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Dutch Indies literature

February 16, 2024

Dutch Indies literature or Dutch East Indies literature (Dutch: Indische letteren or Nederlands Indische literatuur, Indonesia: Sastra Hindia Belanda) is the Dutch language literature of colonial and post-colonial Indonesia from the Dutch Golden Age to the present day. It includes Dutch, Indo-European and Indonesian authors. Its subject matter thematically revolves around the VOC and Dutch East Indies eras, but also includes the postcolonial discourse.

Bookcover of De boeken der kleine zielen - Zielenschemering. First print 1901, by Couperus.[1]

Even though the socio-economic environment of the Dutch East Indies' colonial society was not particularly conducive to literary pursuits[why?] an influential Dutch literary subgenre developed described as follows:

[...] a descriptive quality about them in the way they treated ordinary aspects of life in the Indies. This set them for ever apart from those writings in Europe, even if the language was still Dutch. It was this backdrop, or decor, that was different. The idea that whilst the language was Dutch, the scene, the scenery, everything was somehow different. This sense of the different permeated all that was written, even if their own (authors) reference point was still a belief that they were part of the metropolitan literary tradition.

—Ian Campbell, Sydney University, 2000.[2]

Most masterpieces in this genre have international appeal and have been translated to English. In December 1958 for instance American Time magazine praised the translation of Maria Dermoût's The Ten Thousand Things, and named it one of the best books of the year.[3] Since 1985 academic working groups on Dutch Indies literature have existed in the Netherlands and the USA. The University of Massachusetts Amherst maintains a Library of the Indies and describes this literature as follows:

It is a literature of great creativity and irony, a record of the lost cause and expectations of a colonial power.[4]

Canon of Dutch Indies literature edit

The three iconic authors of the 19th century are Multatuli, P. A. Daum and Louis Couperus.[5]

Mandatory reading when studying Dutch Indies literature includes:

  • Multatuli: Max Havelaar; (Multatuli. Max Havelaar: Or The Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company. Translated by Roy Edwards. Introduction by D. H. Lawrence. Afterword by E. M. Beekman)
  • Louis Couperus: De stille kracht; (L. Couperus. E. M. Beekman, ed. The Hidden Force. Translated by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos. Revised and edited, with an introduction and notes by E. M. Beekman.)
  • P. A. Daum: Uit de suiker in de tabak and Goena Goena;
  • E. du Perron: Het land van herkomst; (E.du Perron. Country of Origin. Translated by Francis Bulhof and Elizabeth Daverman. Introduction and notes by Francis Bulhof.)
  • Maria Dermoût: De tienduizend dingen; (Maria Dermoût. The Ten Thousand Things. Translated by Hans Koning. Afterword by E. M. Beekman.)
  • Vincent Mahieu (aka Tjalie Robinson): Tjoek and Tjies;
  • Hella S. Haasse: Oeroeg, Sleuteloog and Heren van de Thee; (The Lords of Tea (1992) translated into English by Ina Rilke as The Tea Lords, 2010.)
  • Brouwers: Bezonken rood;
  • Rudy Kousbroek: Het Oostindisch kampsyndroom;
  • Adriaan van Dis: Indische duinen. (My Father's War, London, Heinemann, 2004)[6] and Familieziek (Family Fray)[7]

Academic authorities edit

 
Professor Dr. Pamela Pattynama hosting literary talk show with guest authors Ernst Jansz and Helga Ruebsamen at the 2011 Tong Tong Fair in the Hague.

The two authoritative reference books on Dutch Indies literature are the "Oostindische spiegel" by literary historian Rob Nieuwenhuys and "Paradijzen van weleer" by literary professor E.M. Beekman. Nieuwenhuys (1908–1999) born in the Dutch East Indies and of Indo descent from his mother's side is the nestor of Dutch Indies literature.[8]

The most important American literary professor specialised in Dutch Indies literature was E.M.Beekman (1939-2008), who spent his early childhood in the Dutch East Indies, and was associated with the University of Massachusetts.[9] With the support of the 'Translations Program' of the 'National Endowment for the Humanities', the 'Foundation for the Promotion of the Translation of Dutch Literary Work', and the 'Prince Bernhard Fund', Beekman has edited many translations of Dutch Indies literature and published widely on the topic.[10]

