In academic publishing, an embargo is a period during which access to academic journals is not allowed to users who have not paid for access (or have access through their institution). The purpose of this is to ensure publishers have revenue to support their activities,[1] although the impact of embargoes on publishers is hotly debated, with some studies finding no impact[citation needed] while publisher experience suggests otherwise.[2][3] A 2012 survey of libraries by the Association of Learned, Professional, and Society Publishers on the likelihood of journal cancellations in cases where most of the content was made freely accessible after six months suggests there would be a major negative impact on subscriptions,[4] but this result has been debated.
Various types exist:
A 'moving wall' is a fixed period of months or years.
A fixed date is a particular time point that does not change.
A current year (or other period) is setting a time point on Jan. 1 of the current year, so that all material earlier than that is available. Although fixed during the year, it will change each year.
For delayed open access journals, the embargo separates the most recent period, for which a subscription is needed, from an older period, where a subscription is not needed and anyone may access the article. This can range from a few months to several years.[5]
For self-archiving, the embargo is a period of time set by the publisher in the copyright transfer agreement where access to the archived version of the article in a digital repository is restricted until the embargo period expires. Typical embargo periods range from 6 to 24 months, though some publishers may require an embargo of up to 48 months.[6]
In full-text databases, such as those of EBSCO Publishing or ProQuest, it separates the most recent period, where only a title or abstract is available, from an older one, which is openly accessible.[7]
Moving walledit
"Moving wall" redirects here. For the monument, see The Moving Wall.
In academic publishing, a moving wall is the time period between the last issue of an academic journal available in a given onlinedatabase and the most recently published print issue of a journal. It is specified by publishers in their license agreements with databases (like JSTOR), and generally ranges from several months to several years.[8]
Sustainability of embargo periodsedit
Currently used embargo times (often 6–12 months in STEM and over 12 months in social sciences and humanities), however, do not seem to be based on empirical evidence on the effect of embargoes on journal subscriptions.[9] In 2013 the UK House of Commons Select Committee on Business, Innovation and Skills already concluded that "there is no available evidence base to indicate that short or even zero embargoes cause cancellation of subscriptions".[note 1]
There are some data available[note 2] on the median "usage half life" (the median time it takes for scholarly articles to reach half of their total downloads) and the difference therein across disciplines, but this in itself does not prove that embargo length will affect subscriptions.[note 3]
The argument that immediate self-archiving risks subscription revenue is seen as ironic where archiving of postprints is concerned. If the value publishers add to the publication process beyond peer review (e.g. in typesetting, dissemination and archiving) were worth the price asked, people would still be willing to pay for the journal even if the unformatted postprint is available elsewhere. An embargo can be seen as a statement that in fact the prices levied for individual articles through subscriptions, are not commensurate with the value added to a publication beyond organizing the peer review process.[9]
Publishers have, in the past, lifted embargo periods for specific research topics in times of humanitarian crises, or have been asked to do so (e.g. outbreaks of Zika and Ebola[note 4]). While considered commendable in itself by scholars, this is seen as an implicit acknowledgement that embargoes stifle the progress of science and the potential application of scientific research; particularly when it comes to life-threatening pandemics. While arguably, not all research is potentially critical for saving lives, it is hard to imagine a discipline where fellow researchers and societal partners would not benefit from un-embargoed access to research findings.[9]
Evidence suggests that traditional journals can peacefully coexist with zero-embargo self-archiving policies,[10][11][12][13][14] and the relative benefits to both publishers and authors via increased dissemination and citations outweigh any putative negative impacts. For publishers, the fact that most preprint repositories encourage authors to link to or upload the published version of record (VOR) is effectively free marketing for the respective journal and publisher.[9]
Plan S has zero-length embargoes on self-archiving as one of its key principles.[9] Where publishers have already implemented such policies, such as the Royal Society, Sage, and Emerald,[note 5] there has been no documented impact on their finances so far. In a reaction to Plan S, Highwire suggested that three of their society publishers make all author manuscripts freely available upon submission and state that they do not believe this practice has contributed to subscription decline.[note 6] Therefore there is little evidence or justification supporting the need for embargo periods.
^Delamothe, T. (2003). "Paying for bmj.com". BMJ. 327 (7409): 241–242. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7409.241. S2CID 71168147.
