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Guayaquil Conference

January 01, 1970

The Guayaquil Conference (Spanish: Conferencia de Guayaquil) was a meeting that took place on July 26-27, 1822 in the port city of Guayaquil (today part of Ecuador) between libertadors José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar to discuss the future of Peru, and South America in general. The conference is considered a turning point in the South American independence process.[1]

Statue in Guayaquil representing Bolívar (left) and San Martín (right) during the Guayaquil Conference

Lima, a major royalist stronghold, had been captured by San Martín, who declared Peru's independence. Meanwhile, Bolívar had a successful campaign in Venezuela and New Granada, forming Gran Colombia. In Ecuador, a revolt in Guayaquil sparked independence movements, raising questions about its future alignment. Despite their common goals, Bolívar and San Martín could not agree on governance strategies for the liberated nations, with Bolívar favoring republics and San Martín supporting constitutional monarchies. Post-conference, San Martín retired, and Bolívar continued the liberation efforts.

Causes edit

See also: Ecuadorian War of Independence, Peruvian War of Independence, and Venezuelan War of Independence

Lima, capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru, was the most important city of the Spanish colonies in South America. It was a royalist stronghold during the Spanish American wars of independence, fighting against the several independentist outbreaks. For this reason, after the conclusion of the Chilean War of Independence the general José de San Martín organized a navy that allowed his forces to siege and capture the city, declaring the independence of Peru shortly afterwards. However, there was still a strong royalist force in the Peruvian countryside.

Simón Bolívar led another independentist campaign. He liberated Venezuela after many attempts and with the help of Francisco de Paula Santander liberated the United Provinces of New Granada, creating the Gran Colombia. The battles of Lake Maracaibo secured the independence of Venezuela.

A revolt in Guayaquil proclaimed the independence of the city, followed by other Ecuatorian cities. Neither San Martín nor Bolívar took part in the initial development of the Ecuadorian War of Independence. The Ecuadorians discussed the future of the region: some factions wanted to join Colombia, others to join Peru, and others to become a new nation. Bolívar ended the discussion by annexing Guayaquil into Colombia. There was Peruvian pressure on San Martín to do a similar thing, to annex Guayaquil to Peru.

Topics edit

The main objective was to define how the war of independence would end, given that the royalists were reorganizing. And what should happen to the newly independent countries to ensure and consolidate South American independence. This taking into account that the liberating campaigns had different ways of being carried out by each of their leaders, being in the case of Gran Colombia a war declared to the death against the royalists, which did not accept ambiguities.

Another objective was to deal with sovereignty over the Free Province of Guayaquil, whose capital, Guayaquil, being part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, was liberated from Spanish rule in 1820 thanks to the uprising of the city's garrison, formed by the so-called “Cuzco Reserve Grenadiers” regiment, made up of Peruvian royalists originally from Cuzco and having declared themselves independent, that showed strong ties with Peru.

San Martín arrived in Guayaquil on July 25, where he was enthusiastically greeted by Bolívar. However, the two men could not come to an agreement, despite their common goals and mutual respect, even when San Martín offered to serve under Bolívar. Both men had very different ideas about how to organize the governments of the countries that they had liberated. Bolívar was in favor of forming a series of republics in the newly independent nations based on his own modifications to the political theory underlying the Constitution of the United States, whereas San Martín preferred European and particularly British models of constitutional rule, hoping to build the liberated nations of South America as constitutional monarchies. San Martín was also in favor of placing a European prince in power as King of Peru when it was to be liberated.

 
The conference between Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín. The real conference took place inside an office, and not in the countryside as the portrait suggests.

Consequences edit

San Martín, after meeting with Bolívar for several hours on July 27, stayed for a banquet and ball given in his honor. Bolívar proposed a toast to “the two greatest men in South America: the general San Martín and myself” (Por los dos hombres más grandes de la América del Sur: el general San Martín y yo), whereas San Martín drank to “the prompt conclusion of the war, the organization of the different Republics of the continent and the health of the Liberator of Colombia (Por la pronta conclusión de la guerra; por la organización de las diferentes Repúblicas del continente y por la salud del Libertador de Colombia).[2][3]

After the conference, San Martín went to Lima and abdicated his powers in Peru in front of the newly formed Peruvian Congress and returned to Argentina. Soon afterward, he left South America entirely and retired in France.

Legacy edit

The Guayaquil conference inspired a short story by Jorge Luis Borges, Guayaquil, published in his book El informe de Brodie [es] (1971), in which he explores the possible psychological relation between San Martín and Bolívar.[4]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Pérez Valdivia, Javier; Puerta Villagaray, César; Morán, Daniel; Pérez Valdivia, Javier; Puerta Villagaray, César; Morán, Daniel (September 2021). "Two suns cannot shine under the same sky". The interview of Guayaquil between José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar (1822)". Desde el Sur. 13 (3). doi:10.21142/des-1303-2021-0029. S2CID 245626062.
  2. ^ . Archived from the original on 2007-03-04. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
  3. ^ Biografía del Libertador José de San Martín
  4. ^ "Acts of narration". TLS. January 18, 2019. Retrieved 2020-04-03.

Bibliography edit

  • Galasso, Norberto (2000). Seamos libres y lo demás no importa nada [Let us be free and nothing else matters] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Colihue. ISBN 978-950-581-779-5.
  • Lecuna, Vincente (1951). "Bolívar and San Martín at Guayaquil". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 31 (3): 369–393. doi:10.2307/2509398. JSTOR 2509398.
  • Masur, Gehard (1951). "The Conference of Guayaquil". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 31 (2): 189–229. doi:10.2307/2509029. JSTOR 2509029. S2CID 222572159.

