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Dyke (slang)

March 04, 2023

Dyke is a slang term, used as a noun meaning lesbian and as an adjective describing things associated with lesbians. It originated as a homophobic slur for masculine, butch, or androgynous girls or women. Pejorative use of the word still exists, but the term dyke has been reappropriated by many lesbians to imply assertiveness and toughness.[1]

Pre-Dyke March assembly (2019) in New York City.

Origins and historical usage

The origin of the term dyke is obscure and many theories have been proposed.[2][3][4] Most etymologies assert that dyke is derived from bulldyke, which has a similar meaning.[2] The term first appears in an August 1921 article in the journal Medical Review of Reviews titled "The 'Fairy' and the Lady Lover". In this article, Perry M. Lichtenstein, a prison physician in New York City, reports on the case of a female prisoner he examined: "She stated that she had indulged in the practice of 'bull diking,' as she termed it. She was a prisoner in one of the reformatories, and there a certain young woman fell in love with her."[5] The forms bulldyker and bulldyking also appear later on in the Harlem Renaissance novels of the late 1920s, including Eric D. Walrond's 1926 Tropic Death, Carl van Vechten's 1926 Nigger Heaven, and Claude McKay's 1928 Home to Harlem.[2][6] The Oxford English Dictionary notes the first attestation as Berrey and Van den Bark's 1942 American Thesaurus of Slang, which lists bulldiker as a synonym for lesbian.[7]

The etymology of bulldyke is also obscure. It may be related to the late-19th-century slang use of dike ("ditch") for the vulva.[8] Bull ("male cattle") being used in the sense of "masculine" and "aggressive" (e.g., in bullish), a bulldyke would have implied (with similar levels of offensiveness) a "masculine cunt". Other theories include that bulldyke derived from morphodite, a variant of hermaphrodite;[1] that it was a term for stud bulls and originally applied to sexually successful men;[9] or that it was a dialectical corruption of the name of the rebel Celtic queen Boadicea.[1][3]

From the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, dike had been American slang for a well-dressed man, with "diked out" and "out on a dike" indicating a young man was in his best clothes and ready for a night on the town. The etymology of that term is also obscure, but may have originated as a Virginian variant of deck and decked out.[10]

In the 1950s, the word dyke was used as a derogatory term for lesbians by straight people, but was also used by lesbians of higher social status to identify crude, rough-bar lesbians.[11]

In a 1970 study, Julia Stanley theorized that the source of these varying definitions stems from gender-determined sub-dialects.[12] Homosexuality in America is a “subculture with its own language.”[12] As such, a special vocabulary is developed by its members. Previously, gay men defined dyke as lesbian without derogation. A bull dyke was also defined as a lesbian without further distinction. For lesbians of the community, however, a dyke is an extremely masculine, easily identified lesbian, given to indiscretion. Bull dyke is an extension of this term, with the addition of this person described as nasty, obnoxiously aggressive, and overly demonstrative of her hatred of men.[12]

In 1995, Susan Krantz discussed the etymology of bulldyke, with derivations of the Middle English "falsehood" for bull and dick for dyke (Farmer and Henley 1891).[1] Therefore, a possible origin for a masculine lesbian comes from bulldicker that could specifically mean "fake penis", denoting a "false man".[1] Further speculation talks of the synonymous term bulldagger. Here, dagger also alludes to the male genitalia and bull referring to "false" rather than "man".[1]

Increasing acceptance

See also: Reappropriation
 
Boston Dyke March (2008), Massachusetts, USA.
 
Dykes on Bikes banner (2006). Melbourne Gay Pride, Australia.

In 1969, people in the gay community began to march in the streets to demand civil rights. Terms such as dyke and faggot were used to identify people as political activists for the gay community. During this time, dyke referred to a woman committed to revolution, the most radical position. A surge of feminism in the lesbian community led to "dyke separatism", which emphasized that lesbian women should consider themselves to be separate from men, their ideas and movements.[13]

In 1971, the poem The Psychoanalysis of Edward the Dyke by Judy Grahn was published by the Women's Press Collective.[14][15] This use of dyke empowered the lesbian community because heretofore it had only been employed as a condemnation. Because of the exposure of the word to the public, the term dyke was reclaimed by the lesbian community in the 1970s.[16]