In recent years the University of California, Berkeley has shown particular interest in the Dutch Indies subject matter. Berkeley professor J. Dewulf is now a driving force behind further study and deepening of existing knowledge with initiatives such as the 'Amerindo Research Project'[11] and the 2011 'International Conference on Colonial and Post-Colonial Connections in Dutch Literature'.[12]

In the Netherlands the leading professor is Pamela Pattynama associated with Amsterdam University.[13]

Indo European authors edit

See also: Indos in colonial history
 
E. du Perron

Seventy-five percent of the Dutch speaking community in the Dutch East Indies were so called Indo-Europeans, i.e. Eurasians belonging to the European legal class. Although most published work was written by full blooded Dutchmen, so called 'Totoks', many Indo authors have also written Dutch Indies literature covering a vast array of topics. While Louis Couperus wrote about the upper class elite, Victor Ido wrote about the lower class paupers.

After the Indo diaspora from the former Dutch East Indies (now: Indonesia) Indo authors have mostly contributed to the postcolonial discourse of a.o. identity formation.

List of Indo authors edit

A considerable number of authors of Dutch Indies literature are Indo-European i.e. Dutch-Indonesian Eurasians. Authors include:

Much of the postcolonial literary discourse has been written by second generation immigrant authors of Indo (Eurasian) descent. Authors include:

The most significant and influential author that studied postcolonial identity formation however is the avant garde and visionary writer Tjalie Robinson (1911–1974), a first generation repatriant.

Indonesian authors edit

During the "Dutch Ethical Policy" in the interbellum period of the first half of the twentieth century, indigenous authors and intellectuals from the Dutch East Indies came to the Netherlands to study and/or work. During their stay of some years they participated in and contributed to the Dutch literary system. They wrote literary works and published literature in important literary reviews such as Het Getij, De Gemeenschap, Links Richten and Forum and as such contributed to Dutch Indies literature.

By exploring new literary themes and/or focusing on indigenous protagonists, they drew at the same time attention to indigenous culture and the indigenous plight. An early example was the Javanese prince and poet Noto Soeroto, a writer and journalist from the Dutch East Indies. He was not a radical Indonesian nationalist, but a supporter of the so-called association politics, which sought collaboration between the Dutch and the native peoples of the Dutch East Indies.

Noto Soeroto came to the Netherlands to study law in Leiden in 1910. He published in the avant-garde review Het Getij. His non-political poems were published in many volumes. They had exotic titles such as Melati-knoppen, Melati buds, De geur van moeders haarwrong, the odour/smell of mothers hair knot or Lotos of morgendauw, Lotos or morning dew. He wrote a famous brochure on Kartini, the Javanese princess and Indonesian national heroine, whose popular letters were published in 1912 and also contributed to Dutch Indies literature.

Although Dutch had no formal status in the Dutch East Indies, among the indigenous elite of the colony many were fluent in the Dutch language. Authors include: Chairil Anwar; Soewarsih Djojopoespito; Noto Soeroto; Sutan Sjahrir; Kartini.

The wider definition of Dutch Indies literature also includes Sukarno's historic defence speech at his 1930 trial in Bandung.[14] Another historic piece is Sutan Sjahrir's political pamphlet Onze Strijd (Our Struggle) or his book Indonesische Overpeinzingen (Indonesian Musings) of 1945, which were first written in Dutch and only later translated to Indonesian and English.[15]

