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Edible packaging

January 01, 1970

Edible packaging refers to packaging which is edible and biodegradable.

Development of an edible casein film overwrap[1]

Edible food packaging edit

Several manufacturers are developing or producing food packaging that is edible.[2] One example is made based on the seaweed, Eucheuma cottonii.[3][4]

Traditional water containers edit

About 50 billion single-use plastic water bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are produced in the United States each year, and most are discarded.[5] According to the National Association for PET Container Resources, the recycling rate for PET has held steady at 31% since 2013.[6]

Polyesters like PET can be broken down through hydrolytic degradation: the ester linkage is cut by a water molecule. The reaction proceeds differently in acidic or alkaline conditions, but works best at temperatures between 200 - 300 °C. Under environmental conditions the process is undetectably slow.[7]

PET is considered to be essentially non-biodegradable, with plastic bottles estimated to take as long as 450 years to decompose.[8] Because of this, other packaging materials are being sought.

Calcium alginate gel edit

 
Sodium alginate (NaAlg)

Alginates are the natural product of brown algae and have been used extensively in wound dressing, drug delivery and tissue engineering, as well as food applications.[9][10][11] Sodium alginate is an unbranched copolymer of 1,4-linked-β-d-mannuronate (M) and α-l-guluronate (G) sugars.

Sodium alginate (NaAlg) coagulates when exposed to calcium chloride (CaCl2) and forms calcium alginate (CaAlg2) and sodium chloride (NaCl), according to the following reaction:

2NaAlg + CaCl2 → CaAlg2 + 2NaCl

Safety and biodegradability edit

The biocompatibility of alginate gels has been studied extensively and their safety for consumption is well established.[12][13] As natural polysaccharides resistant to breakdown by human digestive enzymes, alginates are classified as dietary fiber. Although undigested if eaten, an alginate capsule will gradually decompose as the calcium diffuses out of the gel matrix in the reverse of the reaction above.[14]

CaAlg2 + 2NaCl → 2NaAlg + CaCl2

Because it is a single-strand polymer, alginate can be depolymerized (broken into smaller units) by a variety of chemical reactions. Both acid and alkaline mechanisms can break down the linkages between the mannuronate (M) and guluronate (G) monomers. Free radical oxidation is another way the alginate can be degraded in the environment. Many bacterial species produce an enzyme (alginate lyase) which can break the molecule down into single sugar components, which can act as an energy source for the organism.[15]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ OBrien (February 2018). "That's a Wrap: Edible Food Wraps from ARS". USDA Agricultural Research: 22. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
  2. ^ US US2015/0030775A1, Edwards, ., "ENCLOSING MATERALS INNATURAL TRANSPORT SYSTEMS", published 2015 
  3. ^ In race for sustainable alternative to plastic, Indonesia bets on seaweed
  4. ^ Evoware, the algae based packaging that disappears
  5. ^ . National Geographic. 13 March 2010. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  6. ^ Moore, Rick (13 October 2015). "2014 U.S. PET container recycling rate holds at 31%" (PDF). National Association for PET Container Resources. (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  7. ^ Kint*, Darwin (1999). "A review on the potential biodegradability of poly(ethylene terephthalate)". Polymer International. 48 (5): 346–352. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0126(199905)48:5<346::AID-PI156>3.0.CO;2-N.
  8. ^ "Garbage Decomposition Time | Waste Segregation Guide". www.getwaste.info. from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  9. ^ Chiu, Chih-Tung; Lee, Jui-Sheng; Chu, Chi-Shung; Chang, Yi-Pin; Wang, Yng-Jiin (12 February 2008). "Development of two alginate-based wound dressings". Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 19 (6): 2503–2513. doi:10.1007/s10856-008-3389-2. ISSN 0957-4530. PMID 18266085. S2CID 21846770.
  10. ^ Tønnesen, Hanne Hjorth; Karlsen, Jan (1 January 2002). "Alginate in Drug Delivery Systems". Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 28 (6): 621–630. doi:10.1081/DDC-120003853. ISSN 0363-9045. PMID 12149954. S2CID 38054722.
  11. ^ Alsberg, E.; Anderson, K. W.; Albeiruti, A.; Franceschi, R. T.; Mooney, D. J. (1 November 2001). "Cell-interactive Alginate Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering". Journal of Dental Research. 80 (11): 2025–2029. doi:10.1177/00220345010800111501. ISSN 0022-0345. PMID 11759015. S2CID 38527822.
  12. ^ Lee, Kuen Yong; Mooney, David J. (1 January 2012). "Alginate: Properties and biomedical applications". Progress in Polymer Science. 37 (1): 106–126. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.06.003. PMC 3223967. PMID 22125349.
  13. ^ "CALCIUM ALGINATE - National Library of Medicine HSDB Database". toxnet.nlm.nih.gov. from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  14. ^ Bouhadir, Kamal H.; Lee, Kuen Yong; Alsberg, Eben; Damm, Kelly L.; Anderson, Kenneth W.; Mooney, David J. (1 January 2001). "Degradation of Partially Oxidized Alginate and Its Potential Application for Tissue Engineering". Biotechnology Progress. 17 (5): 945–950. doi:10.1021/bp010070p. ISSN 1520-6033. PMID 11587588. S2CID 19770274.
  15. ^ Steinbüchel, Alexander (2005). Polysaccharides and Polyamides in the Food Industry. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 222. ISBN 978-3-527-31345-7.

