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Edward B. Foley

January 01, 1970

Edward B. Foley (also known as Ned Foley)[1][2] is an American lawyer, law professor, election law scholar, and former Ohio Solicitor General.[3] He is the theorist of the blue shift, a phenomenon in American politics in which in-person votes overstate overall percentage of votes for the Republican Party (whose color is red), while provisional votes, which are counted after election day, tend to overstate overall percentage of votes for the Democratic Party (whose color is blue). When the provisional votes are counted after the election, there is often a shift in totals toward the Democrat, or blue, candidate.[4][5]

Education and career edit

Foley graduated from Yale in 1983 with a degree in History and from Columbia University School of Law in 1986.[6][7] From 1986–1987 he served as a law clerk for Judge Patricia M. Wald of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit and from 1988–1989 for U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Harry Blackmun.[6][7]

Foley is a professor of law at Ohio State University's Moritz College of Law,[8] where he has taught since 1991.[6] He served as Ohio's Solicitor General from 1999 to 2000 under Republican Attorney General Betty Montgomery.[6]

Along with Eric Maskin, he has proposed the use of Baldwin's voting method, under the name "Total Vote Runoff", as a way to fix problems with the instant-runoff method ("Ranked Choice Voting") in U.S. jurisdictions that use it, ensuring majority support of the winner and electing more broadly-acceptable candidates.[9][10][11][12][13]

Blue shift edit

Main article: Blue shift (politics)

Foley coined the term "blue shift" after the 2012 election.[4][14][15] An election law scholar, he had been studying closely contested state results to try to predict which might be challenged legally.[5] He wondered whether votes counted after election day tended to affect the final count.[14] He found that election-day vote counts tend to favor Republicans, while when provisionally cast or mail-in votes are counted, the provisional votes tended to favor Democrats; this results in a "blue shift" in final vote counts and the potential for results to change after election day.[5] Foley did not find that mail-in or absentee votes favored either party.[14]

Studying results of presidential elections from 1960 through 2012, Foley found that a "clear and persistent" blue shift had occurred in each election since 2000.[5] Foley theorizes that election reforms in 2000, which made provisional voting easier, favored some demographics that tend to lean Democrat such as lower-income voters, college students, and urban voters, who are likely to have moved since the last election and may not have updated their voter registration.[5][14]

He found that the size of the shift varied by state, but that it was consistent enough to potentially change the outcome of a presidential election.[5] In 2013 he published a paper about the phenomenon, A Big Blue Shift: Measuring an Asymmetrically Increasing Margin of Litigation.[5][16]

2020 presidential election edit

According to The New York Times:[5]

What concerns him isn't voting fraud, but rather how a changing vote total that tends to move in one direction can be misunderstood by an anxious public and exploited by politicians eager to preserve any advantage. "It may start to look as if, when an election goes into extra innings, one of the two teams is given extra at-bats".

In 2019 Foley published a paper, Preparing for a Disputed Presidential Election: An Exercise in Election Risk Assessment and Management,[14] in which he posited a scenario in which on election night, Pennsylvania is the crucial state and too close to call, though Donald Trump has a slim lead. As provisional ballots are counted, Trump's lead starts to evaporate and he becomes more and more agitated, tweeting demands that only the election night counts are valid and calling for his supporters to "STOP THIS THEFT RIGHT NOW!!!" "DON'T LET THEM STEAL THIS ELECTION FROM YOU!!!", calling it a plausible scenario.[17] According to The Philadelphia Inquirer he believes "raising awareness of the blue shift can help inoculate people against unfounded claims."[8]

In March 2020 Foley and MIT political scientist Charles Stewart updated a paper, Explaining the Blue Shift in Election Canvassing, which found that "the bluer the state, the greater the shift",[5][18] which had first been published in 2015.[14]

Foley in August 2020 said expected increases in numbers of votes cast by mail because of the coronavirus pandemic could affect the size and direction of the shift in the November 2020 US presidential election.[8] He told The New York Times "We're setting ourselves up for an election where neither side can concede defeat. That suggests that the desire to dispute the outcome is going to be higher than ever."[19]

National Task Force on Election Crises edit

Foley participated in a 2019 bipartisan task force, the National Task Force on Election Crises, to envision, assess, and develop plans for dealing with an election crisis.[19] Among the scenarios considered but not included in the 200-page report was a pandemic that kept people from voting in-person.[19] The task force published pandemic-related recommendations after the coronavirus pandemic struck.[19]

Book edit

  • Foley, Edward. Ballot Battles: The History of Disputed Elections in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. 2016. (978-0190235277).