List of Dutch Indies literature authors edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Nieuwenhuys, Rob Mirror of the Indies: A History of Dutch Colonial Literature (Publisher: Periplus, 1999) Page.253 Online transcript in Dutch.
  2. ^ ASAA Conference 2000 panel paper. 12 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Note: Among several (other) iconic literary works of 1958: 'Breakfast at Tiffany´s' by Truman Capote, 'Doctor Zhivago' by Pasternak and 'Lolita' by Nabokov. See: Maria Dermout Website.
  4. ^ University of Massachusetts Amherst - Library of the Indies 24 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine or [1]
  5. ^ Original quote in Dutch:"Daum is na Multatuli misschien wel de belangrijkste Nederlands-Indische schrijver, wiens romans een soms onthutsend beeld geven van het leven van de Nederlanders in Indie tijdens in het koloniale tijdperk." See: Dr. Nel van der Heijden-Rogier in NBD, Biblion review of the book 'Rondom Daum' (Nijgh & Van Ditmar, Amsterdam, 1997). [2]
  6. ^ Online biography and translations website.
  7. ^ Online biography and translations website.
  8. ^ Maria Dermout Website. See bottom note 6.
  9. ^ Biography E.M.Beekman by Chase Publishing.
  10. ^ University of Massachusetts Amherst - Library of the Indies 24 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Amerindo Website, UC Berkeley.
  12. ^ Quote: "...the Dutch language forms a common bond in a literature that was and is deeply marked by intercultural connections. In recent decades, considerable attention has been given to Dutch colonial and post-colonial literature, but the importance of intercultural connections within the Dutch colonial network has been neglected." See: 'International Conference on Colonial and Post-Colonial Connections in Dutch Literature.' University of California, Berkeley, Website.
  13. ^ ING online biography. Role: (Dutch) Bijzonder hoogleraar koloniale en postkoloniale literatuur- en cultuurgeschiedenis ihb Nederlands Oost-Indië.
  14. ^ Original Dutch Text:"De verdedigingsrede van Soekarno, Indonesië klaagt aan, is in 1931 gepubliceerd door de Arbeiderspers (en daarna in het Indonesisch vertaald). Deze klassieker uit onze koloniale literatuur is nog steeds te vinden in zichzelf respecterende bibliotheken." Giebels, Lambert U oordeelt over Moeder Indonesia zelf (Historisch Nieuwsblad, 2011) [3][permanent dead link]
  15. ^ Note: 'Our Struggle', first written in the Dutch language and soon thereafter translated into the Indonesian language as 'Perdjoeangan Kita' in 1945. Indonesische Overpeinzingen was translated into the English language by Charles Wolf Jr. and named 'Out of Exile' published by John Day, New York, 1949. The later English version contains a considerable amount of additional text. See: Kousbroek, Rudy Het Oostindisch kampsyndroom. (Publisher: Olympus, 2005) P.233 ISBN 978-90-467-0203-1 OCLC 66435443
  16. ^ Sultan van Bantam by Onno Zwier van Haren on DBNL website.
  17. ^ Rubber by Madelon Szekely-Lulofs on DBNL website.
  18. ^ Koelie by Madelon Szekely-Lulofs on DBNL website.
  19. ^ Buiten het gareel by Soewarsih Djojopoespito on Googlebook.

References edit

  • Nieuwenhuys, Rob Mirror of the Indies: A History of Dutch Colonial Literature - translated from Dutch by E. M. Beekman (Publisher: Periplus, 1999) [4]
  • Beekman E.M. Fugitive dreams: an anthology of Dutch colonial literature (Publisher: University of Massachusetts Amherst Press, Amherst, 1988) ISBN 0-87023-575-3 [5]

Further reading edit

  • (in Dutch) Paasman, Bert ‘Tjalie Robinson, de stem van Indisch Nederland’ (Publisher: Stichting Tong Tong, 1994) ISBN 90-801433-3-2 Review:
  • (in Indonesian) Sastrowardoyo, Subagio Sastra Hindia Belanda dan kita (Publisher: PT Balai Pustaka, Jakarta, 1990) Chapter VIII P.145-155 ISBN 979-407-278-8 [7]
  • (in Dutch) Willems, Wim Tjalie Robinson; Biografie van een Indo-schrijver (Publisher: Bert Bakker, 2008) ISBN 978-90-351-3309-9
  • (in Dutch) Willems, Wim Schrijven met je vuisten; brieven van Tjalie Robinson (Publisher: Prometheus, 2009) ISBN 978-90-446-1197-7
  • Dewulf, Jeroen, Olf Praamstra and Michiel van Kempen Shifting the Compass: Pluricontinental Connections in Dutch Colonial and Postcolonial Literature (Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013) ISBN 978-1-4438-4228-0

External links edit

  • (in Dutch) DBNL - Digital library of Dutch literature
  • (in Dutch) ING - Institute for Dutch history

