Elections in Egypt are held for the president and a bicameral legislature. The president of Egypt is elected for a six-year term by popular vote after draft amendments to the 2013 constitution altered the presidential term limits from the original four years to six years.[1]
Suffrage is universal and compulsory for every Egyptian citizen over 18. Failure to vote can result in a fine or even imprisonment,[2] but in practice, a significant percentage of eligible voters do not vote. About 63 million voters are registered to vote out of a population of more than 100 million.[3] Turnout in the 2011 parliamentary election was 54%.[4] Egypt was ranked 9th least electoral democracy in the Middle East and North Africa according to V-Dem Democracy indices in 2023 with a score of 0.175 out of 1.[5][6]
The Kingdom of Egypt was granted nominal independence by the United Kingdom on 28 February 1922. Between the Declaration of 1922 and the Revolution of 1952, ten general elections were held (in 1924, 1925, 1926, 1929, 1931, 1936, 1938, 1942, 1945 and 1950).[7] This era is generally known as Egypt's Liberal Experiment. Egypt has never recovered the level of political freedom it enjoyed during this period.[8]
During the four elections held between 1924 and 1929, candidates from the Coptic Christian minority received 15 to 23 seats. Copts received four seats in 1931, six in 1938, 12 in 1945, and five in 1950.[9] The opposition's share of seats also varied throughout this period. The opposition won 15.1% of the seats in the 1924 election, 18.9% in 1926, 6.9% in 1929, 18.1% in 1936, 12.1% in 1942, and 29.2% in the 1950 election, the last to be held before the 1952 Revolution which ended Egypt's multi-party system.[10]
Electoral performance of the Wafd Party and Big Landowners during the monarchy[11]
Under the Mubarak era, the Egyptian presidential election of 2005 was the first-ever multi-party, multi-candidate contested presidential election in Egypt's history, made under the 2005/2007 constitutional amendments to the 1971 Constitution of Egypt. Despite its significance, the election was marred by voter fraud, ballot stuffing, boycotts, intimidation, vote-buying, and protests by opposition groups, leading to a low turnout of under 30%. Before the 2005 election, the president of Egypt was nominated by a two-thirds majority of the rubber-stamp People's Assembly and approved under a referendum process that resembles a show election in authoritarian countries.
Under the Mubarak era, The People's Assembly and Shura Council were elected under an electoral system of single member plurality. Along with the combination of voter fraud, ballot stuffing, intimidation, and lack of judicial and international supervision, this ensured the NDP a super-majority win of seats for both houses. The Muslim Brotherhood was not recognized as a political party by the law, but its members were allowed to run as independents.
^"Muslim Brotherhood tops Egyptian poll result". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
^V-Dem Institute (2023). "The V-Dem Dataset". Retrieved 14 October 2023.
^Democracy Report 2023, Table 3, V-Dem Institute, 2023
^Caldwell, J. A. M. (1966). Dustūr: A Survey of the Constitutions of the Arab and Muslim States. Reprinted with additional material from the 2nd ed. of Encyclopaedia of Islam. Leiden: Brill. p. 29. OCLC 255757167. Retrieved 2010-07-21. There had been ten general elections held from 1924 to 1952. These were the elections of 1924, 1925, 1926, 1929, 1931, 1936, 1938, 1942, 1945, and 1950.
^"Polity IV Regime Trends: Egypt, 1946–2008". Polity data series. Center for Systemic Peace. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
^Mansour, Atallah (2004). Narrow Gate Churches: The Christian Presence in the Holy Land under Muslim and Jewish Rule. Pasadena, CA: Hope Publishing House. p. 110. ISBN978-1-932717-02-0. Retrieved 2010-07-22.
^Quandt, William B. (1988). The Middle East: Ten Years After Camp David. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 75. ISBN978-0-8157-7293-4. Retrieved 2010-07-22.