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Members". American Law Institute. Retrieved November 9, 2022. Edward (Ned) B. Foley
  2. ^ "Prof. Edward B. Foley". Federalist Society. Retrieved November 9, 2022. Professor Foley (known as "Ned")
  3. ^ "Edward Foley". Ohio State University. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  4. ^ a b Li, Yimeng; Hyun, Michelle; Alvarez, R. Michael (2020). "Why Do Election Results Change After Election Day? The "Blue Shift" in California Elections". American Government and Politics. doi:10.33774/apsa-2020-s43xx. S2CID 242728072.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wegman, Jesse (August 11, 2020). "Opinion | Vote Counts Change. Please Don't Panic". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d "StackPath". fedsoc.org. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  7. ^ a b "CV" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  8. ^ a b c Lai, Jonathan. "How does a Republican lead on election night and still lose Pennsylvania? It's called the 'blue shift.'". inquirer.com. from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  9. ^ Foley, Edward B.; Maskin, Eric S. (November 1, 2022). "Alaska's ranked-choice voting is flawed. But there's an easy fix". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved November 9, 2022. the way Alaska uses ranked-choice voting also caused the defeat of Begich, whom most Alaska voters preferred to Democrat Mary Peltola … A candidate popular only with the party's base would be eliminated early in a Total Vote Runoff, leaving a more broadly popular Republican to compete against a Democrat.
  10. ^ Foley, Edward B. (January 18, 2023). "Total Vote Runoff: A Majority-Maximizing Form of Ranked Choice Voting". University of New Hampshire Law Review. Rochester, NY. SSRN 4328946.
  11. ^ Foley, Ned (November 1, 2022). ""Total Vote Runoff" tweak to Ranked Choice Voting". Election Law Blog. Retrieved November 9, 2022. a small but significant adjustment to the "instant runoff" method
  12. ^ Foley, Ned (November 8, 2022). "An Additional Detail about "Total Vote Runoff"". Election Law Blog. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  13. ^ Foley, Ned. ""Total Vote Runoff" & Baldwin's method". Election Law Blog. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Graham, David A. (August 10, 2020). "The 'Blue Shift' Will Decide the Election". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  15. ^ Kilgore, Ed (August 10, 2020). "Why Do the Last Votes Counted Skew Democratic?". Intelligencer. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  16. ^ Foley, Edward B. (November 12, 2013). "A Big Blue Shift: Measuring an Asymmetrically Increasing Margin of Litigation". Journal of Law and Politics. Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2353352. SSRN 2353352.
  17. ^ Foley, Edward B. (August 31, 2019). "Preparing for a Disputed Presidential Election: An Exercise in Election Risk Assessment and Management". Loyola University Chicago Law Journal. Rochester, NY. SSRN 3446021.
  18. ^ Foley, Edward B.; Stewart III, Charles (March 1, 2020). "Explaining the Blue Shift in Election Canvassing". MIT Political Science Department Research Paper Series. Rochester, NY. SSRN 3547734.
  19. ^ a b c d Epstein, Reid J. (May 24, 2020). "Trump Sows Doubt on Voting. It Keeps Some People Up at Night". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 15, 2020.

