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Duke of the Franks

January 01, 1970

"Duke of France" redirects here. For the Orléanist pretender to the French throne, see Henri, Count of Paris (1933–2019).

The title Duke (and Prince) of the Franks (Latin: dux (et princeps) Francorum) has been used for three different offices, always with "duke" implying military command and "prince" implying something approaching sovereign or regalian rights. The term "Franks" may refer to an ethnic group or to the inhabitants of a territory called Francia.

The first office was that of the mayors of the palace of the Merovingian kings of the Franks, whose powers increased as those of the kings declined. The second was that of the second-in-command to the early kings of France, the last incumbent of which succeeded to the throne in 987. This title was sometimes rendered as Duke of France (dux Franciae). The third instance was that of the rulers in East Francia (now Germany) of the so-called "tribal" duchy of Franconia.

Dux et princeps Francorum edit

Up until the time after Dagobert I, the title princeps (prince) had royal connotations. The first time it was used to describe the mayors of the palace of Neustria was in mid-7th-century saints' lives. The Vita Eligii refers to unspecified principes of the palatium of Neustria, and the Vita Baldechildis and Passio Leudegarii describe the mayors Erchinoald and Ebroin as princes.[1] Pippin II first used the title princeps after his victory at the Battle of Tertry in 687.[2][3] Both the Liber historiae Francorum and the Vita Dagoberti tertii refer to him by this title, but the continuation of the Chronicle of Fredegar uses only the title "duke".[1] The historian Bede refers to Pippin II as dux Francorum, but the ninth-century Anglo-Saxon translator of Bede uses the term Froncna cyning (king of the Franks).[4] The continuator of Fredegar refers to Ragamfred as a prince, but he only calls his rival, Pippin's son Charles Martel, a prince after his victory over Ragamfred in 718.[5] The princely title was used continuously from this point on for Charles and his descendants, the Carolingians, both in narrative and charter sources.[1]

In 742, Pippin's grandson, Carloman, held his great Concilium Germanicum, at which he addressed the assembled "servants of God and my great men ... who are in my kingdom" as "duke and prince of the Franks".[6] The council declared that "without the patronage of the prince of the Franks it is impossible to defend the people of the church, the presbyters, clerics, monks and nuns of God."[7][8] When in 744 Carloman's brother, Pippin III, used the same title, he did not refer to "my kingdom", since by then a Merovingian king, Childeric III, had been appointed.[9] The ducal/princely title used by the early Carolingians marked them off as peers of the duke–princes of Aquitaine, also nominally under the Merovingians, rather than as sovereigns over them.[10]

Dux Franciae edit

A charter from the reign of King Odo (888–898) for the church Saint-Aignan d'Orléans that titles Robert the Strong dux Francorum is a 17th-century forgery.[11]

Between 936 and 943, the title dux Francorum was revived at the request of Hugh the Great, the most powerful magnate in France. A charter of King Louis IV of 936 refers to him that way, and a charter of Hugh's own from 937 employs the title. Its usage was not exclusive, however, since the title "count" (comes) continued to be used as well.[12] In one charter, Louis explained that Hugh was second to him in all his kingdoms.[13] This interpretation of the title dux Francorum was not universally accepted. According to Flodoard of Reims, the king only "invested Hugh with the duchy of France"[14] in 943 in reward for the latter's help in returning the king from exile. The duchy of Francia (ducatus Franciae) comprised the region between the Loire and the Seine, the ancient kingdom of Neustria.[15] On this contemporary understanding, Hugh's title was analogous to that of the dukes of Aquitaine, dux Aquitanorum, where the territorial designation ("of Aquitaine") was eschewed in favour of an ethnic one ("of the Aquitainians").[16] "Duke of the Franks" thus became the preferred title of the Robertian margraves of Neustria from 943.[17] Walther Kienast suggested that the title served to connect Hugh with the previous duces Francorum, Pippin II and Charles Martel, and buttress his authority in Francia, from which he was frequently absent on visits to the royal court.[18]