February 16, 2024
dutch, indies, literature, dutch, east, indies, literature, dutch, indische, letteren, nederlands, indische, literatuur, indonesia, sastra, hindia, belanda, dutch, language, literature, colonial, post, colonial, indonesia, from, dutch, golden, present, include. Dutch Indies literature or Dutch East Indies literature Dutch Indische letteren or Nederlands Indische literatuur Indonesia Sastra Hindia Belanda is the Dutch language literature of colonial and post colonial Indonesia from the Dutch Golden Age to the present day It includes Dutch Indo European and Indonesian authors Its subject matter thematically revolves around the VOC and Dutch East Indies eras but also includes the postcolonial discourse Bookcover of De boeken der kleine zielen Zielenschemering First print 1901 by Couperus 1 Even though the socio economic environment of the Dutch East Indies colonial society was not particularly conducive to literary pursuits why an influential Dutch literary subgenre developed described as follows a descriptive quality about them in the way they treated ordinary aspects of life in the Indies This set them for ever apart from those writings in Europe even if the language was still Dutch It was this backdrop or decor that was different The idea that whilst the language was Dutch the scene the scenery everything was somehow different This sense of the different permeated all that was written even if their own authors reference point was still a belief that they were part of the metropolitan literary tradition Ian Campbell Sydney University 2000 2 Most masterpieces in this genre have international appeal and have been translated to English In December 1958 for instance American Time magazine praised the translation of Maria Dermout s The Ten Thousand Things and named it one of the best books of the year 3 Since 1985 academic working groups on Dutch Indies literature have existed in the Netherlands and the USA The University of Massachusetts Amherst maintains a Library of the Indies and describes this literature as follows It is a literature of great creativity and irony a record of the lost cause and expectations of a colonial power 4 Contents 1 Canon of Dutch Indies literature 2 Academic authorities 3 Indo European authors 3 1 List of Indo authors 4 Indonesian authors 5 List of Dutch Indies literature authors 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksCanon of Dutch Indies literature editThe three iconic authors of the 19th century are Multatuli P A Daum and Louis Couperus 5 nbsp Eduard Douwes Dekker aka Multatuli 1820 1887 nbsp P A Daum 1850 1898 nbsp Louis Couperus 1863 1923 Mandatory reading when studying Dutch Indies literature includes Multatuli Max Havelaar Multatuli Max Havelaar Or The Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company Translated by Roy Edwards Introduction by D H Lawrence Afterword by E M Beekman Louis Couperus De stille kracht L Couperus E M Beekman ed The Hidden Force Translated by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos Revised and edited with an introduction and notes by E M Beekman P A Daum Uit de suiker in de tabak and Goena Goena E du Perron Het land van herkomst E du Perron Country of Origin Translated by Francis Bulhof and Elizabeth Daverman Introduction and notes by Francis Bulhof Maria Dermout De tienduizend dingen Maria Dermout The Ten Thousand Things Translated by Hans Koning Afterword by E M Beekman Vincent Mahieu aka Tjalie Robinson Tjoek and Tjies Hella S Haasse Oeroeg Sleuteloog and Heren van de Thee The Lords of Tea 1992 translated into English by Ina Rilke asThe Tea Lords 2010 Brouwers Bezonken rood Rudy Kousbroek Het Oostindisch kampsyndroom Adriaan van Dis Indische duinen My Father s War London Heinemann 2004 6 and Familieziek Family Fray 7 Academic authorities edit nbsp Professor Dr Pamela Pattynama hosting literary talk show with guest authors Ernst Jansz and Helga Ruebsamen at the 2011 Tong Tong Fair in the Hague The two authoritative reference books on Dutch Indies literature are the Oostindische spiegel by literary historian Rob Nieuwenhuys and Paradijzen van weleer by literary professor E M Beekman Nieuwenhuys 1908 1999 born in the Dutch East Indies and of Indo descent from his mother s side is the nestor of Dutch Indies literature 8 The most important American literary professor specialised in Dutch Indies literature was E M Beekman 1939 2008 who spent his early childhood in the Dutch East Indies and was associated with the University of Massachusetts 9 With the support of the Translations Program of the National Endowment for the Humanities the Foundation for the Promotion of the Translation of Dutch Literary Work and the Prince Bernhard Fund Beekman has edited many translations of Dutch Indies literature and published