January 01, 1970
edible, packaging, refers, packaging, which, edible, biodegradable, development, edible, casein, film, overwrap, contents, edible, food, packaging, traditional, water, containers, calcium, alginate, safety, biodegradability, also, referencesedible, food, packa. Edible packaging refers to packaging which is edible and biodegradable Development of an edible casein film overwrap 1 Contents 1 Edible food packaging 2 Traditional water containers 2 1 Calcium alginate gel 2 2 Safety and biodegradability 3 See also 4 ReferencesEdible food packaging editSeveral manufacturers are developing or producing food packaging that is edible 2 One example is made based on the seaweed Eucheuma cottonii 3 4 Traditional water containers editAbout 50 billion single use plastic water bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate PET are produced in the United States each year and most are discarded 5 According to the National Association for PET Container Resources the recycling rate for PET has held steady at 31 since 2013 6 Polyesters like PET can be broken down through hydrolytic degradation the ester linkage is cut by a water molecule The reaction proceeds differently in acidic or alkaline conditions but works best at temperatures between 200 300 C Under environmental conditions the process is undetectably slow 7 PET is considered to be essentially non biodegradable with plastic bottles estimated to take as long as 450 years to decompose 8 Because of this other packaging materials are being sought Calcium alginate gel edit nbsp Sodium alginate NaAlg Alginates are the natural product of brown algae and have been used extensively in wound dressing drug delivery and tissue engineering as well as food applications 9 10 11 Sodium alginate is an unbranched copolymer of 1 4 linked b d mannuronate M and a l guluronate G sugars Sodium alginate NaAlg coagulates when exposed to calcium chloride CaCl2 and forms calcium alginate CaAlg2 and sodium chloride NaCl according to the following reaction 2NaAlg CaCl2 CaAlg2 2NaCl Safety and biodegradability edit The biocompatibility of alginate gels has been studied extensively and their safety for consumption is well established 12 13 As natural polysaccharides resistant to breakdown by human digestive enzymes alginates are classified as dietary fiber Although undigested if eaten an alginate capsule will gradually decompose as the calcium diffuses out of the gel matrix in the reverse of the reaction above 14 CaAlg2 2NaCl 2NaAlg CaCl2Because it is a single strand polymer alginate can be depolymerized broken into smaller units by a variety of chemical reactions Both acid and alkaline mechanisms can break down the linkages between the mannuronate M and guluronate G monomers Free radical oxidation is another way the alginate can be degraded in the environment Many bacterial species produce an enzyme alginate lyase which can break the molecule down into single sugar components which can act as an energy source for the organism 15 See also editBiodegradation Calcium alginate Low plastic water bottle Molecular gastronomy Spherification Water bottle Starch based foam peanuts WikiCellReferences edit OBrien February 2018 That s a Wrap Edible Food Wraps from ARS USDA Agricultural Research 22 Retrieved 4 December 2021 US US2015 0030775A1 Edwards ENCLOSING MATERALS INNATURAL TRANSPORT SYSTEMS published 2015 In race for sustainable alternative to plastic Indonesia bets on seaweed Evoware the algae based packaging that disappears Why Tap Water Is Better National Geographic 13 March 2010 Archived from the original on 9 November 2015 Retrieved 29 November 2015 Moore Rick 13 October 2015 2014 U S PET container recycling rate holds at 31 PDF National Association for PET Container Resources Archived PDF from the original on 24 November 2015 Retrieved 25 October 2015 Kint Darwin 1999 A review on the potential biodegradability of poly ethylene terephthalate Polymer International 48 5 346 352 doi 10 1002 SICI 1097 0126 199905 48 5 lt 346 AID PI156 gt 3 0 CO 2 N Garbage Decomposition Time Waste Segregation Guide www getwaste info Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 29 November 2015 Chiu Chih Tung Lee Jui Sheng Chu Chi Shung Chang Yi Pin Wang Yng Jiin 12 February 2008 Development of two alginate based wound dressings Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine 19 6 2503 2513 doi 10 1007 s10856 008 3389 2 ISSN 0957 4530 PMID 18266085 S2CID 21846770 Tonnesen Hanne Hjorth Karlsen Jan 1 January 2002 Alginate in Drug Delivery Systems Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 28 6 621 630 doi 10 1081 DDC 120003853 ISSN 0363 9045 PMID 12149954 S2CID 38054722 Alsberg E Anderson K W Albeiruti A Franceschi R T Mooney D J 1 November 2001 Cell interactive Alginate Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering Journal of Dental Research 80 11 2025 2029 doi 10 1177 00220345010800111501 ISSN 0022 0345 PMID 11759015 S2CID 38527822 Lee Kuen Yong Mooney David J 1 January 2012 Alginate Properties and biomedical applications Progress in Polymer Science 37 1 106 126 doi 10 1016 j progpolymsci 2011 06 003 PMC 3223967 PMID 22125349 CALCIUM ALGINATE National Library of Medicine HSDB Database toxnet nlm nih gov Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 Retrieved 29 November 2015 Bouhadir Kamal H Lee Kuen Yong Alsberg Eben Damm Kelly L Anderson Kenneth W Mooney David J 1 January 2001 Degradation of Partially Oxidized Alginate and Its Potential Application for Tissue Engineering Biotechnology Progress 17 5 945 950 doi 10 1021 bp010070p ISSN 1520 6033 PMID 11587588 S2CID 19770274 Steinbuchel Alexander 2005 Polysaccharides and Polyamides in the Food Industry Wiley Blackwell p 222 ISBN 978 3 527 31345 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Edible packaging amp oldid 1203779165, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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