^"ALPSP Survey on Journal Cancelations" (PDF). Retrieved 10 December 2015.
^Laakso, Mikael; Björk, Bo-Christer (2013). "Delayed open access: An overlooked high-impact category of openly available scientific literature". Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 64 (7): 1323–1329. doi:10.1002/asi.22856. hdl:10138/157658.
^Journal Publishing and Author Self-Archiving: Peaceful Co-Existence and Fruitful Collaboration, 2005
^Swan, Alma; Brown, Sheridan (May 2005). "Open Access Self-Archiving: An Author Study". Departmental Technical Report. UK FE and HE Funding Councils.
^Gargouri, Yassine; Hajjem, Chawki; Lariviere, Vincent; Gingras, Yves; Carr, Les; Brody, Tim; Harnad, Stevan (2006). "Effect of E-Printing on Citation Rates in Astronomy and Physics". Journal of Electronic Publishing. 9 (2): 2. arXiv:cs/0604061. Bibcode:2006JEPub...9....2H. doi:10.3998/3336451.0009.202.
^Houghton, John W.; Oppenheim, Charles (2010). "The Economic Implications of Alternative Publishing Models". Prometheus. 28: 41–54. doi:10.1080/08109021003676359. S2CID 153641302.
^Bernius, Steffen; Hanauske, Matthias; Dugall, Berndt; König, Wolfgang (2013). "Exploring the Effects of a Transition to Open Access: Insights from a Simulation Study". Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 64 (4): 701–726. doi:10.1002/asi.22772.
February 15, 2024
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For academic policies regarding a silent period before publication see News embargo On articles in scientific journals In academic publishing an embargo is a period during which access to academic journals is not allowed to users who have not paid for access or have access through their institution The purpose of this is to ensure publishers have revenue to support their activities 1 although the impact of embargoes on publishers is hotly debated with some studies finding no impact citation needed while publisher experience suggests otherwise 2 3 A 2012 survey of libraries by the Association of Learned Professional and Society Publishers on the likelihood of journal cancellations in cases where most of the content was made freely accessible after six months suggests there would be a major negative impact on subscriptions 4 but this result has been debated Various types exist A moving wall is a fixed period of months or years A fixed date is a particular time point that does not change A current year or other period is setting a time point on Jan 1 of the current year so that all material earlier than that is available Although fixed during the year it will change each year Contents 1 Purpose 2 Moving wall 3 Sustainability of embargo periods 4 See also 5 Notes 6 ReferencesPurpose editThere are various purposes For delayed open access journals the embargo separates the most recent period for which a subscription is needed from an older period where a subscription is not needed and anyone may access the article This can range from a few months to several years 5 For self archiving the embargo is a period of time set by the publisher in the copyright transfer agreement where access to the archived version of the article in a digital repository is restricted until the embargo period expires Typical embargo periods range from 6 to 24 months though some publishers may require an embargo of up to 48 months 6 In full text databases such as those of EBSCO Publishing or ProQuest it separates the most recent period where only a title or abstract is available from an older one which is openly accessible 7 Moving wall edit Moving wall redirects here For the monument see The Moving Wall In academic publishing a moving wall is the time period between the last issue of an academic journal available in a given online database and the most recently published print issue of a journal It is specified by publishers in their license agreements with databases like JSTOR and generally ranges from several months to several years 8 Sustainability of embargo periods editCurrently used embargo times often 6 12 months in STEM and over 12 months in social sciences and humanities however do not seem to be based on empirical evidence on the effect of embargoes on journal subscriptions 9 In 2013 the UK House of Commons Select Committee on Business Innovation and Skills already concluded that there is no available evidence base to indicate that short or even zero embargoes cause cancellation of subscriptions note 1 There are some data available note 2 on the median usage half life the median time it takes for scholarly articles to reach half of their total downloads and the difference therein across disciplines but this in itself does not prove that embargo length will affect subscriptions note 3 The argument that immediate self archiving risks subscription revenue is seen as ironic where archiving of postprints is concerned If the value publishers add to the publication