widely on the topic 10 In recent years the University of California Berkeley has shown particular interest in the Dutch Indies subject matter Berkeley professor J Dewulf is now a driving force behind further study and deepening of existing knowledge with initiatives such as the Amerindo Research Project 11 and the 2011 International Conference on Colonial and Post Colonial Connections in Dutch Literature 12 In the Netherlands the leading professor is Pamela Pattynama associated with Amsterdam University 13 Indo European authors editSee also Indos in colonial history nbsp E du PerronSeventy five percent of the Dutch speaking community in the Dutch East Indies were so called Indo Europeans i e Eurasians belonging to the European legal class Although most published work was written by full blooded Dutchmen so called Totoks many Indo authors have also written Dutch Indies literature covering a vast array of topics While Louis Couperus wrote about the upper class elite Victor Ido wrote about the lower class paupers After the Indo diaspora from the former Dutch East Indies now Indonesia Indo authors have mostly contributed to the postcolonial discourse of a o identity formation List of Indo authors edit A considerable number of authors of Dutch Indies literature are Indo European i e Dutch Indonesian Eurasians Authors include Louis Couperus 1863 1923 Victor Ido 1869 1948 Ernest Douwes Dekker 1879 1950 Maria Dermout 1888 1962 Edgar du Perron 1899 1940 Beb Vuyk 1905 1991 Rob Nieuwenhuys 1908 1999 Much of the postcolonial literary discourse has been written by second generation immigrant authors of Indo Eurasian descent Authors include Adriaan van Dis 1946 Ernst Jansz 1948 Marion Bloem 1952 The most significant and influential author that studied postcolonial identity formation however is the avant garde and visionary writer Tjalie Robinson 1911 1974 a first generation repatriant Indonesian authors editDuring the Dutch Ethical Policy in the interbellum period of the first half of the twentieth century indigenous authors and intellectuals from the Dutch East Indies came to the Netherlands to study and or work During their stay of some years they participated in and contributed to the Dutch literary system They wrote literary works and published literature in important literary reviews such as Het Getij De Gemeenschap Links Richten and Forum and as such contributed to Dutch Indies literature By exploring new literary themes and or focusing on indigenous protagonists they drew at the same time attention to indigenous culture and the indigenous plight An early example was the Javanese prince and poet Noto Soeroto a writer and journalist from the Dutch East Indies He was not a radical Indonesian nationalist but a supporter of the so called association politics which sought collaboration between the Dutch and the native peoples of the Dutch East Indies Noto Soeroto came to the Netherlands to study law in Leiden in 1910 He published in the avant garde review Het Getij His non political poems were published in many volumes They had exotic titles such as Melati knoppen Melati buds De geur van moeders haarwrong the odour smell of mothers hair knot or Lotos of morgendauw Lotos or morning dew He wrote a famous brochure on Kartini the Javanese princess and Indonesian national heroine whose popular letters were published in 1912 and also contributed to Dutch Indies literature Although Dutch had no formal status in the Dutch East Indies among the indigenous elite of the colony many were fluent in the Dutch language Authors include Chairil Anwar Soewarsih Djojopoespito Noto Soeroto Sutan Sjahrir Kartini nbsp Chairil Anwar nbsp Raden Mas Noto Soeroto nbsp Soetan Sjahrir nbsp Raden Ajeng Kartini nbsp SukarnoThe wider definition of Dutch Indies literature also includes Sukarno s historic defence speech at his 1930 trial in Bandung 14 Another historic piece is Sutan Sjahrir s political pamphlet Onze Strijd Our Struggle or his book Indonesische Overpeinzingen Indonesian Musings of 1945 which were first written in Dutch and only later translated to Indonesian and English 15 List of Dutch Indies literature authors editOnno Zwier van Haren nl 1713 1779 Sultan van Bantam 1979 16 Wolter Robert Baron van Hoevell 1812 1879 Multatuli 1820 1887 Conrad Busken Huet 1826 1886 Justus van Maurik 1846 1905 Indrukken van een Totok 1897 P A Daum 1850 1898 Louis Couperus 1863 1923 Victor Ido 1869 1948 Jan Fabricius 1871 1964 Ernest Douwes Dekker 1879 1950 Henri van Wermeskerken 1882 1937 Maria Dermout 1888 1962 Edgar du Perron 1899 1940 Madelon Szekely Lulofs 1899 1958 Rubber 1931 17 Koelie 1931 18 Johan Fabricius 1899 1981 De Scheepsjongens van Bontekoe 1923 Beb Vuyk 1905 1991 Rob Nieuwenhuys 1908 1999 Oostindische spiegel 1972 Tjalie Robinson 1911 1974 Suwarsih