Hugh died in 956 and was succeeded by his son and heir, the child Hugh Capet. In 960, according to Flodoard, "the king [Lothair] made Hugh [Capet] a duke, and added for him the country of Poitou to the land which his father had held."[19] The younger Hugh's first charter with the ducal title dates to 966, while the first royal charter with the title dates to 974.[12] Lothair son, Louis V, already king of the Aquitainians, recognised Hugh as duke of the Franks in a charter of 979.[12] The title fell into abeyance and the Neustrian march ceased to form an administrative unit after Hugh succeeded to the French throne in 987.[20][21] Nevertheless, the officials and vassals (fideles) of the duchy of Francia became the chief men of the king of France after 987. Although the royal demesne was enlarged by Hugh's accession, royal action became more geographically restricted to Francia.[22]

Modern historians have proffered two interpretations of the 10th-century use of dux Francorum. Jan Dhondt and Walther Kienast argued that the title was a royal concession recognising the actual power acquired by the Robertians over the region known as Francia, that is, old Neustria. Thus the title was territorial in nature, reflective of Hugh's real power and a royal (legal) grant.[23] Ferdinand Lot argued that the title was viceregal and represented authority in theory over the entire realm and in fact power second only to that of the king.[24]

Dux Francorum orientalium edit

Main article: Duchy of Franconia

The emergence of the Duchy of Franconia from "a position of leadership amongst the Frankish nation in the eastern kingdom" in the late 9th century is poorly documented. The first clear duke was Conrad the Elder, who was also Duke of Thuringia. In 906 he died and was succeeded as duke by his son, Conrad the Younger, who was elected King of Germany in 911, without relinquishing his ducal office. Although it seems likely that Conrad's brother, Eberhard, held the duchy of Franconia during the reign of Henry I (919–36), the first reference to him with the title dux Francorum comes from early in the reign of Otto I (936–73).[25]

In 956, Otto (II) the Salian inherited Nahegau from his father, Conrad the Red, then added Wormsgau, Speyergau, Niddagau and between the Neckar and the Rhine the counties of Elsenzgau, Kraichgau, Enzgau, Pfinzgau and perhaps Ufgau.[26] Otto was Duke of Carinthia from 978 to 985, and after his retirement from Carinthian office was titled Wormatiensis dux Francorum ("Frankish duke of Worms"), the first titular dukedom in Germany. His son, Conrad, who succeeded him in Carinthia, was also titled "duke of Worms".[27]

Conrad III of Germany, before his election as king, held the title "Duke of the East Franks" (dux Francorum orientalium).[28]

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c Lewis 1976, p. 404 n. 149.
  2. ^ Wolfram 1971, p. 38.
  3. ^ Depreux 2012, p. 64.
  4. ^ Loyn 1953, p. 514 n. 6.
  5. ^ Lewis 1976, p. 404 n. 149. Technically, the chronicler refers to Ragamfred's "principality" or "princedom" (principatus)..
  6. ^ Wolfram 1971, p. 38: servi Dei et optimates mei ... qui in regno meo sunt ... dux et princeps Francorum.
  7. ^ Higgins 1933, p. 209: Sine patrocinio principis Francorum nec populam aecclesiae regere nec presbiteros vel clericos, monachos vel ancillas Dei defendere possum.
  8. ^ Boniface 1976, pp. 91–94, has a translation of Carloman's decree.
  9. ^ Wolfram 1971, p. 39.
  10. ^ Wolfram 1971, p. 40.
  11. ^ Bautier 1961, p. 143.
  12. ^ a b c Ganshof 1972, p. 15.
  13. ^ Dunbabin 2000, p. 47: est in omnibus regnis nostris secundus a nobis.
  14. ^ Ganshof 1972, p. 15: rex ei ducatum Franciae delegavit.
  15. ^ Dunbabin 2000, p. 47.
  16. ^ Wolfram 1971, p. 46.
  17. ^ Dunbabin 2000, pp. 66–68, charts the evolution of old Neustria into the duchy of Francia..
  18. ^ Dunbabin 2000, p. 68.
  19. ^ Ganshof 1972, p. 15: Hugonem rex ducem constituit, addito illi pago Pictavensi ad terram quam pater eius tenuerat. . ..
  20. ^ Fanning 1995, p. 1250.
  21. ^ Glenn 2001, pp. 1069–70.
  22. ^ Dunbabin 2000, pp. 137–40.
  23. ^ Ganshof 1972, pp. 15–16.
  24. ^ Ganshof 1972, pp. 16.
  25. ^ Jackman 1990, pp. 89–91.
  26. ^ Pixton 2001, pp. 1120–21.
  27. ^ Jackman 1990, p. 96.
  28. ^ Lyon 2012, p. 37.