January 01, 1970
edward, foley, also, known, foley, american, lawyer, professor, election, scholar, former, ohio, solicitor, general, theorist, blue, shift, phenomenon, american, politics, which, person, votes, overstate, overall, percentage, votes, republican, party, whose, c. Edward B Foley also known as Ned Foley 1 2 is an American lawyer law professor election law scholar and former Ohio Solicitor General 3 He is the theorist of the blue shift a phenomenon in American politics in which in person votes overstate overall percentage of votes for the Republican Party whose color is red while provisional votes which are counted after election day tend to overstate overall percentage of votes for the Democratic Party whose color is blue When the provisional votes are counted after the election there is often a shift in totals toward the Democrat or blue candidate 4 5 Contents 1 Education and career 1 1 Blue shift 1 2 2020 presidential election 1 3 National Task Force on Election Crises 2 Book 3 See also 4 ReferencesEducation and career editFoley graduated from Yale in 1983 with a degree in History and from Columbia University School of Law in 1986 6 7 From 1986 1987 he served as a law clerk for Judge Patricia M Wald of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit and from 1988 1989 for U S Supreme Court Associate Justice Harry Blackmun 6 7 Foley is a professor of law at Ohio State University s Moritz College of Law 8 where he has taught since 1991 6 He served as Ohio s Solicitor General from 1999 to 2000 under Republican Attorney General Betty Montgomery 6 Along with Eric Maskin he has proposed the use of Baldwin s voting method under the name Total Vote Runoff as a way to fix problems with the instant runoff method Ranked Choice Voting in U S jurisdictions that use it ensuring majority support of the winner and electing more broadly acceptable candidates 9 10 11 12 13 Blue shift edit Main article Blue shift politics Foley coined the term blue shift after the 2012 election 4 14 15 An election law scholar he had been studying closely contested state results to try to predict which might be challenged legally 5 He wondered whether votes counted after election day tended to affect the final count 14 He found that election day vote counts tend to favor Republicans while when provisionally cast or mail in votes are counted the provisional votes tended to favor Democrats this results in a blue shift in final vote counts and the potential for results to change after election day 5 Foley did not find that mail in or absentee votes favored either party 14 Studying results of presidential elections from 1960 through 2012 Foley found that a clear and persistent blue shift had occurred in each election since 2000 5 Foley theorizes that election reforms in 2000 which made provisional voting easier favored some demographics that tend to lean Democrat such as lower income voters college students and urban voters who are likely to have moved since the last election and may not have updated their voter registration 5 14 He found that the size of the shift varied by state but that it was consistent enough to potentially change the outcome of a presidential election 5 In 2013 he published a paper about the phenomenon A Big Blue Shift Measuring an Asymmetrically Increasing Margin of Litigation 5 16 2020 presidential election edit According to The New York Times 5 What concerns him isn t voting fraud but rather how a changing vote total that tends to move in one direction can be misunderstood by an anxious public and exploited by politicians eager to preserve any advantage It may start to look as if when an election goes into extra innings one of the two teams is given extra at bats In 2019 Foley published a paper Preparing for a Disputed Presidential Election An Exercise in Election Risk Assessment and Management 14 in which he posited a scenario in which on election night Pennsylvania is the crucial state and too close to call though Donald Trump has a slim lead As provisional ballots are counted Trump s lead starts to evaporate and he becomes more and more agitated tweeting demands that only the election night counts are valid and calling for his supporters to STOP THIS THEFT RIGHT NOW DON T LET THEM STEAL THIS ELECTION FROM YOU calling it a plausible scenario 17 According to The Philadelphia Inquirer he believes raising awareness of the blue shift can help inoculate people against unfounded claims 8 In March 2020 Foley and MIT political scientist Charles Stewart updated a paper Explaining the Blue Shift in Election Canvassing which found that the bluer the state the greater the shift 5 18 which had first been published in 2015 14 Foley in August 2020 said expected increases in numbers of votes cast by mail because of the coronavirus pandemic could affect the size and direction of the shift in the November 2020 US presidential election 8 He told The New York Times We re setting ourselves up for an election where neither side can concede defeat That suggests that the desire to dispute the outcome is going to be higher than ever 19 National Task Force on Election Crises edit Foley participated in a 2019 bipartisan task force the National Task Force on Election Crises to envision assess and develop plans for dealing with an election crisis 19 Among the scenarios considered but not included in the 200 page report was a pandemic that kept people from voting in person 19 The task force published pandemic related recommendations after the coronavirus pandemic struck 19 Book editFoley Edward Ballot Battles The History of Disputed Elections in the United States New York Oxford University Press 2016 978 0190235277 See also editList of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Seat 2 References edit Members American Law Institute Retrieved November 9 2022 Edward Ned B Foley Prof Edward B Foley Federalist Society Retrieved November 9 2022 Professor Foley known as Ned Edward Foley Ohio State University Retrieved August 15 2020 a b Li Yimeng Hyun Michelle Alvarez R Michael 2020 Why Do Election Results Change After Election Day The Blue Shift in California Elections American Government and Politics doi 10 33774 apsa 2020 s43xx S2CID 242728072 a b c d e f g h i Wegman Jesse August 11 2020 Opinion Vote Counts Change Please Don t Panic The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 15 2020 a b c d StackPath fedsoc org Retrieved August 15 2020 a b CV PDF Archived PDF from the original on December 3 2020 Retrieved August 15 2020 a b c Lai Jonathan How does a Republican lead on election night and still lose Pennsylvania It s called the blue shift inquirer com Archived from the original on January 27 2020 Retrieved August 15 2020 Foley Edward B Maskin Eric S November 1 2022 Alaska s ranked choice voting is flawed But there s an easy fix Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved November 9 2022 the way Alaska uses ranked choice voting also caused the defeat of Begich whom most Alaska voters preferred to Democrat Mary Peltola A candidate popular only with the party s base would be eliminated early in a Total Vote Runoff leaving a more broadly popular Republican to compete against a Democrat Foley Edward B January 18 2023 Total Vote Runoff A Majority Maximizing Form of Ranked Choice Voting University of New Hampshire Law Review Rochester NY SSRN 4328946 Foley Ned November 1 2022 Total Vote Runoff tweak to Ranked Choice Voting Election Law Blog Retrieved November 9 2022 a small but significant adjustment to the instant runoff method Foley Ned November 8 2022 An Additional Detail about Total Vote Runoff Election Law Blog Retrieved November 9 2022 Foley Ned Total Vote Runoff amp Baldwin s method Election Law Blog Retrieved November 20 2022 a b c d e f Graham David A August 10 2020 The Blue Shift Will Decide the Election The Atlantic Retrieved August 15 2020 Kilgore Ed August 10 2020 Why Do the Last Votes Counted Skew Democratic Intelligencer Retrieved August 15 2020 Foley Edward B November 12 2013 A Big Blue Shift Measuring an Asymmetrically Increasing Margin of Litigation Journal of Law and Politics Rochester NY doi 10 2139 ssrn 2353352 SSRN 2353352 Foley Edward B August 31 2019 Preparing for a Disputed Presidential Election An Exercise in Election Risk Assessment and Management Loyola University Chicago Law Journal Rochester NY SSRN 3446021 Foley Edward B Stewart III Charles March 1 2020 Explaining the Blue Shift in Election Canvassing MIT Political Science Department Research Paper Series Rochester NY SSRN 3547734 a b c d Epstein Reid J May 24 2020 Trump Sows Doubt on Voting It Keeps Some People Up at Night The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 15 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Edward B Foley amp oldid 1207584745, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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