An Entomopter is an aircraft that flies using the wing-flapping aerodynamics of an insect. The word is derived from entomo (meaning insect: as in entomology) + pteron (meaning wing). Entomopters are type of ornithopter, which is the broader term for any device intended to fly by flapping wings.
The Earth-bound entomopter has a 15 to 18 cm wing span. A twin set of wings situated fore and aft of the RCM provide balanced resonant flapping to create not only lift and thrust, but full vehicle control. Wing flapping occurs a 35 Hz constant rate. This biologically inspired aerial robot is classified as a micro air vehicle (MAV) because of its size. Mission payloads are around 10 grams with a full gross takeoff weight (GTOW) of 50 grams. Intended use is for covert indoor reconnaissance or operation in confined human-inaccessible spaces.
Mars entomopteredit
Visualization of entomopter flying on Mars (NASA)
Flight in the atmosphere of Mars is difficult. Aerial Mars rovers using a conventional fixed wing would have to fly at over 250 mph just to stay aloft in the rarefied Mars atmosphere. This makes landing on the rocky surface almost impossible, thereby precluding sample inspection/gathering. Also, the high speed flight means that dwell time on any particular area will be difficult—a negative feature that is compounded by the fact that turns in the thin atmosphere will require enormous radii. An entomopter, on the other hand, can achieve abnormally high lift with rapidly flapping wings (in part due to the "leading edge vortex" phenomenon), and therefore allows the fuselage to move slowly in relation to the ground.[2][3]
An entomopter team led by Anthony Colozza of the Ohio Aerospace Institute[4] received NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC) funding to study an entomopter concept for a potential future robotic Mars missions.[2] They note that the Reynolds number for flight on Mars is equivalent to that found at over 100,000 feet (30 km) on Earth. Nothing currently flies with any regularity at this altitude. However, the Reynolds number regime for the tiny entomopter operating in Earth’s atmosphere is equivalent to a larger version (one-meter wing span) operating in the rarefied Mars atmosphere. In addition, the surface gravity of Mars is only 37% that of Earth, so an entomopter-based Mars Flyer would benefit by proportionately reduced weight, even at its increased size on Mars.[3][2] An Entomopter-based Mars Flyer holds promise of not only flying slowly over the Martian landscape, but also of serving as a multimode vehicle which could land, take samples, recharge, or communicate, and then take off to continue the survey mission.[5] It even has the potential of returning to its launch point for refueling, downloading of data, or transferring of samples.
More recently, a new NIAC project, "Marsbee," was awarded to continue study of the concept of insect-like flight on Mars.[6]
Funding and international recognitionedit
The Entomopter project received initial internal research and development (IRAD) funding from the Georgia Institute of Technology beginning in 1996, and follow-on funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA, the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts.[2] For endeavors related to the Entomopter, Michelson is the recipient of the 2001 Pirelli Award for the diffusion of scientific culture given by an international Jury for the “best multimedia project coming from any educational institution in the world.” He was also awarded the first Top Pirelli Prize (€25,000) for the work deemed best from an international field of over 1000 considered.
^Michelson, R.C., The Entomopter, Neurotechnology for Biomimetic Robots, ISBN0-262-01193-X, The MIT Press, September 2002, pp. 481 – 509, (chapter author).
^ abcdAnthony Colozza, Planetary Exploration Using Biomimetics – An Entomopter for Flight on Mars, Phase I (abstract), NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts, 2000. See: Phase I study, Phase II study. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
^ abMichelson, R.C., Naqvi, M.A., Extraterrestrial Flight (Entomopter-based Mars Surveyor), von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics RTO/AVT Lecture Series on Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamics on Aircraft Including Applications in Emerging UAV Technology, Brussels Belgium, 24–28 November 2003
^Space Daily, "Nature's Flight System Could Be Key To Exploring Mars," Dec 3, 2001 (accessed May 5, 2011)
^Colozza, A., Michelson, R.C., et al., Planetary Exploration Using Biomimetics – An Entomopter for Flight on Mars, Phase II Final Report, NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts Project NAS5-98051, October 2002. abstract
^Chang-kwon Kang, Marsbee - Swarm of Flapping Wing Flyers for Enhanced Mars Exploration, NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts, March 30, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
Selected reports and publicationsedit
Michelson, R.C., Novel Approaches to Miniature Flight Platforms, Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 218 Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Special Issue Paper 2004, pp. 363–373
Michelson, R.C., Naqvi, M.A., Beyond Biologically-Inspired Insect Flight,von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics RTO/AVT Lecture Series on Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamics on Aircraft Including Applications in Emerging UAV Technology, Brussels Belgium, 24–28 November 2003
Colozza, A., Michelson, R.C., et al., Planetary Exploration Using Biomimetics – An Entomopter for Flight on Mars, Phase II Final Report, NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts Project NAS5-98051, October 2002
Michelson, R.C., Scaling of Biologically Inspired Aerial Robots, 5th International Workshop on Similarity Methods, Institut für Statik und Dynamik der Luft und Raumfahrtkonstruktionen, Universität Stuttgart, 4–5 November 2002, pp. 71 – 78
Michelson, R.C., Neurotechnology for Biomimetic Robots, ISBN0-262-01193-X, The MIT Press, September 2002, pp. 481 – 509, (chapter author).