Sources edit

  • Bautier, Robert-Henri (1961). "Le règne d'Eudes (888–898) à la lumière des diplômes expédiés par sa chancellerie". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 105 (2): 140–57. doi:10.3406/crai.1961.11298.
  • Boniface (1976) [1940]. Ephraim Emerton (ed.). The Letters of Saint Boniface. New York: Norton.
  • Boussard, Jacques (1968). "Les destinées de la Neustrie du IXe au XIe siècle". Cahiers de civilisation médiévale. 11 (41): 15–28. doi:10.3406/ccmed.1968.1435.
  • Dunbabin, Jean (2000). France in the Making, 843–1180. Oxford University Press.
  • Depreux, Philippe (2012). "Le princeps pippinide et l'Occident chrétien". De Mahoma a Carlomagno: Los primeros tiempos (siglos VII–IX) (Acts of the XXXIX Semana de Estudios Medievales de Estella, 17–20 July 2012). Pamplona: Gobierno de Navarra. pp. 61–97. ISBN 9788423533367.
  • Jackman, Donald C. (1990). The Konradiner: A Study in Genealogical Methodology. Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann.
  • Fanning, Steven (1995). "Neustria". In Kibler, William W.; Zinn, Grover A.; Earp, Lawrence (eds.). Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 1249–50.
  • Ganshof, François-Louis (1972). "À propos de ducs et de duchés au Haut Moyen Âge". Journal des savants. 1 (1): 13–24.
  • Glenn, Jason (2001). "Robertians". In Jeep, John M. (ed.). Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 1069–70.
  • Higgins, John Seville (1933). "The Ultramontanism of Saint Boniface". Church History. 2 (4): 197–210. doi:10.1017/s0009640700120566.
  • Lewis, Archibald R. (1976). "The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550–751". Speculum. 51 (3): 381–410. doi:10.2307/2851704. JSTOR 2851704. S2CID 162248053.
  • Loyn, H. R. (1953). "The Term Ealdorman in the Translations Prepared at the Time of King Alfred". The English Historical Review. 68 (269): 513–25. doi:10.1093/ehr/lxviii.cclxix.513.
  • Lyon, Jonathan R. (2012). Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250. Cornell University Press.
  • Pixton, Paul B. (2001). "Salians". In Jeep, John M. (ed.). Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 1119–22.
  • Wolfram, Herwig (1971). "The Shaping of the Early Medieval Principality as a Type of Non-Royal Rulership". Viator. 2: 33–51. doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301682.