Djojopuspito 1912 1977 19 Hella Haasse 1918 2011 Ernst Jansz 1948 Marion Bloem 1952 A Alberts Chairil Anwar Augusta de Wit Han Friedericy nl Kartini Rudy Kousbroek Gertrudes Johannes Resink nl Helga Ruebsamen Soetan Sjahrir Noto Soeroto F Springer Ewald Vanvugt nl Marie van Zeggelen Willem Walraven Aya Zikken nl See also editCanon of Dutch Literature Dutch literature Indonesian literature Indos in colonial history List of Dutch language writersNotes edit Nieuwenhuys Rob Mirror of the Indies A History of Dutch Colonial Literature Publisher Periplus 1999 Page 253 Online transcript in Dutch ASAA Conference 2000 panel paper Archived 12 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Note Among several other iconic literary works of 1958 Breakfast at Tiffany s by Truman Capote Doctor Zhivago by Pasternak and Lolita by Nabokov See Maria Dermout Website University of Massachusetts Amherst Library of the Indies Archived 24 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine or 1 Original quote in Dutch Daum is na Multatuli misschien wel de belangrijkste Nederlands Indische schrijver wiens romans een soms onthutsend beeld geven van het leven van de Nederlanders in Indie tijdens in het koloniale tijdperk See Dr Nel van der Heijden Rogier in NBD Biblion review of the book Rondom Daum Nijgh amp Van Ditmar Amsterdam 1997 2 Online biography and translations website Online biography and translations website Maria Dermout Website See bottom note 6 Biography E M Beekman by Chase Publishing University of Massachusetts Amherst Library of the Indies Archived 24 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine Amerindo Website UC Berkeley Quote the Dutch language forms a common bond in a literature that was and is deeply marked by intercultural connections In recent decades considerable attention has been given to Dutch colonial and post colonial literature but the importance of intercultural connections within the Dutch colonial network has been neglected See International Conference on Colonial and Post Colonial Connections in Dutch Literature University of California Berkeley Website ING online biography Role Dutch Bijzonder hoogleraar koloniale en postkoloniale literatuur en cultuurgeschiedenis ihb Nederlands Oost Indie Original Dutch Text De verdedigingsrede van Soekarno Indonesie klaagt aan is in 1931 gepubliceerd door de Arbeiderspers en daarna in het Indonesisch vertaald Deze klassieker uit onze koloniale literatuur is nog steeds te vinden in zichzelf respecterende bibliotheken Giebels Lambert U oordeelt over Moeder Indonesia zelf Historisch Nieuwsblad 2011 3 permanent dead link Note Our Struggle first written in the Dutch language and soon thereafter translated into the Indonesian language as Perdjoeangan Kita in 1945 Indonesische Overpeinzingen was translated into the English language by Charles Wolf Jr and named Out of Exile published by John Day New York 1949 The later English version contains a considerable amount of additional text See Kousbroek Rudy Het Oostindisch kampsyndroom Publisher Olympus 2005 P 233 ISBN 978 90 467 0203 1 OCLC 66435443 Sultan van Bantam by Onno Zwier van Haren on DBNL website Rubber by Madelon Szekely Lulofs on DBNL website Koelie by Madelon Szekely Lulofs on DBNL website Buiten het gareel by Soewarsih Djojopoespito on Googlebook References editNieuwenhuys Rob Mirror of the Indies A History of Dutch Colonial Literature translated from Dutch by E M Beekman Publisher Periplus 1999 4 Beekman E M Fugitive dreams an anthology of Dutch colonial literature Publisher University of Massachusetts Amherst Press Amherst 1988 ISBN 0 87023 575 3 5 Further reading edit in Dutch Paasman Bert Tjalie Robinson de stem van Indisch Nederland Publisher Stichting Tong Tong 1994 ISBN 90 801433 3 2 Review 6 in Indonesian Sastrowardoyo Subagio Sastra Hindia Belanda dan kita Publisher PT Balai Pustaka Jakarta 1990 Chapter VIII P 145 155 ISBN 979 407 278 8 7 in Dutch Willems Wim Tjalie Robinson Biografie van een Indo schrijver Publisher Bert Bakker 2008 ISBN 978 90 351 3309 9 in Dutch Willems Wim Schrijven met je vuisten brieven van Tjalie Robinson Publisher Prometheus 2009 ISBN 978 90 446 1197 7 Dewulf Jeroen Olf Praamstra and Michiel van Kempen Shifting the Compass Pluricontinental Connections in Dutch Colonial and Postcolonial Literature Publisher Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2013 ISBN 978 1 4438 4228 0External links editResearch programme Berkeley University Research programme Amsterdam University in Dutch DBNL Digital library of Dutch literature in Dutch ING Institute for Dutch history Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dutch Indies literature amp oldid 1186352457, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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