Doripenem

Doripenem (Doribax, Finibax) is an antibiotic drug in the carbapenem class. It is a beta-lactam antibiotic drug able to kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Doripenem

Clinical data
Trade names	Finibax, Doribax
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a608015
License data	EU EMA: by INN US FDA: Doripenem
Pregnancy category	B
Routes of administration	IM, IV
ATC code	J01DH04 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism	Renal
Identifiers
IUPAC name (4R,5S,6S)-6-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-7-oxo-3-(((5S)-5-((sulfamoylamino)methyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)thio)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
CAS Number	148016-81-3^N
PubChem CID	73303
ChemSpider	66040^Y
UNII	BHV525JOBH
KEGG	D03895^Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL491571^Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID2046678
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C15H24N4O6S2
Molar mass	420.50 g·mol^−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES O=S(=O)(N)NC[C@H]3NC[C@@H](S\C2=C(\N1C(=O)[C@H]([C@H](O)C)[C@H]1[C@H]2C)C(=O)O)C3
InChI InChI=1S/C15H24N4O6S2/c1-6-11-10(7(2)20)14(21)19(11)12(15(22)23)13(6)26-9-3-8(17-5-9)4-18-27(16,24)25/h6-11,17-18,20H,3-5H2,1-2H3,(H,22,23)(H2,16,24,25)/t6-,7-,8+,9+,10-,11-/m1/s1^Y Key:AVAACINZEOAHHE-VFZPANTDSA-N^Y
^NY (what is this?)  (verify)

Doripenem can be used for bacterial infections such as: complex abdominal infections, pneumonia within the setting of a hospital, and complicated infections of the urinary tract including kidney infections with sepsis.

The greater stability of doripenem in aqueous solution compared to earlier members of the carbapenem class allows it to be administered as an infusion over 4 hours or more, which may be advantageous in the treatment of certain difficult-to-treat infections.^[1][2] It may present a lower risk of inducing seizures than other carbapenems.^[3]

Chemistry and pharmacology

Doripenem is a beta-lactam antibiotic agent belonging to the carbapenem group, with a broad spectrum of bacterial sensitivity including both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In vivo, doripenem inhibits the synthesis of cell walls by attaching itself to penicillin-binding proteins, also known as PBPs. However it is not active against MRSA. It is stable against beta-lactamases including those with extended spectrum, but it is susceptible to the action of carbapenemases. Doripenem is also more active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than other carbapenems.^[4]

Physicochemical properties

Doripenem appears as crystalline powder, with colour anywhere from a white to somewhat yellowish. Doripenem is moderately soluble in water, slightly soluble in methanol, and virtually insoluble in ethanol. Doripenem is also soluble in N,N-dimethylformamide. Doripenem's chemical configuration has 6 asymmetrical carbon atoms (6 stereocentres) and is most commonly supplied as one pure isomer. In terms of doripenem for injection, the crystallized powdered drug can form a monohydrate when mixed with water. However, doripenem has not been proven to possess polymorphism^{[citation needed]}

Adverse effects

• Seizure risk: carbapenems in general have been reported to cause seizure activity in some people.^[5] In addition, those who already have a seizure disorder may be at risk for further seizures if they are using valproic acid to control their seizures; doripenem has been found to decrease serum concentrations of valproic acid.^[5]
• Infection related: use of doripenem can lead to clostridium difficile infection.^[5] It has also been noted to increase mortality in people who have ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia, and is no longer recommended as a treatment for this condition.^[5]

Resistance

Potential avenues for the development of resistance to doripenem are: altered PBPs (penicillin-binding protein), reduced activity in the permeability of the outer membrane especially when accepting foreign toxic substances within the cell, and deactivation of the drug by hydrolyzing enzymes from the carbapenem. Beta-lactamases (such as penicillinases) formed by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria can stabilize doripenem to hydrolysis. However, carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases are an exception.^{[citation needed]}

Pharmacokinetics

Distribution

On average, about 8.1% of plasma proteins attached to doripenem; it is separate from drug concentrations of plasma.^[4] Doripenem’s distribution volume is close to that of extracellular fluid volume in humans (18.2 L). When doripenem is essentially stable, the average volume of distribution is approximately 16.8 L. Within the few of the body’s fluids and tissues, Doripenem is filtered successfully as well as reaching concentration levels that are able to restrain from more vulnerable bacteria than what is required.^{[citation needed]}

Metabolism

Doripenem is metabolized by the enzyme dehydropeptidase-I into an inactive ring-opened metabolite.

Excretion

In young and healthy adults, the elimination half-life of doripenem considering the average plasma terminal is normally around 1 hour. The plasma clearance is about 15.9 L/hour and the average renal clearance is 10.3 L/hour. Research indicates doripenem is filtered by the glomerular capillary bed in Bowman’s capsule and the tubular secretions in the nephron.^{[citation needed]}

Regulatory and marketing

It was launched by Shionogi Co. of Japan under the brand name in 2005 and is being marketed outside Japan by Johnson & Johnson. Doripenem was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration on October 12, 2007, to be sold under the tradename Doribax.^[6] It has since been discontinued in the United States.

References

1. Mazzei T (August 2010). "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the carbapanemes: focus on doripenem". Journal of Chemotherapy. 22 (4): 219–25. doi:10.1179/joc.2010.22.4.219. PMID 20685624. S2CID 72019292.
2. Greer ND (July 2008). "Doripenem (Doribax): the newest addition to the carbapenems". Proceedings. 21 (3): 337–41. doi:10.1080/08998280.2008.11928422. PMC 2446428. PMID 18628935.
3. Zhanel GG, Ketter N, Rubinstein E, Friedland I, Redman R (2009). "Overview of seizure-inducing potential of doripenem". Drug Safety. 32 (9): 709–16. doi:10.2165/00002018-200932090-00001. PMID 19670912. S2CID 25385572.
4. "Doripenem for Injection for the Treatment of Nosocomial Pneumonia" (PDF) (Press release). Johnson & Johnson. July 16, 2008. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
5. "Highlights of Prescribing Information: DORIBAX (doripenem for injection)" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
6. "FDA Approves New Drug to Treat Complicated Urinary Tract and Intra-Abdominal Infections" (Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. October 17, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-25.

Further reading

• Nishino Y, Kobayashi M, Shinno T, Izumi K, Yonezawa H, Masui Y, Takahira M (November 2003). "Practical large-scale synthesis of doripenem: A novel 1β-methylcarbapenem antibiotic". Organic Process Research & Development. 7 (6): 846–50. doi:10.1021/op034088n.
• "CHMP Assessment Report for Doribax" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 2008.
• Hagerman JK, Knechtel SA, Kiepser ME (December 2007). "Doripenem: A new extended-spectrum carbapenem antibiotic". Formulary. 42 (12): 676–688.