Further reading edit

  • Brunner, Karl (1973). "Der fränkische Fürstentitel im neunten und zehnten Jahrhundert". Mitteilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung. 24. Vienna: 179ff.
  • Kienast, Walther (1966). "Der Herzogstitel in Frankreich und Deutschland (9. bis 12. Jahrhundert)". Historische Zeitschrift. 203 (3): 532–80. doi:10.1524/hzhz.1966.203.jg.532. S2CID 164924190.
  • Levillain, Léon (1913). "La succession d'Austrasie au VIIe siècle". Revue historique. 112: 62–93.
  • Wolfram, Herwig (1967). "Intitulatio: Lateinische Königs- und Fürstentitel bis zum ende des 8. jahrhunderts". Lateinische Herrscher- und Fürstentitel im neunten und zehnten Jahrhundert. Vol. 21. Hermann Böhlaus.

January 01, 1970
duke, franks, duke, france, redirects, here, orléanist, pretender, french, throne, henri, count, paris, 1933, 2019, title, duke, prince, franks, latin, princeps, francorum, been, used, three, different, offices, always, with, duke, implying, military, command,. Duke of France redirects here For the Orleanist pretender to the French throne see Henri Count of Paris 1933 2019 The title Duke and Prince of the Franks Latin dux et princeps Francorum has been used for three different offices always with duke implying military command and prince implying something approaching sovereign or regalian rights The term Franks may refer to an ethnic group or to the inhabitants of a territory called Francia The first office was that of the mayors of the palace of the Merovingian kings of the Franks whose powers increased as those of the kings declined The second was that of the second in command to the early kings of France the last incumbent of which succeeded to the throne in 987 This title was sometimes rendered as Duke of France dux Franciae The third instance was that of the rulers in East Francia now Germany of the so called tribal duchy of Franconia Contents 1 Dux et princeps Francorum 2 Dux Franciae 3 Dux Francorum orientalium 4 Notes 5 Sources 6 Further readingDux et princeps Francorum editUp until the time after Dagobert I the title princeps prince had royal connotations The first time it was used to describe the mayors of the palace of Neustria was in mid 7th century saints lives The Vita Eligii refers to unspecified principes of the palatium of Neustria and the Vita Baldechildis and Passio Leudegarii describe the mayors Erchinoald and Ebroin as princes 1 Pippin II first used the title princeps after his victory at the Battle of Tertry in 687 2 3 Both the Liber historiae Francorum and the Vita Dagoberti tertii refer to him by this title but the continuation of the Chronicle of Fredegar uses only the title duke 1 The historian Bede refers to Pippin II as dux Francorum but the ninth century Anglo Saxon translator of Bede uses the term Froncna cyning king of the Franks 4 The continuator of Fredegar refers to Ragamfred as a prince but he only calls his rival Pippin s son Charles Martel a prince after his victory over Ragamfred in 718 5 The princely title was used continuously from this point on for Charles and his descendants the Carolingians both in narrative and charter sources 1 In 742 Pippin s grandson Carloman held his great Concilium Germanicum at which he addressed the assembled servants of God and my great men who are in my kingdom as duke and prince of the Franks 6 The council declared that without the patronage of the prince of the Franks it is impossible to defend the people of the church the presbyters clerics monks and nuns of God 7 8 When in 744 Carloman s brother Pippin III used the same title he did not refer to my kingdom since by then a Merovingian king Childeric III had been appointed 9 The ducal princely title used by the early Carolingians marked them off as peers of the duke princes of Aquitaine also nominally under the Merovingians rather than as sovereigns over them 10 Dux Franciae editA charter from the reign of King Odo 888 898 for the church Saint Aignan d Orleans that titles Robert the Strong dux Francorum is a 