Waste Disposal Tokyo Review 2019 07 09 Retrieved 2019 10 18 Is the Atsugi tragedy finally drawing to a close The Japan Times 28 February 2010 A country that is on the front line The Economist 2021 12 07 ISSN 0013 0613 Retrieved 2022 01 01 Japan has a chequered record on climate change The Economist 2021 12 07 ISSN 0013 0613 Retrieved 2022 01 01 Reuters Global Public Opinion on Nuclear Issues and the IAEA Archived April 9 2008 at the Wayback Machine International Atomic Energy Agency Japan PM Naoto Kan vows nuclear free future The Australian Archived from the original on 2011 08 07 a b Japan www fao org Retrieved 2021 02 11 FACT SHEET The international fish trade and world fisheries PDF United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization FAO April 2010 The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018 meeting the sustainable development goals Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome 2018 ISBN 978 92 5 130562 1 OCLC 1082364233 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Fish and fishery products Food and Agriculture Organization Will Fish Loving Japan Embrace Sustainable Seafood Yale E360 Retrieved 2021 02 11 Unprecedented Summit in Japan Aims to Tackle Overfishing of Dwindling Tuna Stock Associated Press 2007 01 24 Retrieved 2008 01 14 The Routledge handbook of environmental economics in Asia Shunsuke Managi Abingdon Oxon 2015 ISBN 978 1 317 59787 2 OCLC 903488719 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Iwata Mari 2014 07 03 Japan Moves to Curb Overfishing Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Retrieved 2021 02 11 Lost Japan ISBN 0 86442 370 5 Dogs amp Demons ISBN 0 14 101000 2 Grantham H S Duncan A Evans T D Jones K R Beyer H L Schuster R Walston J Ray J C Robinson J G Callow M Clements T Costa H M DeGemmis A Elsen P R Ervin J Franco P Goldman E Goetz S Hansen A Hofsvang E Jantz P Jupiter S Kang A Langhammer P Laurance W F Lieberman S Linkie M Malhi Y Maxwell S Mendez M Mittermeier R Murray N J Possingham H Radachowsky J Saatchi S Samper C Silverman J Shapiro A Strassburg B Stevens T Stokes E Taylor R Tear T Tizard R Venter O Visconti P Wang S Watson J E M 2020 Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40 of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity Supplementary Material Nature Communications 11 1 5978 doi 10 1038 s41467 020 19493 3 ISSN 2041 1723 PMC 7723057 PMID 33293507 This article includes text from the public domain Library of Congress Country Studies at http lcweb2 loc gov frd cs Further reading EditJared Diamond Collapse How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed Penguin Books 2005 and 2011 ISBN 9780241958681 See chapter 9 entitled Opposite Paths to Success External links EditEnergy Consergvation Center Japan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Environmental issues in Japan amp oldid 1106227711, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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