process beyond peer review e g in typesetting dissemination and archiving were worth the price asked people would still be willing to pay for the journal even if the unformatted postprint is available elsewhere An embargo can be seen as a statement that in fact the prices levied for individual articles through subscriptions are not commensurate with the value added to a publication beyond organizing the peer review process 9 Publishers have in the past lifted embargo periods for specific research topics in times of humanitarian crises or have been asked to do so e g outbreaks of Zika and Ebola note 4 While considered commendable in itself by scholars this is seen as an implicit acknowledgement that embargoes stifle the progress of science and the potential application of scientific research particularly when it comes to life threatening pandemics While arguably not all research is potentially critical for saving lives it is hard to imagine a discipline where fellow researchers and societal partners would not benefit from un embargoed access to research findings 9 Evidence suggests that traditional journals can peacefully coexist with zero embargo self archiving policies 10 11 12 13 14 and the relative benefits to both publishers and authors via increased dissemination and citations outweigh any putative negative impacts For publishers the fact that most preprint repositories encourage authors to link to or upload the published version of record VOR is effectively free marketing for the respective journal and publisher 9 Plan S has zero length embargoes on self archiving as one of its key principles 9 Where publishers have already implemented such policies such as the Royal Society Sage and Emerald note 5 there has been no documented impact on their finances so far In a reaction to Plan S Highwire suggested that three of their society publishers make all author manuscripts freely available upon submission and state that they do not believe this practice has contributed to subscription decline note 6 Therefore there is little evidence or justification supporting the need for embargo periods See also editCopyright policies of academic publishersNotes edit Open Access Fifth Report of Session 2013 14 PDF House of Commons Business Innovation and Skills Committee September 2013 Journal Usage Half Life PDF Phil Davis 2013 Half life is half the story Danny Kingsley 2015 Global scientific community commits to sharing data on Zika Wellcome Trust Zero embargo publishers database maintained by Stuart Taylor Plan S The options publishers are considering 2019 01 10 Highwire Press References edit Publication embargo SPARC Europe sparceurope org Archived from the original on 2015 11 18 Retrieved 2015 10 19 Is Free Affordable Nature Delamothe T 2003 Paying for bmj com BMJ 327 7409 241 242 doi 10 1136 bmj 327 7409 241 S2CID 71168147 ALPSP Survey on Journal Cancelations PDF Retrieved 10 December 2015 Laakso Mikael Bjork Bo Christer 2013 Delayed open access An overlooked high impact category of openly available scientific literature Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 64 7 1323 1329 doi 10 1002 asi 22856 hdl 10138 157658 SHERPA RoMEO Publisher copyright policies amp self archiving www sherpa ac uk Retrieved 2015 10 19 EBSCO Support What are Publication Embargoes support ebscohost com 2016 06 13 Retrieved 2015 10 19 What is a moving wall JSTOR Archived from the original on 1 November 2015 Retrieved 19 October 2015 a b c d e Vanholsbeeck Marc Thacker Paul Sattler Susanne Ross Hellauer Tony Rivera Lopez Barbara S Rice Curt Nobes Andy Masuzzo Paola Martin Ryan Kramer Bianca Havemann Johanna Enkhbayar Asura Davila Jacinto Crick Tom Crane Harry Tennant Jonathan P 2019 03 11 Ten Hot Topics around Scholarly Publishing Publications 7 2 34 doi 10 3390 publications7020034 Journal Publishing and Author Self Archiving Peaceful Co Existence and Fruitful Collaboration 2005 Swan Alma Brown Sheridan May 2005 Open Access Self Archiving An Author Study Departmental Technical Report UK FE and HE Funding Councils Gargouri Yassine Hajjem Chawki Lariviere Vincent Gingras Yves Carr Les Brody Tim Harnad Stevan 2006 Effect of E Printing on Citation Rates in Astronomy and Physics Journal of Electronic Publishing 9 2 2 arXiv cs 0604061 Bibcode 2006JEPub 9 2H doi 10 3998 3336451 0009 202 Houghton John W Oppenheim Charles 2010 The Economic Implications of Alternative Publishing Models Prometheus 28 41 54 doi 10 1080 08109021003676359 S2CID 153641302 Bernius Steffen Hanauske Matthias Dugall Berndt Konig Wolfgang 2013 Exploring the Effects of a Transition to Open Access Insights from a Simulation Study Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 64 4 701 726 doi 10 1002 asi 22772 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Embargo academic publishing amp oldid 1193266410, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