17th century forgery 11 Between 936 and 943 the title dux Francorum was revived at the request of Hugh the Great the most powerful magnate in France A charter of King Louis IV of 936 refers to him that way and a charter of Hugh s own from 937 employs the title Its usage was not exclusive however since the title count comes continued to be used as well 12 In one charter Louis explained that Hugh was second to him in all his kingdoms 13 This interpretation of the title dux Francorum was not universally accepted According to Flodoard of Reims the king only invested Hugh with the duchy of France 14 in 943 in reward for the latter s help in returning the king from exile The duchy of Francia ducatus Franciae comprised the region between the Loire and the Seine the ancient kingdom of Neustria 15 On this contemporary understanding Hugh s title was analogous to that of the dukes of Aquitaine dux Aquitanorum where the territorial designation of Aquitaine was eschewed in favour of an ethnic one of the Aquitainians 16 Duke of the Franks thus became the preferred title of the Robertian margraves of Neustria from 943 17 Walther Kienast suggested that the title served to connect Hugh with the previous duces Francorum Pippin II and Charles Martel and buttress his authority in Francia from which he was frequently absent on visits to the royal court 18 Hugh died in 956 and was succeeded by his son and heir the child Hugh Capet In 960 according to Flodoard the king Lothair made Hugh Capet a duke and added for him the country of Poitou to the land which his father had held 19 The younger Hugh s first charter with the ducal title dates to 966 while the first royal charter with the title dates to 974 12 Lothair son Louis V already king of the Aquitainians recognised Hugh as duke of the Franks in a charter of 979 12 The title fell into abeyance and the Neustrian march ceased to form an administrative unit after Hugh succeeded to the French throne in 987 20 21 Nevertheless the officials and vassals fideles of the duchy of Francia became the chief men of the king of France after 987 Although the royal demesne was enlarged by Hugh s accession royal action became more geographically restricted to Francia 22 Modern historians have proffered two interpretations of the 10th century use of dux Francorum Jan Dhondt and Walther Kienast argued that the title was a royal concession recognising the actual power acquired by the Robertians over the region known as Francia that is old Neustria Thus the title was territorial in nature reflective of Hugh s real power and a royal legal grant 23 Ferdinand Lot argued that the title was viceregal and represented authority in theory over the entire realm and in fact power second only to that of the king 24 Dux Francorum orientalium editMain article Duchy of Franconia The emergence of the Duchy of Franconia from a position of leadership amongst the Frankish nation in the eastern kingdom in the late 9th century is poorly documented The first clear duke was Conrad the Elder who was also Duke of Thuringia In 906 he died and was succeeded as duke by his son Conrad the Younger who was elected King of Germany in 911 without relinquishing his ducal office Although it seems likely that Conrad s brother Eberhard held the duchy of Franconia during the reign of Henry I 919 36 the first reference to him with the title dux Francorum comes from early in the reign of Otto I 936 73 25 In 956 Otto II the Salian inherited Nahegau from his father Conrad the Red then added Wormsgau Speyergau Niddagau and between the Neckar and the Rhine the counties of Elsenzgau Kraichgau Enzgau Pfinzgau and perhaps Ufgau 26 Otto was Duke of Carinthia from 978 to 985 and after his retirement from Carinthian office was titled Wormatiensis dux Francorum Frankish duke of Worms the first titular dukedom in Germany His son Conrad who succeeded him in Carinthia was also titled duke of Worms 27 Conrad III of Germany before his election as king held the title Duke of the East Franks dux