The meaning of dyke has positively changed over time. Most members of the community have dropped bull from the term to use it as a positive identifier of one who displays toughness, or as a simple, generic term for all lesbians. This abbreviation does not carry the negative connotations of the full phrase as it previously did.[1] Scholar Paula Blank, in a 2011 article on lesbian etymology, called for taking ownership of lesbian and similar words.[17]

In the late 20th and early 21st century, the term dyke was claimed by many lesbians as a term of pride and empowerment.[18][19] Alison Bechdel, author of comic strip Dykes to Watch Out For (1983–2008),[20] said use of the term was "linguistic activism".[19] The strip depicts the lives of a lesbian community and is one of the earliest representations of lesbians in popular culture.[21] It has been described "as important to new generations of lesbians as landmark novels like Rita Mae Brown's Rubyfruit Jungle (1973) and Lisa Alther's Kinflicks (1976) were to an earlier one."[22]

In her 2011 article The Only Dykey One, Lucy Jones argues that consideration of lesbian culture is core to an understanding of lesbian identity construction.[23] Matters came to a head when the United States Patent and Trademark Office denied the lesbian motorcycle group Dykes on Bikes a trademark for its name, on the grounds dyke was offensive, derogatory and disparaging to lesbians. However, the office reversed itself and permitted the group to register its name after attorneys appealed and submitted hundreds of pages to show the slang word does not disparage lesbians in the way it once did.[24] On December 8, 2005, Dykes on Bikes won the trademark case,[25] and the organization has since gained international recognition for leading gay pride parades from San Francisco to Sydney.

Facebook controversy

In June 2017, Facebook censored the use of the word "dyke" on its website as "abusive content".[26][27][28] This decision resulted in a Change.org protest petition created by the Listening 2 Lesbians collective that was signed by 7,247 supporters.[29]

Dyke March

 
Dyke March (2018), Oldenburg, Germany.

Dyke Marches have become popular gay pride events nationwide in the United States and Canada. They are generally non-commercial, in sharp contrast to corporate-sponsored pride events, and some are participated in by bisexual and trans women. The stated mission of the Boston Dyke March, for example, is "to provide a dynamic and welcoming space for participants of all sexualities, genders, races, ages, ethnicities, sizes, economic backgrounds, and physical abilities."[30] Marches also take place in several European cities. The United Kingdom's first Dyke March was held in London in 2012.[31] In Germany, the annual Dyke March Berlin was established in 2013.[32][33] In Mexico, the Marcha Lésbica (Lesbian March) was founded in March 2003 and is held biannually in Mexico City.[34][35][36]

Dyke bar

A dyke bar is any bar or club frequented by lesbians, and is considered as slang in the vocabulary of the LGBT community. The existence of official dyke bars, or lesbian bars, in the United States has decreased tremendously in the past 40 years. In the 1980s there were around 200 lesbian bars, in 2021 the number is thought to be at 16. The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the closing of dyke bars, with the lack of business preventing bar owners from paying rent, exacerbating an already existing decline in lesbian spaces.[37] While gay bars and gender inclusive LGBT bars exist across the United States, spaces specifically for lesbians/sapphics are much less common, and their presence is steadily decreasing.

