The Elp culture (c. 1800—800 BCE)[1] is a Bronze Age archaeological culture of the Netherlands having earthenware pottery of low quality known as "Kümmerkeramik" (also "Grobkeramik") as a marker. The initial phase is characterized by tumuli (1800–1200 BCE), strongly tied to contemporary tumuli in Northern Germany and Scandinavia, and apparently related to the Tumulus culture (1600–1200 BCE) in Central Europe. This phase was followed by a subsequent change featuring Urnfield (cremation) burial customs (1200–800 BCE).
First the dead were buried in shallow pits and covered by a low barrow. At the end of the Bronze Age they were cremated and the urns were gathered in low barrows. Family burials occurred only in the later stages.
Elp culture temple at Barger-Oosterveld, c. 1250 BC
The culture is known for featuring the longhouse. This construction shows an exceptional local continuity until the twentieth century, still being the normal type of farm in the lowlands of north-western Europe and the Netherlands. The local tradition of concentrating on raising cattle was persisted by the Saxons and the Frisians, whose houses were perched on the natural hillocks in the moist plains, while all other Germanic people practiced sedentary agriculture.[2] Going back to the roots of this tradition, it is generally assumed that its origins lay somewhere in the Bronze Age, between 1800 and 1500 BCE. Probably this change was contemporary to a transition from the two-aisled to the three-aisled farm as early as 1800 BCE. This development bears comparison with what we know from Scandinavia, where the three-aisled house also develops at the same time.[3]
Within the Northern Bronze Age context, many important reasons are mentioned to the custom of storing cattle inside a building and, moreover, inside the proper house. This could point to a new emphasis on milk production and making cheese, especially since drinking milk was made possible by a gene against lactose intolerance, first to emerge amongst neolithic Northern European populations.[4] Cattle stalling was necessary to avoid cows giving less milk in cold conditions (Sherratt, 1983; Zimermann, 1999, 314; Olausson 1999, 321). Social exchange and a role in the supernatural would have been important as well (Fokkens 1999), supported by, for instance, stacks of cowhides in graves and the offerings of animals attested in both Sweden and Denmark (Rasmussen 1999: 287). Protection against cattle raids would fit the circumstances—proven by grave goods, rock engravings and hoards—of a strong martial ideology in this era (Fokkens 1999).
These complicated cultural-economic networks that preclude precise ethnic (and thus linguistic) differentiation, supports the maintenance of late contacts between the languages ancestral to Germanic and Celtic, assuming a position of Proto-Celtic to the north of the Hallstatt culture – as supported by the known homelands of La Tène culture.[5][6]
The culture came to an end with the advent of the Hallstatt culture.
^According to the Dutch "Het Archeologisch Basisregister (ABR), versie 1.0 november 1992" [1], Elp Kümmerkeramik is dated BRONSMA (early MBA) to BRONSL (LBA), standardized by "De Rijksdienst voor Archeologie, Cultuurlandschap en Monumenten (RACM)" to a period starting at 1800 BC and ending at 800 BC.
^Lucien Musset, The Germanic Invasions 1965, Presses Universitaires de France, translated 1975, ISBN1-56619-326-5, p14
^H. Fokkens, "The longhouse as a central element in Bronze Age daily life 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine", Faculty of Archaeology Leiden University, 2002.
^Early European unable to stomach milk, University College London (UCL)
^Butler, J.J., S. Arnoldussen, and H. Steegstra. 2011/2012. Single-edged socketed Urnfield knives in the Netherlands and western Europe. Palaeohistoria 53/54:65-107
^Kristiansen, Kristian, and Paulina Suchowska-Ducke. 2015. Connected Histories: the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500–1100 bc. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 81:361-392.