January 01, 1970
guayaquil, conference, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, july, 2011, learn, when, remove, this, message, spanish. This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations July 2011 Learn how and when to remove this message The Guayaquil Conference Spanish Conferencia de Guayaquil was a meeting that took place on July 26 27 1822 in the port city of Guayaquil today part of Ecuador between libertadors Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar to discuss the future of Peru and South America in general The conference is considered a turning point in the South American independence process 1 Statue in Guayaquil representing Bolivar left and San Martin right during the Guayaquil Conference Lima a major royalist stronghold had been captured by San Martin who declared Peru s independence Meanwhile Bolivar had a successful campaign in Venezuela and New Granada forming Gran Colombia In Ecuador a revolt in Guayaquil sparked independence movements raising questions about its future alignment Despite their common goals Bolivar and San Martin could not agree on governance strategies for the liberated nations with Bolivar favoring republics and San Martin supporting constitutional monarchies Post conference San Martin retired and Bolivar continued the liberation efforts Contents 1 Causes 2 Topics 3 Consequences 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 References 7 BibliographyCauses editSee also Ecuadorian War of Independence Peruvian War of Independence and Venezuelan War of Independence Lima capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru was the most important city of the Spanish colonies in South America It was a royalist stronghold during the Spanish American wars of independence fighting against the several independentist outbreaks For this reason after the conclusion of the Chilean War of Independence the general Jose de San Martin organized a navy that allowed his forces to siege and capture the city declaring the independence of Peru shortly afterwards However there was still a strong royalist force in the Peruvian countryside Simon Bolivar led another independentist campaign He liberated Venezuela after many attempts and with the help of Francisco de Paula Santander liberated the United Provinces of New Granada creating the Gran Colombia The battles of Lake Maracaibo secured the independence of Venezuela A revolt in Guayaquil proclaimed the independence of the city followed by other Ecuatorian cities Neither San Martin nor Bolivar took part in the initial development of the Ecuadorian War of Independence The Ecuadorians discussed the future of the region some factions wanted to join Colombia others to join Peru and others to become a new nation Bolivar ended the discussion by annexing Guayaquil into Colombia There was Peruvian pressure on San Martin to do a similar thing to annex Guayaquil to Peru Topics editThe main objective was to define how the war of independence would end given that the royalists were reorganizing And what should happen to the newly independent countries to ensure and consolidate South American independence This taking into account that the liberating campaigns had different ways of being carried out by each of their leaders being in the case of Gran Colombia a war declared to the death against the royalists which did not accept ambiguities Another objective was to deal with sovereignty over the Free Province of Guayaquil whose capital Guayaquil being part of the Viceroyalty of Peru was liberated from Spanish rule in 1820 thanks to the uprising of the city s garrison formed by the so called Cuzco Reserve Grenadiers regiment made up of Peruvian royalists originally from Cuzco and having declared themselves independent that showed strong ties with Peru San Martin arrived in Guayaquil on July 25 where he was enthusiastically greeted by Bolivar However the two men could not come to an agreement despite their common goals and mutual respect even when San Martin offered to serve under Bolivar Both men had very different ideas about how to organize the governments of the countries that they had liberated Bolivar was in favor of forming a series of republics in the newly independent nations based on his own modifications to the political theory underlying the Constitution of the United States whereas San Martin preferred European and particularly British models of constitutional rule hoping to build the liberated nations of South America as constitutional monarchies San Martin was also in favor of placing a European prince in power as King of Peru when it was to be liberated nbsp The conference between Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin The real conference took place inside an office and not in the countryside as the portrait suggests Consequences editSan Martin after meeting with Bolivar for several hours on July 27 stayed for a banquet and ball given in his honor Bolivar proposed a toast to the two greatest men in South America the general San Martin and myself Por los dos hombres mas grandes de la America del Sur el general San Martin y yo whereas San Martin drank to the prompt conclusion of the war the organization of the different Republics of the continent and the health of the Liberator of Colombia Por la pronta conclusion de la guerra por la organizacion de las diferentes Republicas del continente y por la salud del Libertador de Colombia 2 3 After the conference San Martin went to Lima and abdicated his powers in Peru in front of the newly formed Peruvian Congress and returned to Argentina Soon afterward he left South America entirely and retired in France Legacy editThe Guayaquil conference inspired a short story by Jorge Luis Borges Guayaquil published in his book El informe de Brodie es 1971 in which he explores the possible psychological relation between San Martin and Bolivar 4 See also editSpanish American wars of independenceReferences edit Perez Valdivia Javier Puerta Villagaray Cesar Moran Daniel Perez Valdivia Javier Puerta Villagaray Cesar Moran Daniel September 2021 Two suns cannot shine under the same sky The interview of Guayaquil between Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar 1822 Desde el Sur 13 3 doi 10 21142 des 1303 2021 0029 S2CID 245626062 Jose de San Martin Archived from the original on 2007 03 04 Retrieved 2007 03 03 Biografia del Libertador Jose de San Martin Acts of narration TLS January 18 2019 Retrieved 2020 04 03 Bibliography editGalasso Norberto 2000 Seamos libres y lo demas no importa nada Let us be free and nothing else matters in Spanish Buenos Aires Colihue ISBN 978 950 581 779 5 Lecuna Vincente 1951 Bolivar and San Martin at Guayaquil The Hispanic American Historical Review 31 3 369 393 doi 10 2307 2509398 JSTOR 2509398 Masur Gehard 1951 The Conference of Guayaquil The Hispanic American Historical Review 31 2 189 229 doi 10 2307 2509029 JSTOR 2509029 S2CID 222572159 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Guayaquil Conference amp oldid 1212934497, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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