Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is one of the pathways, along with the pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) pathway, by which the innate immune system recognises pathogenic organisms and elicits a protective immune response. ETI is elicited when an effector protein secreted by a pathogen into the host cell is successfully recognised by the host. Alternatively, effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS) can occur if an effector protein can block the immune response triggered by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and evade immunity, allowing the pathogen to propagate in the host.[1]
The host cell detects the presence of the pathogen directly from the molecular patterns on the pathogen and indirectly through the damage caused to the host cell by the toxins generated by the pathogen.
ETI was first identified in plants[2][3] but has also been identified in animal cells.[4] The basis of the ETI model lies in the gene-for-gene resistance hypothesis proposed by Harold Henry Flor in 1942.[5] Flor proposed that plants may express resistance (R) proteins that recognise avirulence (Avr) proteins from pathogens, thus making them resistant to pathogen invasion. His hypothesis has since been confirmed by identifying multiple Avr-R gene pairs.[6] Some Avr proteins are direct ligands for receptors encoded by the R genes, such as the Leu-rich repeat receptors (LRRs). Other Avr proteins, called effectors, act to modify host proteins and those modifications are sensed by R proteins on the host plant side to initiate effector-triggered immunity.[7]
Referencesedit
^Stuart, Lynda M.; Paquette, Nicholas; Boyer, Laurent (2013-02-15). "Effector-triggered versus pattern-triggered immunity: how animals sense pathogens". Nature Reviews Immunology. 13 (3): 199–206. doi:10.1038/nri3398. ISSN 1474-1733. PMC4121468. PMID 23411798.
^Spoel, SH (February 2012). "How do plants achieve immunity? Defence without specialized immune cells". Nature Reviews Immunology. 12 (2): 89–100. doi:10.1038/nri3141. PMID 22273771. S2CID 205491561.
^Stuart, Lynda M.; Paquette, Nicholas; Boyer, Laurent (15 February 2013). "Effector-triggered versus pattern-triggered immunity: how animals sense pathogens". Nature Reviews Immunology. 13 (3): 199–206. doi:10.1038/nri3398. PMC4121468. PMID 23411798.
^Flor, Harold H. (1942). "Inheritance of pathogenicity in Melampsora lini". Phytopathology. 32: 653–669.
^Dangl, Jeffery L.; Jones, Jonathan D. G. (2001-06-14). "Plant pathogens and integrated defence responses to infection". Nature. 411 (6839): 826–833. doi:10.1038/35081161. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11459065. S2CID 4345575.
^van der Hoorn, Renier A.L.; Kamoun, Sophien (August 2008). "From Guard to Decoy: A New Model for Perception of Plant Pathogen Effectors". The Plant Cell. 20 (8): 2009–2017. doi:10.1105/tpc.108.060194. ISSN 1040-4651. PMC2553620. PMID 18723576.
January 01, 1970
effector, triggered, immunity, pathways, along, with, pattern, triggered, immunity, pathway, which, innate, immune, system, recognises, pathogenic, organisms, elicits, protective, immune, response, elicited, when, effector, protein, secreted, pathogen, into, h. Effector triggered immunity ETI is one of the pathways along with the pattern triggered immunity PTI pathway by which the innate immune system recognises pathogenic organisms and elicits a protective immune response ETI is elicited when an effector protein secreted by a pathogen into the host cell is successfully recognised by the host Alternatively effector triggered susceptibility ETS can occur if an effector protein can block the immune response triggered by pattern recognition receptors PRR and evade immunity allowing the pathogen to propagate in the host 1 The host cell detects the presence of the pathogen directly from the molecular patterns on the pathogen and indirectly through the damage caused to the host cell by the toxins generated by the pathogen ETI was first identified in plants 2 3 but has also been identified in animal cells 4 The basis of the ETI model lies in the gene for gene resistance hypothesis proposed by Harold Henry Flor in 1942 5 Flor proposed that plants may express resistance R proteins that recognise avirulence Avr proteins from pathogens thus making them resistant to pathogen invasion His hypothesis has since been confirmed by identifying multiple Avr R gene pairs 6 Some Avr proteins are direct ligands for receptors encoded by the R genes such as the Leu rich repeat receptors LRRs Other Avr proteins called effectors act to modify host proteins and those modifications are sensed by R proteins on the host plant side to initiate effector triggered immunity 7 References edit Stuart Lynda M Paquette Nicholas Boyer Laurent 2013 02 15 Effector triggered versus pattern triggered immunity how animals sense pathogens Nature Reviews Immunology 13 3 199 206 doi 10 1038 nri3398 ISSN 1474 1733 PMC 4121468 PMID 23411798 Spoel SH February 2012 How do plants achieve immunity Defence without specialized immune cells Nature Reviews Immunology 12 2 89 100 doi 10 1038 nri3141 PMID 22273771 S2CID 205491561 Gassmann Walter Bhattacharjee Saikat 2012 Effector Triggered Immunity Signaling From Gene for Gene Pathways to Protein Protein Interaction Networks Molecular Plant Microbe Interactions 25 7 862 868 doi 10 1094 MPMI 01 12 0024 IA PMID 22414439 Stuart Lynda M Paquette Nicholas Boyer Laurent 15 February 2013 Effector triggered versus pattern triggered immunity how animals sense pathogens Nature Reviews Immunology 13 3 199 206 doi 10 1038 nri3398 PMC 4121468 PMID 23411798 Flor Harold H 1942 Inheritance of pathogenicity in Melampsora lini Phytopathology 32 653 669 Dangl Jeffery L Jones Jonathan D G 2001 06 14 Plant pathogens and integrated defence responses to infection Nature 411 6839 826 833 doi 10 1038 35081161 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 11459065 S2CID 4345575 van der Hoorn Renier A L Kamoun Sophien August 2008 From Guard to Decoy A New Model for Perception of Plant Pathogen Effectors The Plant Cell 20 8 2009 2017 doi 10 1105 tpc 108 060194 ISSN 1040 4651 PMC 2553620 PMID 18723576 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Effector triggered immunity amp oldid 1187667505, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