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Krantz, Susan E. (1995). "Reconsidering the Etymology of Bulldike". American Speech. 70 (2): 217–221. doi:10.2307/455819. ISSN 0003-1283. JSTOR 455819.
  2. ^ a b c Spears, Richard A. (1985). "On the Etymology of Dike". American Speech. 60 (4): 318–327. doi:10.2307/454909. ISSN 0003-1283. JSTOR 454909. OCLC 913655475. JSTOR.
  3. ^ a b Grahn, Judy (1984). "Butches, Bulldags, and the Queen of Bulldikery". Another Mother Tongue: Gay Words, Gay Worlds (1990 Expanded ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. pp. 133–161. ISBN 0-8070-7911-1.
  4. ^ Dynes, Wayne R., ed. (1990). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: Volume 1 (A–L) (1st ed.). New York, New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 335–336. ISBN 0-8240-6544-1.
  5. ^ Lichtenstein, Perry M. (August 1921). "The 'Fairy' and the Lady Lover". Medical Review of Reviews. 27 (8): 369–374.
  6. ^ McKay, Claude (1928). Home to Harlem (1987 ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Northeastern University Press. p. 129. ISBN 1555530230.
  7. ^ "dyke, n.³", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972.
  8. ^ "dyke", Online Etymology Dictionary.
  9. ^ Herbst, Phillip (2001). Wimmim, Wimps, & Wallflowers: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Gender and Sexual Orientation Bias. Intercultural Press. p. 332. ISBN 978-1-877864-80-3..
  10. ^ "dyke, n.²", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989 [1933].
  11. ^ Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky; Davis, Madeline D. (2014). Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold (20th anniversary ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. p. 68. ISBN 9781138785854.
  12. ^ a b c Stanley, Julia P. (1970). "Homosexual Slang". American Speech. 45 (1/2): 45–59. doi:10.2307/455061. JSTOR 455061.
  13. ^ Stanley, Julia P. (1974). "When We Say "Out of the Closets!"". College English. 36 (3): 385–391. doi:10.2307/374858. JSTOR 374858.
  14. ^ "Edward the Dyke: and Other Poems". Barnard Center for Research on Women (BCRW) Archives. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  15. ^ Moore, Lisa L. (August 23, 2013). "It Is An Apple: An Interview With Judy Grahn". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  16. ^ Garber, Linda (2001). "Putting the Word Dyke on the Map: Judy Grahn". Identity Poetics: Race, Class, and the Lesbian-Feminist Roots of Queer Theory (1st ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 31–62. ISBN 0-231-11032-4.
  17. ^ Blank, Paula (2011). "The Proverbial "Lesbian": Queering Etymology in Contemporary Critical Practice". Modern Philology. 109 (1): 108–134. doi:10.1086/661977. JSTOR 10.1086/661977. S2CID 161151721.
  18. ^ Dalzell, Tom (2010). Damn the Man!: Slang of the Oppressed in America. Mineola, New York: Dove Publications. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-0486475912.
  19. ^ a b Raab, Barbara (June 23, 2006). . In These Times. Archived from the original on August 18, 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  20. ^ Bechdel, Alison (2018). . dykestowatchoutfor.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  21. ^ Bolonik, Kera (November 23, 2008). . New York. Archived from the original on February 13, 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  22. ^ Garner, Dwight (December 2, 2008). "The Days of Their Lives: Lesbians Star in Funny Pages". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  23. ^ Jones, Lucy (2011). "'The only dykey one': constructions of (in)authenticity in a lesbian community of practice". Journal of Homosexuality. 58 (6–7): 719–41. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.581917. PMID 21740207. S2CID 33286479.
  24. ^ Anten, Todd (2006), (PDF), Columbia Law Review, 106 (2): 388–434, ISSN 0010-1958, JSTOR 4099495, archived from the original (PDF) on April 26, 2006, retrieved 12 July 2007
  25. ^ Guthrie, Julian (December 9, 2005). . San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  26. ^ Murphy, Meghan (June 26, 2017). "Why is Facebook banning lesbians for using the word 'dyke'". Feminist Current. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  27. ^ Thompson, Annabel (July 12, 2017). "The controversy around Facebook banning lesbians from using the word 'dyke'". ThinkProgress. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  28. ^ Sharpe, Kenny (July 27, 2017). "Users face consequences as Facebook struggles to filter hate speech". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  29. ^ Facebook: Stop Discriminating Against Lesbians. Change.org. July 2, 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2019. @ https://www.change.org/p/facebook-stop-discriminating-against-lesbians. (The URL for Change.org is blocked due to spamming and cannot be linked with a citation template.)
  30. ^ "About". Boston Dyke March. 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  31. ^ petit fours (February 26, 2012). "Dyke March London: what is it? and why do we need one?". The Most Cake. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  32. ^ "Dyke March Berlin". dykemarchberlin.com (in German). Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  33. ^ "Dyke March Berlin". Berlin Pride Guide. 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  34. ^ "Marcha Lésbica". marchalesbica.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  35. ^ Martínez, Martha (21 March 2003). "Realizan en México la primera marcha lésbica de América Latina". Cimacnoticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  36. ^ Sanchez, Mayela (March 20, 2013). "Mexico's young LGBT women take a stand at lesbian march". United Press International (UPI). Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  37. ^ Compton, Julie (April 4, 2021). "A year into pandemic, America's remaining lesbian bars are barely hanging on". NBC News. Retrieved June 16, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