^Ansari, Hamied (1986). Egypt, the Stalled Society. SUNY series in Near Eastern studies. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 71. ISBN978-0-88706-183-7. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
^Marques, Alvaro; Smith, Thomas B. (April 1984). "Referendums in the Third World". Electoral Studies. 3 (1): 85–105. doi:10.1016/0261-3794(84)90025-8. ISSN 0261-3794. There have been 13 referendums in Egypt, the first one being held on 23 June 1956 when voters were asked to approve or disapprove of Nasser and the constitution.[dead link]
Bibliographyedit
Landau, Jacob M. (1953). Parliaments and Parties in Egypt (PhD thesis). Tel Aviv: Israel Pub. House. OCLC 3263523. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
den Hartog, Michael (1996–1998). A Two-Way Approach to Stability in the Arab Southern Mediterranean Coastal States: Theories on Democracy and International Cooperation Applied to Developments Regarding Political Stability in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia (PDF) (Report). NATO Academic Forum. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elections in Egypt.
elections, egypt, held, president, bicameral, legislature, president, egypt, elected, year, term, popular, vote, after, draft, amendments, 2013, constitution, altered, presidential, term, limits, from, original, four, years, years, suffrage, universal, compuls. Elections in Egypt are held for the president and a bicameral legislature The president of Egypt is elected for a six year term by popular vote after draft amendments to the 2013 constitution altered the presidential term limits from the original four years to six years 1 Suffrage is universal and compulsory for every Egyptian citizen over 18 Failure to vote can result in a fine or even imprisonment 2 but in practice a significant percentage of eligible voters do not vote About 63 million voters are registered to vote out of a population of more than 100 million 3 Turnout in the 2011 parliamentary election was 54 4 Egypt was ranked 9th least electoral democracy in the Middle East and North Africa according to V Dem Democracy indices in 2023 with a score of 0 175 out of 1 5 6 Contents 1 Kingdom of Egypt 1922 1953 2 Elections under the Mubarak regime 2 1 2005 presidential election 2 2 2010 parliamentary elections 3 Latest elections 3 1 2020 Senate election 3 2 2018 presidential election 3 3 2020 parliamentary election 4 Next elections 5 Referendums 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksKingdom of Egypt 1922 1953 editThe Kingdom of Egypt was granted nominal independence by the United Kingdom on 28 February 1922 Between the Declaration of 1922 and the Revolution of 1952 ten general elections were held in 1924 1925 1926 1929 1931 1936 1938 1942 1945 and 1950 7 This era is generally known as Egypt s Liberal Experiment Egypt has never recovered the level of political freedom it enjoyed during this period 8 During the four elections held between 1924 and 1929 candidates from the Coptic Christian minority received 15 to 23 seats Copts received four seats in 1931 six in 1938 12 in 1945 and five in 1950 9 The opposition s share of seats also varied throughout this period The opposition won 15 1 of the seats in the 1924 election 18 9 in 1926 6 9 in 1929 18 1 in 1936 12 1 in 1942 and 29 2 in the 1950 election the last to be held before the 1952 Revolution which ended Egypt s multi party system 10 Electoral performance of the Wafd Party and Big Landowners during the monarchy 11 Electoral year Total seats in theChamber of Deputies Wafd Party Big LandownersSeats won Percentage Seats won Percentage1924 214 181 84 6 93 43 51925 214 113 52 8 95 44 41926 214 172 80 4 105 49 11929 235 212 90 2 108 45 91931 150 0 0 0 58 38 71936 232 180 77 6 112 48 31938 264 14 5 3 131 49 61942 264 203 76 9 93 35 21945 285 0 0 0 123 43 21950 317 157 49 5 119 37 5Elections under the Mubarak regime edit2005 presidential election edit Main article 2005 Egyptian presidential election Under the Mubarak era the Egyptian presidential election of 2005 was the first ever multi party multi candidate contested presidential election in Egypt s history made under the 2005 2007 constitutional amendments to the 1971 Constitution of Egypt Despite its significance the election was marred by voter fraud ballot stuffing boycotts intimidation vote buying and protests by opposition