Francorum orientalium 28 Notes edit a b c Lewis 1976 p 404 n 149 Wolfram 1971 p 38 Depreux 2012 p 64 Loyn 1953 p 514 n 6 Lewis 1976 p 404 n 149 Technically the chronicler refers to Ragamfred s principality or princedom principatus Wolfram 1971 p 38 servi Dei et optimates mei qui in regno meo sunt dux et princeps Francorum Higgins 1933 p 209 Sine patrocinio principis Francorum nec populam aecclesiae regere nec presbiteros vel clericos monachos vel ancillas Dei defendere possum Boniface 1976 pp 91 94 has a translation of Carloman s decree Wolfram 1971 p 39 Wolfram 1971 p 40 Bautier 1961 p 143 a b c Ganshof 1972 p 15 Dunbabin 2000 p 47 est in omnibus regnis nostris secundus a nobis Ganshof 1972 p 15 rex ei ducatum Franciae delegavit Dunbabin 2000 p 47 Wolfram 1971 p 46 Dunbabin 2000 pp 66 68 charts the evolution of old Neustria into the duchy of Francia Dunbabin 2000 p 68 Ganshof 1972 p 15 Hugonem rex ducem constituit addito illi pago Pictavensi ad terram quam pater eius tenuerat Fanning 1995 p 1250 Glenn 2001 pp 1069 70 Dunbabin 2000 pp 137 40 Ganshof 1972 pp 15 16 Ganshof 1972 pp 16 Jackman 1990 pp 89 91 Pixton 2001 pp 1120 21 Jackman 1990 p 96 Lyon 2012 p 37 Sources editBautier Robert Henri 1961 Le regne d Eudes 888 898 a la lumiere des diplomes expedies par sa chancellerie Comptes rendus des seances de l Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres 105 2 140 57 doi 10 3406 crai 1961 11298 Boniface 1976 1940 Ephraim Emerton ed The Letters of Saint Boniface New York Norton Boussard Jacques 1968 Les destinees de la Neustrie du IXe au XIe siecle Cahiers de civilisation medievale 11 41 15 28 doi 10 3406 ccmed 1968 1435 Dunbabin Jean 2000 France in the Making 843 1180 Oxford University Press Depreux Philippe 2012 Le princeps pippinide et l Occident chretien De Mahoma a Carlomagno Los primeros tiempos siglos VII IX Acts of the XXXIX Semana de Estudios Medievales de Estella 17 20 July 2012 Pamplona Gobierno de Navarra pp 61 97 ISBN 9788423533367 Jackman Donald C 1990 The Konradiner A Study in Genealogical Methodology Frankfurt Vittorio Klostermann Fanning Steven 1995 Neustria In Kibler William W Zinn Grover A Earp Lawrence eds Medieval France An Encyclopedia Routledge pp 1249 50 Ganshof Francois Louis 1972 A propos de ducs et de duches au Haut Moyen Age Journal des savants 1 1 13 24 Glenn Jason 2001 Robertians In Jeep John M ed Medieval Germany An Encyclopedia Routledge pp 1069 70 Higgins John Seville 1933 The Ultramontanism of Saint Boniface Church History 2 4 197 210 doi 10 1017 s0009640700120566 Lewis Archibald R 1976 The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum A D 550 751 Speculum 51 3 381 410 doi 10 2307 2851704 JSTOR 2851704 S2CID 162248053 Loyn H R 1953 The Term Ealdorman in the Translations Prepared at the Time of King Alfred The English Historical Review 68 269 513 25 doi 10 1093 ehr lxviii cclxix 513 Lyon Jonathan R 2012 Princely Brothers and Sisters The Sibling Bond in German Politics 1100 1250 Cornell University Press Pixton Paul B 2001 Salians In Jeep John M ed Medieval Germany An Encyclopedia Routledge pp 1119 22 Wolfram Herwig 1971 The Shaping of the Early Medieval Principality as a Type of Non Royal Rulership Viator 2 33 51 doi 10 1484 J VIATOR 2 301682 Further reading editBrunner Karl 1973 Der frankische Furstentitel im neunten und zehnten Jahrhundert Mitteilungen des Instituts fur osterreichische Geschichtsforschung 24 Vienna 179ff Kienast Walther 1966 Der Herzogstitel in Frankreich und Deutschland 9 bis 12 Jahrhundert Historische Zeitschrift 203 3 532 80 doi 10 1524 hzhz 1966 203 jg 532 S2CID 164924190 Levillain Leon 1913 La succession d Austrasie au VIIe siecle Revue historique 112 62 93 Wolfram Herwig 1967 Intitulatio Lateinische Konigs und Furstentitel bis zum ende des 8 jahrhunderts Lateinische Herrscher und Furstentitel im neunten und zehnten Jahrhundert Vol 21 Hermann Bohlaus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Duke of the Franks amp 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