Further reading

  • Bates, Gloria (June 6, 2018). "Dyke: A Fracture In the Lesbian Community". Medium.
  • Bendix, Trish (June 23, 2017). "Dyke Marches Assert Political Power and Demand Visibility. But They're Under Threat". Outward. Slate.
  • Levy, Ariel (March 2, 2009). "Lesbian Nation". The New Yorker. (article about the Van Dykes collective)
  • Morris, Bonnie J. (December 22, 2016). "Dyke Culture and the Disappearing L". Outward. Slate.
  • Smith, Kristin (June 21, 2011). "The Lez Look Book". The Bold Italic.
Books and journals
  • Beers, Jinx (2008). Memoirs of an Old Dyke. Bloomington, Indiana: iUniverse. ISBN 978-0595526246.
  • Eliason, Michele J. (20 July 2010). "A New Classification System for Lesbians: The Dyke Diagnostic Manual". Journal of Lesbian Studies. 14 (4): 401–414. doi:10.1080/10894161003677133. ISSN 1089-4160. OCLC 795931159. PMID 20661801. S2CID 205754307. Special Issue: A History of "Lesbian History," Part 2
  • Jay, Karla, ed. (1995). Dyke Life: From Growing Up To Growing Old, A Celebration Of The Lesbian Experience. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465039074.
  • Kleindienst, Kris, ed. (1999). This Is What Lesbian Looks Like: Dyke Activists Take on the 21st Century (1st ed.). Firebrand Books. ISBN 978-1563411175.
  • Knadler, Stephen P. (Winter 2002). "Sweetback Style: Wallace Thurman and a Queer Harlem Renaissance". Modern Fiction Studies. 48 (4): 899–936. doi:10.1353/mfs.2002.0076. ISSN 0026-7724. JSTOR 26286254. OCLC 436657207. S2CID 161731198.