groups leading to a low turnout of under 30 Before the 2005 election the president of Egypt was nominated by a two thirds majority of the rubber stamp People s Assembly and approved under a referendum process that resembles a show election in authoritarian countries 2010 parliamentary elections edit Main articles 2010 Egyptian parliamentary election and 2010 Egyptian Shura Council election Under the Mubarak era The People s Assembly and Shura Council were elected under an electoral system of single member plurality Along with the combination of voter fraud ballot stuffing intimidation and lack of judicial and international supervision this ensured the NDP a super majority win of seats for both houses The Muslim Brotherhood was not recognized as a political party by the law but its members were allowed to run as independents Latest elections edit2020 Senate election edit Main article 2020 Egyptian senate election 2018 presidential election edit Main article 2018 Egyptian presidential election 2020 parliamentary election edit Main article 2020 Egyptian parliamentary electionNext elections editEgyptian presidential elections are held using a two round system the next election should be held in 2024 The House of Representatives sits for a five year term but can be dissolved earlier by the president Referendums editThe first referendum in Egypt was held on 23 June 1956 The electorate agreed with the adoption of the new 1956 constitution and with the election of Gamal Abdel Nasser as President of Egypt 12 See also edit nbsp Egypt portal nbsp Africa portalElectoral calendar Electoral system 2019 Egyptian constitutional referendumReferences edit Yeranian Edward 14 February 2019 Egypt s Parliament Moves to Extend Presidential Term Limits VOA News Retrieved 14 February 2019 Top stats for Egypt Country profile nationmaster com Egyptian elections preliminary results jadaliyya com Muslim Brotherhood tops Egyptian poll result Al Jazeera Retrieved 17 June 2013 V Dem Institute 2023 The V Dem Dataset Retrieved 14 October 2023 Democracy Report 2023 Table 3 V Dem Institute 2023 Caldwell J A M 1966 Dustur A Survey of the Constitutions of the Arab and Muslim States Reprinted with additional material from the 2nd ed of Encyclopaedia of Islam Leiden Brill p 29 OCLC 255757167 Retrieved 2010 07 21 There had been ten general elections held from 1924 to 1952 These were the elections of 1924 1925 1926 1929 1931 1936 1938 1942 1945 and 1950 Polity IV Regime Trends Egypt 1946 2008 Polity data series Center for Systemic Peace Retrieved 2010 07 21 Mansour Atallah 2004 Narrow Gate Churches The Christian Presence in the Holy Land under Muslim and Jewish Rule Pasadena CA Hope Publishing House p 110 ISBN 978 1 932717 02 0 Retrieved 2010 07 22 Quandt William B 1988 The Middle East Ten Years After Camp David Washington D C Brookings Institution Press p 75 ISBN 978 0 8157 7293 4 Retrieved 2010 07 22 Ansari Hamied 1986 Egypt the Stalled Society SUNY series in Near Eastern studies Albany State University of New York Press p 71 ISBN 978 0 88706 183 7 Retrieved 2010 07 23 Marques Alvaro Smith Thomas B April 1984 Referendums in the Third World Electoral Studies 3 1 85 105 doi 10 1016 0261 3794 84 90025 8 ISSN 0261 3794 There have been 13 referendums in Egypt the first one being held on 23 June 1956 when voters were asked to approve or disapprove of Nasser and the constitution dead link Bibliography editLandau Jacob M 1953 Parliaments and Parties in Egypt PhD thesis Tel Aviv Israel Pub House OCLC 3263523 Retrieved 2010 07 23 den Hartog Michael 1996 1998 A Two Way Approach to Stability in the Arab Southern Mediterranean Coastal States Theories on Democracy and International Cooperation Applied to Developments Regarding Political Stability in Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco and Tunisia PDF Report NATO Academic Forum Retrieved 2011 04 10 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elections in Egypt Egypt Elections Watch Jadaliyya Aswatna Virtual Resource Center a central resource for electoral information in Egypt Global Integrity Report Egypt has an analysis of election integrity in Egypt Adam Carr s Election Archive IDEA Report on Egypt Elections in Egypt Human Rights Watch 2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Elections in Egypt amp oldid 1202781631, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