culture, 1800, bronze, archaeological, culture, netherlands, having, earthenware, pottery, quality, known, kümmerkeramik, also, grobkeramik, marker, initial, phase, characterized, tumuli, 1800, 1200, strongly, tied, contemporary, tumuli, northern, germany, sca. The Elp culture c 1800 800 BCE 1 is a Bronze Age archaeological culture of the Netherlands having earthenware pottery of low quality known as Kummerkeramik also Grobkeramik as a marker The initial phase is characterized by tumuli 1800 1200 BCE strongly tied to contemporary tumuli in Northern Germany and Scandinavia and apparently related to the Tumulus culture 1600 1200 BCE in Central Europe This phase was followed by a subsequent change featuring Urnfield cremation burial customs 1200 800 BCE Elp cultureGeographical rangeNetherlandsPeriodBronze AgeDatesc 1800 800 BCPreceded byBell Beaker cultureFollowed byHallstatt culture Echten sword c 1600 BC Part of the Nordwestblock it is situated to the north and east of the Rhine and the IJssel named after the village of Elp in Drenthe province bordering the Hilversum culture to the south and the Hoogkarspel culture in West Friesland that together with Elp all derive from the Bell Beaker culture 2100 1800 BCE and forming a culture complex at the boundary between the Atlantic and the Nordic horizons First the dead were buried in shallow pits and covered by a low barrow At the end of the Bronze Age they were cremated and the urns were gathered in low barrows Family burials occurred only in the later stages Elp culture temple at Barger Oosterveld c 1250 BC The culture is known for featuring the longhouse This construction shows an exceptional local continuity until the twentieth century still being the normal type of farm in the lowlands of north western Europe and the Netherlands The local tradition of concentrating on raising cattle was persisted by the Saxons and the Frisians whose houses were perched on the natural hillocks in the moist plains while all other Germanic people practiced sedentary agriculture 2 Going back to the roots of this tradition it is generally assumed that its origins lay somewhere in the Bronze Age between 1800 and 1500 BCE Probably this change was contemporary to a transition from the two aisled to the three aisled farm as early as 1800 BCE This development bears comparison with what we know from Scandinavia where the three aisled house also develops at the same time 3 Within the Northern Bronze Age context many important reasons are mentioned to the custom of storing cattle inside a building and moreover inside the proper house This could point to a new emphasis on milk production and making cheese especially since drinking milk was made possible by a gene against lactose intolerance first to emerge amongst neolithic Northern European populations 4 Cattle stalling was necessary to avoid cows giving less milk in cold conditions Sherratt 1983 Zimermann 1999 314 Olausson 1999 321 Social exchange and a role in the supernatural would have been important as well Fokkens 1999 supported by for instance stacks of cowhides in graves and the offerings of animals attested in both Sweden and Denmark Rasmussen 1999 287 Protection against cattle raids would fit the circumstances proven by grave goods rock engravings and hoards of a strong martial ideology in this era Fokkens 1999 These complicated cultural economic networks that preclude precise ethnic and thus linguistic differentiation supports the maintenance of late contacts between the languages ancestral to Germanic and Celtic assuming a position of Proto Celtic to the north of the Hallstatt culture as supported by the known homelands of La Tene culture 5 6 The culture came to an end with the advent of the Hallstatt culture See also EditAtlantic Bronze Age Urnfield culture Jastorf cultureReferences Edit According to the Dutch Het Archeologisch Basisregister ABR versie 1 0 november 1992 1 Elp Kummerkeramik is dated BRONSMA early MBA to BRONSL LBA standardized by De Rijksdienst voor Archeologie Cultuurlandschap en Monumenten RACM to a period starting at 1800 BC and ending at 800 BC Lucien Musset The Germanic Invasions 1965 Presses Universitaires de France translated 1975 ISBN 1 56619 326 5 p14 H Fokkens The longhouse as a central element in Bronze Age daily life Archived 2007 09 26 at the Wayback Machine Faculty of Archaeology Leiden University 2002 Early European unable to stomach milk University College London UCL Butler J J S Arnoldussen and H Steegstra 2011 2012 Single edged socketed Urnfield knives in the Netherlands and western Europe Palaeohistoria 53 54 65 107 Kristiansen Kristian and Paulina Suchowska Ducke 2015 Connected Histories the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500 1100 bc Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 81 361 392 External links Edithttp www landenweb net nederland geschiedenis Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Elp culture amp oldid 1135940466, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