External links

 
Look up dyke in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

March 04, 2023
dyke, slang, dyke, slang, term, used, noun, meaning, lesbian, adjective, describing, things, associated, with, lesbians, originated, homophobic, slur, masculine, butch, androgynous, girls, women, pejorative, word, still, exists, term, dyke, been, reappropriate. Dyke is a slang term used as a noun meaning lesbian and as an adjective describing things associated with lesbians It originated as a homophobic slur for masculine butch or androgynous girls or women Pejorative use of the word still exists but the term dyke has been reappropriated by many lesbians to imply assertiveness and toughness 1 Pre Dyke March assembly 2019 in New York City Contents 1 Origins and historical usage 2 Increasing acceptance 2 1 Facebook controversy 3 Dyke March 4 Dyke bar 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksOrigins and historical usage EditThe origin of the term dyke is obscure and many theories have been proposed 2 3 4 Most etymologies assert that dyke is derived from bulldyke which has a similar meaning 2 The term first appears in an August 1921 article in the journal Medical Review of Reviews titled The Fairy and the Lady Lover In this article Perry M Lichtenstein a prison physician in New York City reports on the case of a female prisoner he examined She stated that she had indulged in the practice of bull diking as she termed it She was a prisoner in one of the reformatories and there a certain young woman fell in love with her 5 The forms bulldyker and bulldyking also appear later on in the Harlem Renaissance novels of the late 1920s including Eric D Walrond s 1926 Tropic Death Carl van Vechten s 1926 Nigger Heaven and Claude McKay s 1928 Home to Harlem 2 6 The Oxford English Dictionary notes the first attestation as Berrey and Van den Bark s 1942 American Thesaurus of Slang which lists bulldiker as a synonym for lesbian 7 The etymology of bulldyke is also obscure It may be related to the late 19th century slang use of dike ditch for the vulva 8 Bull male cattle being used in the sense of masculine and aggressive e g in bullish a bulldyke would have implied with similar levels of offensiveness a masculine cunt Other theories include that bulldyke derived from morphodite a variant of hermaphrodite 1 that it was a term for stud bulls and originally applied to sexually successful men 9 or that it was a dialectical corruption of the name of the rebel Celtic queen Boadicea 1 3 From the mid 19th century to the early 20th century dike had been American slang for a well dressed man with diked out and out on a dike indicating a young man was in his best clothes and ready for a night on the town The etymology of that term is also obscure but may have originated as a Virginian variant of deck and decked out 10 In the 1950s the word dyke was used as a derogatory term for lesbians by straight people but was also used by lesbians of higher social status to identify crude rough bar lesbians 11 In a 1970 study Julia Stanley theorized that the source of these varying definitions stems from gender determined sub dialects 12 Homosexuality in America is a subculture with its own language 12 As such a special vocabulary is developed by its members Previously gay men defined dyke as lesbian without derogation A bull dyke was also defined as a lesbian without further distinction For lesbians of the community however a dyke is an extremely masculine easily identified lesbian given to indiscretion Bull dyke is an extension of this term with the addition of this person described as nasty obnoxiously aggressive and overly demonstrative of her hatred of men 12 In 1995 Susan Krantz discussed the etymology of bulldyke with derivations of the Middle English falsehood for bull and dick for dyke Farmer and Henley 1891 1 Therefore a possible origin for a masculine lesbian comes from bulldicker that could specifically mean fake penis denoting a false man 1 Further speculation talks of the synonymous term bulldagger Here dagger also alludes to the male genitalia and bull referring to false rather than man 1 Increasing acceptance EditSee also Reappropriation Boston Dyke March 2008 Massachusetts USA Dykes on Bikes banner 2006 Melbourne Gay Pride Australia In 1969 people in the gay community began to march in the streets to demand civil rights Terms such as dyke and faggot were used to identify people as political activists for the gay community During this time dyke referred to a woman committed to revolution the most radical position A surge of feminism in the lesbian community led to dyke separatism which emphasized that lesbian women should consider themselves to be separate from men their ideas and movements 13 In 1971 the poem The Psychoanalysis of Edward the Dyke by Judy Grahn was published by the Women s Press Collective 14 15 This use of dyke empowered the lesbian community because heretofore it had only been employed as a condemnation Because of the exposure of the word to the public the term dyke was reclaimed by the lesbian community in the 1970s 16 The meaning of dyke has positively changed over time Most members of the community have dropped bull from the term to use it as a positive identifier of one who displays toughness or as a simple generic term for all