External linksedit
Official Entomopter web site - The biologically inspired aerial robot conceived and developed by Prof. Michelson for terrestrial intelligence and planetary surveying applications. (Retrieved 26 August 2008)
Online biosketch for Robert C. Michelson - Has many external links to Michelson's related work the Entomopter and with aerial robotics in general. (Retrieved 26 August 2008)
April 11, 2024
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A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia s content policies particularly neutral point of view Please discuss further on the talk page March 2024 Learn how and when to remove this template message An Entomopter is an aircraft that flies using the wing flapping aerodynamics of an insect The word is derived from entomo meaning insect as in entomology pteron meaning wing Entomopters are type of ornithopter which is the broader term for any device intended to fly by flapping wings Terrestrial Entomopter model Contents 1 Terrestrial entomopter 2 Mars entomopter 3 Funding and international recognition 4 See also 5 References 6 Selected reports and publications 7 External linksTerrestrial entomopter editThe terrestrial Entomopter is a multimode flying crawling insect like robot developed by Robert C Michelson and his design team from the Georgia Tech Research Institute GTRI University of Cambridge ETS Labs and others 1 The Earth bound entomopter has a 15 to 18 cm wing span A twin set of wings situated fore and aft of the RCM provide balanced resonant flapping to create not only lift and thrust but full vehicle control Wing flapping occurs a 35 Hz constant rate This biologically inspired aerial robot is classified as a micro air vehicle MAV because of its size Mission payloads are around 10 grams with a full gross takeoff weight GTOW of 50 grams Intended use is for covert indoor reconnaissance or operation in confined human inaccessible spaces Mars entomopter edit nbsp Visualization of entomopter flying on Mars NASA Flight in the atmosphere of Mars is difficult Aerial Mars rovers using a conventional fixed wing would have to fly at over 250 mph just to stay aloft in the rarefied Mars atmosphere This makes landing on the rocky surface almost impossible thereby precluding sample inspection gathering Also the high speed flight means that dwell time on any particular area will be difficult a negative feature that is compounded by the fact that turns in the thin atmosphere will require enormous radii An entomopter on the other hand can achieve abnormally high lift with rapidly flapping wings in part due to the leading edge vortex phenomenon and therefore allows the fuselage to move slowly in relation to the ground 2 3 An entomopter team led by Anthony Colozza of the Ohio Aerospace Institute 4 received NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts NIAC funding to study an entomopter concept for a potential future robotic Mars missions 2 They note that the Reynolds number for flight on Mars is equivalent to that found at over 100 000 feet 30 km on Earth Nothing currently flies with any regularity at this altitude However the Reynolds number regime for the tiny entomopter operating in Earth s atmosphere is equivalent to a larger version one meter wing span operating in the rarefied Mars atmosphere In addition the surface gravity of Mars is only 37 that of Earth so an entomopter based Mars Flyer would benefit by proportionately reduced weight even at its increased size on Mars 3 2 An Entomopter based Mars Flyer holds promise of not only flying slowly over the Martian landscape but also of serving as a multimode vehicle which could land take samples recharge or communicate and then take off to continue the survey mission 5 It even has the potential of returning to its launch point for refueling downloading of data or transferring of samples More recently a new NIAC project Marsbee was awarded to continue study of the concept of insect like flight on Mars 6 Funding and international recognition editThe Entomopter project received initial internal research and development IRAD funding from the Georgia Institute of Technology beginning in 1996 and follow on funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA the Air Force Research Laboratory AFRL and the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts 2 For endeavors related to the Entomopter Michelson is the recipient of the 2001 Pirelli Award for the diffusion of scientific culture given by an international Jury for the best multimedia project coming from any educational institution in the world He was also awarded the first Top Pirelli Prize 25 000 for the work deemed best from an international field of over 1000 considered See also editInsect flight Ornithopter BionicsReferences edit Michelson R C The Entomopter Neurotechnology for Biomimetic Robots ISBN 0 262 01193 X The MIT Press September 2002 pp 481 509 chapter author a b c d Anthony Colozza Planetary Exploration Using Biomimetics An Entomopter for Flight on Mars Phase I abstract NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts 2000 See Phase I study Phase II study Retrieved April 4 2018 a b Michelson R C Naqvi M A Extraterrestrial Flight Entomopter based Mars Surveyor von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics RTO AVT Lecture Series on Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamics on Aircraft Including Applications in Emerging UAV Technology Brussels Belgium 24 28 November 2003 Space Daily Nature s Flight System Could Be Key To Exploring Mars Dec 3 2001 accessed May 5 2011 Colozza A Michelson R C et al Planetary Exploration Using Biomimetics An Entomopter for Flight on Mars Phase II Final Report NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts Project NAS5 98051 October 2002 abstract Chang kwon Kang Marsbee Swarm of Flapping Wing Flyers for Enhanced Mars Exploration NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts March 30 2018 Retrieved April 4 2018 Selected reports and publications editMichelson R C Novel Approaches to Miniature Flight Platforms Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers Vol 218 Part G Journal of Aerospace Engineering Special Issue Paper 2004 pp 363 373 Michelson R C Naqvi M A Beyond Biologically Inspired Insect Flight von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics RTO AVT Lecture Series on Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamics on Aircraft Including Applications in Emerging UAV Technology Brussels Belgium 24 28 November 2003 Colozza A Michelson R C et al Planetary Exploration Using Biomimetics An Entomopter for Flight on Mars Phase II Final Report NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts Project NAS5 98051 October 2002 Michelson R C Scaling of Biologically Inspired Aerial Robots 5th International Workshop on Similarity Methods Institut fur Statik und Dynamik der Luft und Raumfahrtkonstruktionen Universitat Stuttgart 4 5 November 2002 pp 71 78 Michelson R C Neurotechnology for Biomimetic Robots ISBN 0 262 01193 X The MIT Press September 2002 pp 481 509 chapter author External links editOfficial Entomopter web site The biologically inspired aerial robot conceived and developed by Prof Michelson for terrestrial intelligence and planetary surveying applications Retrieved 26 August 2008 Online biosketch for Robert C Michelson Has many external links to Michelson s related work the Entomopter and with aerial robotics in general Retrieved 26 August 2008 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Entomopter amp 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