lesbians This abbreviation does not carry the negative connotations of the full phrase as it previously did 1 Scholar Paula Blank in a 2011 article on lesbian etymology called for taking ownership of lesbian and similar words 17 In the late 20th and early 21st century the term dyke was claimed by many lesbians as a term of pride and empowerment 18 19 Alison Bechdel author of comic strip Dykes to Watch Out For 1983 2008 20 said use of the term was linguistic activism 19 The strip depicts the lives of a lesbian community and is one of the earliest representations of lesbians in popular culture 21 It has been described as important to new generations of lesbians as landmark novels like Rita Mae Brown s Rubyfruit Jungle 1973 and Lisa Alther s Kinflicks 1976 were to an earlier one 22 In her 2011 article The Only Dykey One Lucy Jones argues that consideration of lesbian culture is core to an understanding of lesbian identity construction 23 Matters came to a head when the United States Patent and Trademark Office denied the lesbian motorcycle group Dykes on Bikes a trademark for its name on the grounds dyke was offensive derogatory and disparaging to lesbians However the office reversed itself and permitted the group to register its name after attorneys appealed and submitted hundreds of pages to show the slang word does not disparage lesbians in the way it once did 24 On December 8 2005 Dykes on Bikes won the trademark case 25 and the organization has since gained international recognition for leading gay pride parades from San Francisco to Sydney Facebook controversy Edit In June 2017 Facebook censored the use of the word dyke on its website as abusive content 26 27 28 This decision resulted in a Change org protest petition created by the Listening 2 Lesbians collective that was signed by 7 247 supporters 29 Dyke March Edit Dyke March 2018 Oldenburg Germany Dyke Marches have become popular gay pride events nationwide in the United States and Canada They are generally non commercial in sharp contrast to corporate sponsored pride events and some are participated in by bisexual and trans women The stated mission of the Boston Dyke March for example is to provide a dynamic and welcoming space for participants of all sexualities genders races ages ethnicities sizes economic backgrounds and physical abilities 30 Marches also take place in several European cities The United Kingdom s first Dyke March was held in London in 2012 31 In Germany the annual Dyke March Berlin was established in 2013 32 33 In Mexico the Marcha Lesbica Lesbian March was founded in March 2003 and is held biannually in Mexico City 34 35 36 Dyke bar EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message A dyke bar is any bar or club frequented by lesbians and is considered as slang in the vocabulary of the LGBT community The existence of official dyke bars or lesbian bars in the United States has decreased tremendously in the past 40 years In the 1980s there were around 200 lesbian bars in 2021 the number is thought to be at 16 The COVID 19 pandemic contributed to the closing of dyke bars with the lack of business preventing bar owners from paying rent exacerbating an already existing decline in lesbian spaces 37 While gay bars and gender inclusive LGBT bars exist across the United States spaces specifically for lesbians sapphics are much less common and their presence is steadily decreasing Gallery Edit Alison Bechdel author Dykes to Watch Out For Dyke on bike at New York City Pride March 2007 Dyke March Washington D C 2019 See also Edit LGBT portalLGBT slang Queer Terminology of homosexuality Van DykesReferences Edit a b c d e f g Krantz Susan E 1995 Reconsidering the Etymology of Bulldike American Speech 70 2 217 221 doi 10 2307 455819 ISSN 0003 1283 JSTOR 455819 a b c Spears Richard A 1985 On the Etymology of Dike American Speech 60 4 318 327 doi 10 2307 454909 ISSN 0003 1283 JSTOR 454909 OCLC 913655475 JSTOR a b Grahn Judy 1984 Butches Bulldags and the Queen of Bulldikery Another Mother Tongue Gay Words Gay Worlds 1990 Expanded ed Boston Massachusetts Beacon Press pp 133 161 ISBN 0 8070 7911 1 Dynes Wayne R ed 1990 Encyclopedia of Homosexuality Volume 1 A L 1st ed New York New York Garland Publishing pp 335 336 ISBN 0 8240 6544 1 Lichtenstein Perry M August 1921 The Fairy and the Lady Lover Medical Review of Reviews 27 8 369 374 McKay Claude 1928 Home to Harlem 1987 ed Boston Massachusetts Northeastern University Press p 129 ISBN 1555530230 dyke n Oxford English Dictionary Oxford Oxford University Press 1972 dyke Online Etymology Dictionary Herbst Phillip 2001 Wimmim Wimps amp Wallflowers An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Gender and Sexual Orientation Bias Intercultural Press p 332 ISBN 978 1 877864 80 3 dyke n Oxford English Dictionary 2nd ed Oxford Oxford University Press 1989 1933 Kennedy Elizabeth Lapovsky Davis Madeline D 2014 Boots of Leather Slippers of Gold 20th anniversary ed New York NY Routledge p 68 ISBN 9781138785854 a b c Stanley Julia P 1970 Homosexual Slang American Speech 45 1 2 45 59 doi 10 2307 455061 JSTOR 455061 Stanley Julia P 1974 When We Say Out of the Closets College English 36 3 385 391 doi 10 2307 374858 JSTOR 374858 Edward the Dyke and Other Poems Barnard Center for Research on Women BCRW Archives Retrieved 24 May 2019 Moore Lisa L August 23 2013 It Is An Apple An Interview With Judy Grahn Los Angeles Review of Books Retrieved 24 May 2019 Garber Linda 2001 Putting the Word Dyke on the Map Judy Grahn Identity Poetics Race Class and the Lesbian Feminist Roots of Queer Theory 1st ed New York Columbia University Press pp 31 62 ISBN 0 231 11032 4 Blank Paula 2011 The Proverbial Lesbian Queering Etymology in Contemporary Critical Practice Modern Philology 109 1 108 134 doi 10 1086 661977 JSTOR 10 1086 661977 S2CID 161151721 Dalzell Tom 2010 Damn the Man Slang of the Oppressed in America Mineola New York Dove Publications pp 160 161 ISBN 978 0486475912 a b Raab Barbara June 23 2006 Sticks amp Stones and Dykes In These Times Archived from the original on August 18 2007 Retrieved 1 August 2019 Bechdel Alison 2018 Dykes to Watch Out For dykestowatchoutfor com Archived from the original on January 1 2018 Retrieved 18 February 2019 Bolonik Kera November 23 2008 Alison Bechdel Retires Her Infamous Dykes New York Archived from the original on February 13 2009 Retrieved 18 February 2019 Garner Dwight December 2 2008 The Days of Their Lives Lesbians Star in Funny Pages The New York Times Retrieved 17 February 2019 Jones Lucy 2011 The only dykey one constructions of in authenticity in a lesbian community of practice Journal of Homosexuality 58 6 7 719 41 doi 10 1080 00918369 2011 581917 PMID 21740207 S2CID 33286479 Anten Todd 2006 Self Disparaging Trademarks and Social Change Factoring the Reappropriation of Slurs into Section 2 a of the Lanham Act PDF Columbia Law Review 106 2 388 434 ISSN 0010 1958 JSTOR 4099495 archived from the original PDF on April 26 2006 retrieved 12 July 2007 Guthrie Julian December 9 2005 Trademark office OKs Dykes on Bikes Motorcycle group s name on its way to becoming registered San Francisco Chronicle Archived from the original on July 24 2012 Retrieved 1 August 2019 Murphy Meghan June 26 2017 Why is Facebook banning lesbians for using the word dyke Feminist Current Retrieved 9 May 2019 Thompson Annabel July 12 2017 The controversy around Facebook banning lesbians from using the word dyke ThinkProgress Retrieved 9 May 2019 Sharpe Kenny July 27 2017 Users face consequences as Facebook struggles to filter hate speech The Globe and Mail Retrieved 9 May 2019 Facebook Stop Discriminating Against Lesbians Change org July 2 2017 Retrieved 9 May 2019 https www change org p facebook stop discriminating against lesbians The URL for Change org is blocked due to spamming and cannot be linked with a citation template About Boston Dyke March 2019 Retrieved 30 April 2019 petit fours February 26 2012 Dyke March London what is it and why do we need one The Most Cake Retrieved 5 June 2019 Dyke March Berlin dykemarchberlin com in German Retrieved 5 June 2019 Dyke March Berlin Berlin Pride Guide 2018 Retrieved 5 June 2019 Marcha Lesbica marchalesbica com in Spanish Retrieved 5 June 2019 Martinez Martha 21 March 2003 Realizan en Mexico la primera marcha lesbica de America Latina Cimacnoticias in Spanish Retrieved 5 June 2019 Sanchez Mayela March 20 2013 Mexico s young LGBT women take a stand at lesbian march United Press International UPI Retrieved 5 June 2019 Compton Julie April 4 2021 A year into pandemic America s remaining lesbian bars are barely hanging on NBC News Retrieved June 16 2021 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint url status link Further reading EditBates Gloria June 6 2018 Dyke A Fracture In the Lesbian Community Medium Bendix Trish June 23 2017 Dyke Marches Assert Political Power and Demand Visibility But They re Under Threat Outward Slate Levy Ariel March 2 2009 Lesbian Nation The New Yorker article about the Van Dykes collective Morris Bonnie J December 22 2016 Dyke Culture and the Disappearing L Outward Slate Smith Kristin June 21 2011 The Lez Look Book The Bold Italic Books and journalsBeers Jinx 2008 Memoirs of an Old Dyke Bloomington Indiana iUniverse ISBN 978 0595526246 Eliason Michele J 20 July 2010 A New Classification System for Lesbians The Dyke Diagnostic Manual Journal of Lesbian Studies 14 4 401 414 doi 10 1080 10894161003677133 ISSN 1089 4160 OCLC 795931159 PMID 20661801 S2CID 205754307 Special Issue A History of Lesbian History Part 2 Jay Karla ed 1995 Dyke Life From Growing Up To Growing Old A Celebration Of The Lesbian Experience Basic Books ISBN 978 0465039074 Kleindienst Kris ed 1999 This Is What Lesbian Looks Like Dyke Activists Take on the 21st Century 1st ed Firebrand Books ISBN 978 1563411175 Knadler Stephen P Winter 2002 Sweetback Style Wallace Thurman and a Queer Harlem Renaissance Modern Fiction Studies 48 4 899 936 doi 10 1353 mfs 2002 0076 ISSN 0026 7724 JSTOR 26286254 OCLC 436657207 S2CID 161731198 External links Edit Look up dyke in Wiktionary the free dictionary Dyke at Online Etymology Dictionary Dyke Archived 2019 12 03 at the Wayback Machine at Wordorigins org Dyke A Quarterly published 1975 1979 annotated archive live website Dykes to Watch Out For comic strip by Alison Bechdel Dyke Beer Jean Nickolaus Tretter Collection in Gay Lesbian Bisexual and Transgender Studies University of Minnesota Libraries 2015 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dyke slang amp oldid 1139925325, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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